Deck 9: Adolescence and Adulthood

Question 1

According to Erikson, an infant will be better off in adulthood if he leaves infancy with a greater tendency toward __________ than toward __________

A) industry; inferiority.
B) initiative; guilt.
C) autonomy; shame and doubt.
D) trust; mistrust.

Answer 1

trust; mistrust.

Question 2

Which theorist proposed that we go through several psychosocial stages on our way through the lifespan?

A) Erik Erikson
B) James Marcia
C) Lawrence Kohlberg
D) Carol Gilligan

Answer 2

Erik Erikson

Question 3

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, if an individual does not make a successful transition through adolescence they develop __________

A) an inferiority complex.
B) role confusion.
C) a sense of isolation.
D) a sense of personal guilt.

Answer 3

role confusion.

Question 4

Brad is 18 and is looking into career options. He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet chef or a race car driver. Brad is at what stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development?

A) integrity versus despair
B) intimacy versus isolation
C) generativity versus stagnation
D) identity versus role confusion

Question 5

What is the greatest similarity between the theories of Lawrence Kohlberg and Erik Erikson?

A) both theories suggest that there are specific stages that must be encountered in a specific order
B) both theories suggest that personality development is complete by the end of childhood
C) both theories suggest that there are specific neurological bases for development
D) both theories suggest that puberty is much easier to endure if the physical changes associated with the early teenage years do not occur "too" early

Question 6

Erikson saw the major challenge of young adulthood as that of __________

A) intimacy versus isolation.
B) generativity versus stagnation.
C) identity versus role confusion.
D) integrity versus despair.

Question 7

Erikson used the term __________ to describe the trouble adolescents experience in forging an identity.

A) moratorium
B) ego crisis
C) identity crisis
D) stagnation

Question 8

In Erikson's psychosocial theory, middle adulthood is characterized by __________

A) generativity vs. stagnation.
B) intimacy vs. isolation.
C) identity vs. role confusion.
D) ego integrity vs. despair.

Question 9

In the identity development theory of Marcia, identity __________ occurs when a young person makes a commitment by accepting a culturally or socially defined option without having gone through a crisis.

A) moratorium
B) crisis
C) foreclosure
D) stagnation

Question 10

In order for the young adult to realize a successful outcome in Erikson's sixth psychosocial stage they must learn to establish a sense of __________

A) identity.
B) intimacy.
C) initiative.
D) industry.

Question 11

Erikson theorized that the fourth developmental stage, ending with the onset of puberty, involves __________

A) the development of a sense of industriousness and pride in accomplishment.
B) the establishment of a firm sense of self-identity.
C) the expression of an individual's will and independence.
D) the need to affiliate with a significant other person.

Question 12

Erikson believed that each individual progresses through a series of developmental stages that involve __________

A) the individual's relationship with the social environment.
B) a crisis in the way the individual views him- or herself.
C) a movement from one biological source of excitation to another.
D) new and different emerging cognitive capacities.

Question 13

What is the correct sequence of Marcia's stages of identity development?

A) identity stagnation, identity generativity, identity despair, identity integrity
B) oral identity, anal identity, phallic identity, latent identity, genital identity
C) identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, identity achievement
D) preconventional identity, conventional identity, postconventional identity

Question 14

Jeremy is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of __________

A) identity.
B) intimacy.
C) generativity.
D) autonomy.

Question 15

A middle-aged person who coaches little league baseball and volunteers as a reader in public schools is developing what Erikson refers to as __________

A) generativity.
B) ego integrity.
C) industry.
D) autonomy.

Question 16

Marlon has a real problem! He is in the middle of his teenage years, and he has started doubting the religious faith in which he was raised. He still goes to church with his parents, but he has been doing some research into the basic rules and beliefs of other religions. He is not sure if he is going to make a change in his religion, but he is seriously considering it. According to James Marcia, which stage of identity development is Marlon currently in?

A) identity diffusion
B) identity moratorium
C) identity foreclosure
D) identity achievement

Question 17

The fact that psychologists now view adulthood as a series of changes that happen across the whole human lifespan reflects __________

A) the influence of the psychodynamic perspective.
B) the behavioral view of development.
C) the lifespan perspective.
D) the influence of Jean Piaget.

Question 18

Identity moratorium, achievement, foreclosure, and diffusion are the four stages of identity development proposed by __________

A) James Marcia.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Erik Erikson.
D) Lawrence Kohlberg.

Question 19

Ricardo is a developmental psychologist who focuses primarily on the changes that occur from birth through adolescence. Malik works in the same department as Ricardo, but he believes that development occurs all the way through the adult years up to our death. Which of the following terms would be most aptly applied to Malik?

