Deck 7: Cognition, Language, and Intelligence

Question 1

Mr. Bakken is outlining a classification system in his science class. Which of the following is he most likely utilizing?

A) a natural concept
B) a prototype
C) a formal concept
D) a schema

Answer 1

a formal concept

Question 2

The design of a scientific study is __________ in nature.

A) random
B) inductive
C) deductive
D) experimental

Answer 2

deductive

Question 3

A form of thinking in which valid conclusions are drawn from a set of facts is _________

A) cognition.
B) reasoning.
C) conceptualization.
D) syllogism.

Answer 3

reasoning.

Question 4

What are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics?

A) classes
B) concepts
C) attributes
D) classifications

Question 5

__________ are individual instances, or examples, of a concept that are stored in memory from personal experiences.

A) Auditory images
B) Visual images
C) Exemplars
D) Motor images

Question 6

The ability to mentally represent a sensory experience is __________

A) mental imagery.
B) cognition.
C) natural concepts.
D) induction.

Question 7

He is credited with introducing a formal method of deductive reasoning - the syllogism.

A) Freud
B) Aristotle
C) Jung
D) Adler

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT an example of a natural concept?

A) a fruit
B) a bird
C) an equilateral triangle
D) a vegetable

Question 9

The fact that you recognize Great Danes, Dachshounds, Collies and Chihuahuas as being dogs is an example of __________

A) a concept.
B) an image.
C) a template.
D) a cohort.

Question 10

Don tells Ray he wants to get a new sports car. Ray immediately understands why, because he is familiar with the common characteristics of sports cars and knows what makes them different from family cars. Ray is using mental categories called __________

A) classes.
B) concepts.
C) attributes.
D) classifications.

Question 11

Before enrolling in an abnormal psychology course, Gary's idea of psychological disorders had been influenced primarily by talk shows. He expected to hear the same kinds of stories he had heard on talk shows. What an eye-opening experience the course turned out to be! How would a cognitive psychologist describe the influence the course had on Gary's idea of psychological disorders?

A) Gary learned the value of algorithms.
B) Gary now uses heuristics.
C) The course increased Gary's ability to use visual imagery.
D) The course altered Gary's concept of psychological disorders.

Question 12

Which type of concepts tend to rely on everyday perceptions rather than strict classification?

A) natural concepts
B) formal concepts
C) language concepts
D) memory concepts

Question 13

__________ is a mental category used to represent a class or group of objects.

A) An image
B) A concept
C) A template
D) A cohort

Question 14

Which is the most likely prototype for the concept "vehicle"?

A) glider
B) car
C) scooter
D) bicycle

Question 15

Joe is going to carry a 40 lb. bag of dog food into the house. In his mind he is formulating the best route to go with something that weight. We can term what Joe is doing as __________

A) concept formation.
B) conceptualization.
C) imagery.
D) cognitive mapping.

Question 16

All trees have bark. An oak is a tree. Therefore, an oak has bark. This is an example of __________

A) inductive reasoning.
B) decision making.
C) a syllogism.
D) an availability heuristic.

Question 17

Compared to formal concepts learned in science and math, natural concepts tend to be __________

A) easier to learn.
B) very clear and well defined.
C) fuzzy with unclear boundaries.
D) good fits with a rigid classification system.

Question 18

Concepts are ideas that represent __________

A) a class or category of objects, events, or activities.
B) patterns of behavior.
C) higher-order conditioning and secondary reinforcers.
D) none of these.

Question 19

Which example would most people take longest to identify as a fruit (even though it technically is a fruit)?

A) grape
B) apple
C) orange
D) olive

Question 20

Bertrand is from New Zealand. For him, the most familiar birds are zebra finches and kiwis. Averill is from Alaska. For her, the most familiar birds are eagles and partridges. For each, these birds would be most adequately considered __________

A) formal concepts.
B) exemplars.
C) fuzzy concepts.
D) prototypes.

Question 21

After tossing a nickel in the air 6 times and having it land showing "heads," Nick decided his odds were best that the nickel would land showing "tails" the next time. However, Nick failed to realize his odds were still 50-50. This is an example of a(n) __________

A) representativeness heuristic.
B) availability heuristic.
C) exemplar.
D) additive strategy.