A) Malik is a proponent of neo-Freudian developmental theory
B) Malik and Ricardo are both gerontologists
C) Malik probably has a doctorate in geriatrics
D) Malik is a follower of the lifespan perspective

Question 20

According to Erikson, people who do not commit themselves to loving and caring for another person will likely __________

A) become isolated and lonely.
B) transfer their potential for love into their profession.
C) stagnate and become nonproductive.
D) put their energies into the next generation.

Question 21

Erik Erikson saw the major challenge of middle adulthood as that of __________

A) intimacy versus isolation.
B) identity versus role diffusion.
C) integrity versus despair.
D) generativity versus stagnation.

Question 22

Psychologists say that an elderly person who is looking back over his or her life and coming to terms with the actions of that life is engaging in __________

A) despair.
B) a sense of identity.
C) ego integrity.
D) a life review.

Question 23

People who have successfully made it through all of Erikson's transition periods, and have developed intimacy and generativity, will likely end their lives with __________

A) isolation.
B) ego integrity.
C) trust.
D) regret.

Question 24

Aaron is a middle-aged physician. He gives back to the community by acting as a mentor to teenagers interested in entering the medical profession. Erikson would say that Aaron is experiencing __________

A) intimacy.
B) identity.
C) generativity.
D) integrity.

Question 25

According to Erikson, an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining one's sense of self, is called __________

A) bonding.
B) intimacy.
C) attachment.
D) attraction.

Question 26

All of the following are processes involved in the onset of puberty EXCEPT __________

A) growth of underarm hair.
B) increase in sex hormones.
C) changes in external sex organs.
D) the appearance of primary sex characteristics.

Question 27

Edward, who is very ill and entering his final days, is lying in his bed and contemplating his not having successfully resolved the conflicts earlier in his life. According to Erikson, Edward is experiencing __________

A) despair and regret.
B) stagnation.
C) isolation.
D) shame and doubt.

Question 28

In the sequence of changes that take place during puberty, the first marked change in girls and boys is usually __________

A) growth of underarm hair.
B) enlargement of breasts and testes.
C) a growth spurt.
D) the appearance of pubic hair.

Question 29

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the secondary sex characteristics?

A) they are directly involved in reproduction
B) they begin to develop at puberty
C) they are associated with sexual maturity
D) they include pubic and underarm hair in both sexes

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT evidence of puberty in boys?

A) the first ejaculation
B) the appearance of pubic hair
C) higher pitch of the voice
D) the appearance of a beard

Question 31

According to Erikson, if a middle-aged person is unable to focus outward and is still dealing with issues of intimacy or even identity, that person is experiencing __________

A) generativity.
B) stagnation.
C) ego integrity.
D) despair.

Question 32

Puberty is defined as __________

A) the production of hormones in the reproductive glands stimulated by the pituitary gland.
B) the stage of identity versus role confusion.
C) the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak.
D) the time when a child becomes a teenager.

Question 33

According to research into sexuality during adolescence, which of the following is true regarding teenagers and sex?

A) more girls than boys have had at least one sexual partner by the time they are in 12th grade
B) more girls than boys report that they have had more than four sexual partners by the time they reach 12^th grade
C) research has found that girls who get pregnant while still in high school are most likely to be either freshmen or sophomores when they become pregnant
D) the rate of sexually transmitted diseases in teenagers is much higher in girls than it is in boys

Question 34

Older adults who look back on their lives with regrets, wishing they could relive their lives, have not successfully resolved Erikson's psychosocial crisis of __________

A) ego integrity versus despair.
B) intimacy versus isolation.
C) generativity versus stagnation.
D) identity versus identity confusion.

Question 35

According to research, during which of the following time periods is generativity most important to an individual?

A) adolescence
B) young adulthood
C) middle adulthood
D) late adulthood

Question 36

Which of the following individuals is likely to be the most confident and self-assured and have the highest status with peers?

A) Erik, who has matured early
B) Sarah, who has matured early
C) Gerald, who is late in maturing
D) Evelyn, who is late in maturing

Question 37

Recent research on midlife adults has found __________

A) a relationship between generativity and satisfaction at work.
B) a relationship between mental health and previously established sense of identity.
C) a relationship between overall life satisfaction and our parents' parenting style.
D) a relationship between caring for aging parents and caring for our own children.

Question 38

The period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult, is called __________

A) adolescence.
B) tweens.
C) young adulthood.
D) puberty.

Question 39

The growth spurt for boys typically begins at age __________

A) 9.
B) 12.
C) 10.
D) 15.

Question 40

The growth spurt for girls typically begins at age _________

A) 9.
B) 12.
C) 10.
D) 15.

Question 41

Which of the following individuals is using conventional moral reasoning?

A) Chen decides the death penalty is wrong because the additional taking of a life does not make up for the initial loss of a life.
B) Saroya feels she should clean her mother's apartment because it pleases her mother when she does so.
C) Jubal considers it wrong to talk badly about another person when they are not present because they might find out.
D) During the war Jacob moved to Canada because he is a Buddhist and does not believe it is right to end the life of any living creature.

Question 42

Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of __________

A) conventional morality.
B) preconventional morality.
C) principled morality.
D) postconventional morality.

Question 43

What is the sequence of stages of moral development as identified by Lawrence Kohlberg?

A) preconventional, conventional, postconventional
B) preoperational, postoperational, world view
C) preconventional, postconventional, conventional
D) concrete operational, formal operational, autonomous

Question 44

Dr. Martin Luther King believed that segregation and voting laws should be changed because they violated the basic human rights and dignity of the minority populations in the United States. This line of reasoning is consistent with __________

A) unconventional moral reasoning.
B) conventional moral reasoning.
C) preconventional moral reasoning.
D) postconventional moral reasoning.

Question 45

What percent of young women in the United States become pregnant before the age of 20?

A) 1%
B) 15%
C) 9%
D) 6%

Question 46

Crystal has reached a point in her life that she realizes, in certain ethically demanding circumstances, she must "do something wrong to do something right." At which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development is Crystal?

A) stage one of the preconventional level of moral reasoning.
B) stage four of the conventional level of moral reasoning.
C) stage six of the postconventional level of moral reasoning.
D) stage two of the preconventional level of moral reasoning.

Question 47

Brad is in an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the CDs and thinks for a moment that he could grab one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility, he decides not to do it because he might get caught and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral development does Brad's decision represent?

A) preoperational
B) preconventional
C) autonomous moral principles
D) conventional role conformity

Question 48

Fourteen-year-old children are more capable of multitasking than are ten-year-old children, probably because __________

A) metamemory skills improve during adolescence.
B) working memory skills decline during late adolescence.
C) the passage of time is more interesting to teenagers than to children.
D) almost all tasks are intrinsically less interesting to teenagers than to children.

Question 49

Reasoning during Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning is __________

A) based on the internalized standards of others.
B) based on doing the right thing so as to please others.
C) based on the consideration of moral alternatives.
D) based on the physical consequences of an act.

Question 50

The ability to think about and control one's own memory processes is called __________

A) generativity.
B) moratorium.
C) metacognition.
D) metamemory.

Question 51

When asked why he shouldn't steal a piece of gum from a convenience store, Simon, an eight-year-old child answers, "Because I might get taken to jail." This child is reasoning at Kohlberg's __________

A) preconventional level of moral reasoning.
B) conventional level of moral reasoning.
C) unconventional level of moral reasoning.
D) postconventional level of moral reasoning.

Question 52

Which of the following individuals proposed that moral reasoning develops in stages that are based on a person's level of cognitive development?

A) Carol Gilligan
B) Jean Piaget
C) Lawrence Kohlberg
D) Erik Erikson

Question 53

Morality at Kohlberg's conventional level is based on all of the following EXCEPT__________

A) following the law.
B) rewards and punishments.
C) wanting to please others.
D) maintaining social order.

Question 54

At Kohlberg's __________ level of moral reasoning, the morality of a certain act is determined by whether or not the individual's actions will be approved by another person.

A) conventional
B) unconventional
C) preconventional
D) postconventional

Question 55

According to Piaget, a landmark of formal operational thought is the teenager's ability to __________

A) solve conservation and class-inclusion problems.
B) think concretely about tangible aspects of their environment.
C) apply logical processes in concrete situations.
D) think hypothetically.

Question 56

In one early research study, kids of different ages were given a task and were given 30 minutes to complete that task. The research found that older kids were much better at monitoring their time and finishing within 30 minutes as compared to younger kids. This demonstrates the development of __________ during adolescence.

A) metacognition
B) metamemory
C) formal operations
D) conservation

Question 57

There are __________ levels and __________ stages in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

A) 2:4
B) 3; 6
C) 4:8
D) 6:12

Question 58

According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the __________ level of morality.

A) preconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) preliminary

Question 59

The ability to think about your own memory is __________

A) formal operations.
B) concrete operations.
C) metamemory.
D) abstract memory.

Question 60

Approximately __________ percent of high school seniors - including both boys and girls -report that they have had more than four sexual partners.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 61

According to Carol Gilligan, at the highest levels of moral reasoning, females more than males tend to look at moral behavior in terms of __________

A) caring and compassion for others.
B) justice and equality.
C) whatever will please others.
D) whatever is consistent with the laws of society.

Question 62

You are a parent of a pre-teen, and you are concerned about the right way to guide him through the difficult adolescent years. You've read about different parenting styles, and are concerned about using the most effective approach. What has research found about the use of different parenting styles?