Question 22

Applying a solution used for a past problem to a current problem that shares many similar features is __________

A) working backwards.
B) the analogy heuristic.
C) an algorithm.
D) trial and error.

Question 23

In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to __________

A) heuristics.
B) algorithms.
C) mnemonic devices.
D) cognitive shortcuts.

Question 24

Chris leaves for work every morning at 6:15 a.m. even though he doesn't need to be at work until 8:00. He leaves when he does so he can avoid traffic jams, although this means that he is usually about 40 minutes early for work. In deciding when to leave for work, Chris is using __________

A) heuristics.
B) elimination by aspects.
C) the additive strategy.
D) reasoning.

Question 25

Seventy percent of the students in a classroom are women and 30 percent are men. One student is described as ambitious, athletic, and assertive. Why are most people likely to think this description refers to a male student?

A) They are using the availability heuristic.
B) They are using the representativeness heuristic.
C) People seek only confirming information.
D) People tend to make relative comparisons.

Question 26

Jay, a popular TV show host, made a joke regarding Ford Pinto's and the dangers of owning them because of their "perceived" tendency to blow up. Many Pinto owners took issue with Jay's view as presented, in part due to a fear that they could never re-sell their car. Jay's very public joke and its potential to impact peoples' perceptions is an example of a(n) __________

A) representative heuristic.
B) availability heuristic.
C) exemplar.
D) additive strategy.

Question 27

Terrell is shopping for a new car, and the saleswoman wows him by emphasizing the fact that he can have the car with a two thousand dollar rebate. She also mentions the offer of zero percent financing for 72 months, but she does not really press that as a great option. Terrell has become convinced that the rebate is going to be the better deal, even though he'd actually save much more money with the no-interest financing. The saleswoman has used framing, but Terrell is falling prey to the effects of __________

A) intuition.
B) anchoring.
C) the representativeness heuristic.
D) the availability heuristic.

Question 28

What problem-solving strategies don't guarantee solutions but make efficient use of time because they are based on experience and previous knowledge?

A) heuristics
B) algorithms
C) mnemonic devices
D) cognitive shortcuts

Question 29

People tend to make different decisions when they focus on what they might gain from an action rather than what they might lose. This is an effect of __________

A) framing.
B) availability.
C) representativeness.
D) additive decision making.

Question 30

Rules of thumb that are derived from experiences and used in decision-making and problem solving because they usually work are __________

A) heuristics.
B) additive strategies.
C) exemplars.
D) ideas.

Question 31

Carl has only limited background in automobile repair, however, he often fixes his own vehicles as well as those of his friends. Typically, Carl can narrow a problem down to three to five likely causes. At that point, he tends to replace those various parts until he finally gets the vehicle running correctly. Carl is using which problem solving strategy?

A) elimination by aspects
B) the additive strategy
C) heuristics
D) trial and error

Question 32

The textbook defines problem solving as the thoughts and actions required to __________

A) reach a desired goal.
B) remember complicated information.
C) solve difficult problems that have only one correct answer.
D) synthesize and use information in a productive fashion.

Question 33

People with cancer tend to be more optimistic if their doctor says "You are 90% certain to survive" as opposed to "There is a 1 in 10 chance you will die." This is an example of __________

A) poor bedside manners.
B) a heuristic.
C) framing information.
D) developing a healthful concept.

Question 34

The __________ is a thinking strategy in which the individual bases their decision upon how closely the situation matches an existing prototype.

A) transitive heuristic
B) additive heuristic
C) availability heuristic
D) representativeness heuristic

Question 35

Fred is on a popular TV game show where you can win $1,000,000. He is currently at $16,000 and is not totally certain if he knows the answer to the $32,000 question. His decision could be influenced if the host says "You can take the $16,000 and go home, and that's a lot of money," or "$32,000 is way more money than $16,000." There is a tendency for the contestants to do whatever the host suggests, and Fred will probably be no different. This is the effect of __________

A) an availability heuristic.
B) a representativeness heuristic.
C) an additive strategy.
D) framing.

Question 36

Rapidly formed judgments based on "gut feelings" or "instincts" are called __________

A) analogies
B) anchors
C) frames
D) intuition

Question 37

Dan recently watched a television program about rabies, and those animals that are typically vectors for the disease. Last night, when he stepped outside to call his cat, he saw a raccoon waddling across his yard. The animal acted strangely and came straight toward him. Dan immediately decided it must have rabies. He made his decision based on __________

A) exemplars.
B) an algorithm.
C) a representativeness heuristic.
D) an availability heuristic

Question 38

Trial and error is an example of __________

A) framing information.
B) a heuristic.
C) problem solving.
D) an exemplar.

Question 39

The last time he ate bacon for breakfast Bobby became ill and was sick for three days with the flu. As a result, Bobby no longer eats bacon. He likely used __________ in making his decision.

A) the additive strategy
B) the representativeness heuristic
C) the availability heuristic
D) elimination by aspects

Question 40

Wayne and Tammy are looking at buying a new house. They have decided that price is the most important factor and will not look at homes that cost more than $300,000. In making their decision, Wayne and Tammy are using _________

A) heuristics.
B) elimination by aspects.
C) the additive strategy.
D) reasoning.

Question 41

A loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives; however, he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. When he notices the visor drop again, he reaches into his pocket for a dime he uses to tighten the screw holding the visor. What problem-solving difficulty did Ben overcome?

A) relative comparison
B) functional fixedness
C) poor problem representation
D) the representative heuristic

Question 42

Which of the following outcomes occurred when world chess Grand Master Garry Kasparov matched his chess wits against computers?

A) Kasparov was not able to beat either computer, but did manage to play to a draw.
B) Kasparov was beaten in every match by both Deep Blue and Deep Junior.
C) Kasparov beat Deep Blue and played to a Draw against Deep Junior.
D) Kasparov was able to soundly defeat both computers

Question 43

Computer systems that are intended to mimic the human brain are called __________

A) expert systems.
B) artificial neural networks.
C) robots.
D) cyborgs.

Question 44

How many morphemes are there in the sentence "I predicted it"?

A) four
B) six
C) five
D) seven

Question 45

The sounds t, th, and sh are __________

A) morphemes.
B) phonemes.
C) semantics.
D) sound bytes.

Question 46

You are learning Russian in preparation for a trip next summer. Although you are doing a good job recognizing the written signs you need to know, you are having trouble with the sounds of the Russian language. Which of the following aspects of language is giving you trouble?

A) syntax
B) phonemes
C) morphemes
D) audiograms

Question 47

The smallest units of meaning in a language are known as __________

A) morphemes.
B) phonemes.
C) semantics.
D) syntax.

Question 48

This is the study of how language is acquired, produced, and used and how sounds and symbols are translated into meaning.

A) psycholinguistics
B) semantics
C) linguistics
D) communication theory

Question 49

Three years ago when he couldn't start his car, Bill discovered that his battery had gone dead. By replacing the battery, Bill had solved the problem. This morning Bill went to start his car and again found that it wouldn't start. Noting the similarities with before, Bill went and purchased a new battery for his car. Bill is making use of which problem-solving strategy?

A) analogy heuristic
B) working backwards
C) framing
D) means-end analysis

Question 50

Rosemary, a college professor, has not been able to give up her overhead projector and transparencies even though her classroom has equipment that will support computer-generated projected images. This might be an example of __________

A) a heuristic.
B) a mental set.
C) an algorithm.
D) an analogy heuristic.

Question 51

In a heuristic called _________, a person determines the difference between the current situation and the goal and then tries to reduce that difference by various methods.

A) means-end analysis
B) availability heuristic
C) representative heuristic
D) rule of linked arms

Question 52

Chad has decided to build a house. In researching his house, Chad must decide on a design, research it, outline it, draft it and then make decisions related to construction materials and sub-contractors. In making his decisions relevant to his house project, Chad is using which strategy?

A) means-end analysis
B) an algorithm
C) trial and error
D) working backwards

Question 53

The smallest units of sound in a spoken language are known as __________

A) psycholinguistics.
B) phonemes.
C) heuristics.
D) morphemes.

Question 54

Sally is enrolled in a high school geometry course, which she describes as "drawing figures and figuring drawings." In a typical class, students draw geometric figures and use a formula to calculate an aspect of the figure such as its area. Each time Sally uses a formula she is making use of what psychologists call __________

A) heuristics.
B) logarithms.
C) algorithms.
D) convergence.