A) using an authoritarian style will keep your son on the "straight and narrow"
B) using an authoritative style will help your son figure out his own path in life
C) using a permissive style will help your son feel that he is not being "over-parented"
D) a mixture of parenting styles will probably be most appropriate, so you can be the parent your son needs in changing circumstances

Question 63

Marcia, a fifteen-year-old, is a talented musician and a member of her school's band. She is most likely to become friends with __________

A) Susan, who plays several instruments and is trying to start her own band
B) Jason, who is president of the chess club and is considering a math major in college
C) Samantha, who is academically gifted and is writing her first novel
D) William, who spends almost all of his free time working on cars for his friends

Question 64

When Brenda suggests that capital punishment should be opposed because it is both cruel, and interferes with the basic human right to live, she is thinking at Kohlberg's __________

A) unconventional level.
B) conventional level.
C) preconventional level.
D) postconventional level.

Question 65

According to Baumrind, which is the LEAST effective parenting style?

A) love withdrawal
B) permissive
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

Question 66

According to research, teenagers who have a history of delinquent behavior have a better chance of getting on a more positive developmental track if __________

A) their parents give their children opportunities but do not help them get out of trouble when trouble finds them.
B) their parents leave them alone to figure out their own path in life.
C) their parents are restrictive and give their children no decisions to make until they have demonstrated that they can/will make right decisions.
D) their parents monitor their activities and relationships.

Question 67

According to research cited in the text, which of the following is correct concerning Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning?

A) only stages 1 through 4 are found in many cultures
B) only stages 1 through 3 are found in many cultures
C) many societies do not reason at stage 1 and instead reason in stages 2 through 5
D) all of Kohlberg's stages are consistently found in all cultures

Question 68

The parts of the brain that underlie rational decision making and impulse control mature __________

A) during emerging adulthood.
B) during the formal operational stage.
C) during adolescence.
D) during the preconventional level.

Question 69

At what stage of moral development is moral thought guided by principles that have been decided upon by the individual and may be in disagreement with accepted social norms?

A) preoperational
B) preconventional
C) postconventional
D) conventional role conformity

Question 70

Molly is a 15-year old high school sophomore. She lives at home with her parents and her two younger brothers. Which of the following is most likely an accurate statement regarding Molly's relationship with her parents?

A) Molly is probably the "de facto" parent for her younger brothers, as older kids tend to fall into this role with stunning frequency.
B) Molly and her parents probably fight regularly, and this conflict probably does psychological damage to her brothers.
C) Molly and her parents probably fight over both minor and major issues, as she strives for her own sense of growing independence.
D) Molly probably gets along well with her parents, and conflict is probably minimal and over minor issues.

Question 71

To which of the following groups would an academically successful teenager be most likely to gravitate?

A) kids who do not study hard, since they will help her "complete" her personality
B) other kids who are academically successful
C) kids who are very into extracurricular activities
D) kids who are interested in sports and recreation

Question 72

Which parenting style is associated with the highest incidence of drug use among adolescents?

A) conforming
B) permissive
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

Question 73

Which of the following domains proposed by Glenn Roisman does not transfer easily from adolescence to adulthood?

A) conduct
B) friendship
C) academic
D) romantic

Question 74

Arnett suggested that emerging adulthood is a developmental period in which __________

A) people experiment with options before taking on adult roles.
B) a transitional period in which secondary sex characteristics are displayed.
C) issues of intimacy tend to become an individual's dominant focus.
D) a sense of accomplishment is established.

Question 75

"A law should not be followed to the letter if it applies to a situation in which the basic human rights of the individual are in danger of being subverted." This statement reflects __________

A) postconventional moral reasoning.
B) preconventional moral reasoning.
C) unconventional moral reasoning.
D) conventional moral reasoning.

Question 76

One positive function of peer groups during adolescence is to __________

A) allow teens an opportunity to see how others react to different roles and behaviors.
B) provide teens with a buffer zone between them and their parents.
C) encourage teens to engage in behaviors that meet with parental disapproval.
D) permit teens to experience an "us versus them" feeling without alienating others.

Question 77

Research by __________ indicated that Kohlberg's theory of moral development was potentially gender biased as it failed to include caring and compassion for others as possible criteria for achieving the highest level.

A) Miller and Bersoff
B) J. R. Snarey
C) Carol Gilligan
D) Anna Freud

Question 78

When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, Liz follows her conscience despite the personal risk. This would be characteristic of __________

A) conventional morality.
B) preconventional morality.
C) postconventional morality.
D) unconventional morality.

Question 79

Peer influences __________

A) do not outweigh good parenting.
B) are more influential than parenting practices.
C) always work against the influence of parents.
D) are relatively unimportant to development.

Question 80

Of Roisman's five domains, the __________ domain must be treated differently during emerging adulthood than during adolescence.

A) work
B) academic
C) conduct
D) friendship