Question 55

Einstein's famous E=mc² is an example of __________

A) means-end analysis.
B) an algorithm.
C) an analogy heuristic.
D) trial and error.

Question 56

The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called a __________

A) mental set.
B) means-end analysis.
C) noncompensatory modeling.
D) prototypical idealization.

Question 57

A computer system programmed to simulate human thinking in solving problems and making judgments is called __________

A) an algorithm.
B) artificial neural networking.
C) robotics.
D) artificial intelligence.

Question 58

A systematic, step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem of a certain type is called __________

A) trial and error.
B) an algorithm.
C) means-end analysis.
D) working backwards.

Question 59

What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a solution, provided that one exists?

A) heuristic method
B) algorithmic method
C) mnemonic device
D) cognitive shortcut

Question 60

Language is based on universal sound units called __________

A) phonemes
B) morphemes
C) semantics
D) registers

Question 61

The system of rules that governs how we assign meaning to the morphemes we use is called __________

A) syntax.
B) semantics.
C) phonology.
D) regularization.

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT an animal that has been taught to produce behavior that some think is language like?

A) chimpanzee
B) parrot
C) armadillos
D) dolphin

Question 63

What do we call the hypothesis that language influences what we think?

A) the dynamic hypothesis
B) the language reaction hypothesis
C) the linguistic relativity hypothesis
D) the cognitive linguistic hypothesis

Question 64

The basic meaningful units of any language are called __________

A) phonemes.
B) morphemes.
C) semantics.
D) sound bytes.

Question 65

The meaning derived from morphemes, words, and sentences is referred to as __________

A) syntax.
B) semantics.
C) pragmatics.
D) heuristics.

Question 66

People whose native language has many color words can remember colors __________ people whose native language have only a few color words.

A) about as well as
B) somewhat better than
C) worse than
D) much better than

Question 67

Pragmatics are defined as __________

A) the characteristics of spoken language, such as intonation and gestures, which indicate the social meaning of utterances.
B) the system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences.
C) the language rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language.
D) the language rules used to solve problems between people.

Question 68

How many signs did the Gardners' chimp, Washoe, master by age five?

A) 12
B) 24
C) 60
D) 160

Question 69

Which of the following primates most successfully mastered language?

A) Washoe
B) Kanzi
C) Sarah
D) Nim Chimpsky

Question 70

What are the smallest units of meaning in a language?

A) words
B) syntax
C) phonemes
D) morphemes

Question 71

According to __________, the language a person speaks determines the nature of that person's thoughts.

A) Allen and Beatrix Gardner
B) David Premack
C) Benjamin Whorf
D) Herbert Terrace

Question 72

Most native-born Americans speak __________ language(s).

A) 2
B) 1
C) 3
D) 4

Question 73

A famous lecturer argues that because the Hopi Indians have only two nouns for things that fly, one for birds and another for nonbirds, the Hopi MUST interpret all flying things in terms of these two nouns. This argument is based on __________

A) the idealized prototype construct.
B) bottom-up processing.
C) deep structure elaboration.
D) the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Question 74

The rule in English that adjectives usually come before nouns is part of __________

A) semantics.
B) surface structure.
C) syntax.
D) grammatics.

Question 75

The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that __________

A) one's language determines the pattern of one's thinking and view of the world.
B) one's thinking and view of the world determines the structure of one's language.
C) we decide which objects belong to a concept according to what is most probable or sensible, given the facts at hand.
D) perception of surface structure precedes deep structure in understanding a sentence.

Question 76

According to this hypothesis, people's worldview is constructed primarily by the words in their language.

A) primary linguistic hypothesis
B) linguistic relativity hypothesis
C) dominant lingual concepts hypothesis
D) worldview hypothesis

Question 77

Despite significant effort, Terrace was only able to teach Nim Chimpsky __________ symbols.

A) 125
B) 35
C) 75
D) 240

Question 78

In addition to their own language, all Dutch schoolchildren learn all but WHICH of the following languages?

A) Spanish
B) German
C) French
D) English

Question 79

Researchers have found that __________ influenced by culture.

A) neither language nor thought is
B) language, but not thought, is
C) thought, but not language, is
D) both language and thought are

Question 80

The system of rules that governs how we combine words to form phrases and sentences is called __________

A) syntax.
B) semantics.
C) morphology.
D) phonology.