Deck 8: Child Development

Question 1

In a __________ design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.

A) cohort
B) longitudinal
C) behavior genetics
D) cross-sectional

Answer 1

longitudinal

Question 2

According to research conducted by Ridley (1999), how could individuals like Adolph Hitler, serial killer Ted Bundy, and Unabomber Timothy McVeigh commit such acts according to the "nature versus nurture" debate?

A) These individuals were born (nature) to commit such horrendous acts. It was in their genetic makeup.
B) Their behaviors are the result of the interaction of nature and nurture.
C) These individual's behaviors were attributed to "nurture" and influences of their parents.
D) These individuals learned to commit these behaviors after staying in long periods of isolation according to Ridley

Answer 2

Their behaviors are the result of the interaction of nature and nurture.

Question 3

__________ refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences.

A) Nature; nurture
B) Cognition; emotion
C) Nurture; behavioral genetics
D) Cross-sectional; longitudinal

Answer 3

Nature; nurture

Question 4

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the __________ method.

A) cohort design
B) longitudinal design
C) behavior genetics design
D) cross-sectional design

Question 5

Professor Sanchez is interested in studying development of motor skills. She collects data from 200 one-year-olds and follows and assesses them for a period of five years. What type of research design is Professor Sanchez using?

A) cohort design
B) longitudinal design
C) behavior genetics design
D) cross-sectional design

Question 6

Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg has been born with red hair. Each child is also very intelligent and athletic. The Orangeburg's are expecting an 11^th child who is also likely to be born with the same traits according to __________ as evidenced in the __________

A) nurture; Nature versus Nurture debate.
B) nature; Nature versus Nurture debate.
C) environmental factors; Conception Theory.
D) teratogens; Conception Theory.

Question 7

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called __________

A) abnormal psychology.
B) gerontology.
C) developmental psychology.
D) maturational studies.

Question 8

Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humor. She collects data from groups of 6-year-olds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds. What type of research design is Professor Grant using?

A) cohort design
B) longitudinal design
C) behavior genetics design
D) cross-sectional design

Question 9

Biff and his twin brother Bernie, were part of a twins study. They were first observed by the researchers when they were 5 years old, and then again later when they were 10 years old. What type of a study were they in?

A) case
B) cross-sectional
C) longitudinal
D) periodical

Question 10

Juan and Carlos are identical twins. Juan was raised by his father and mother, and Carlos was accidentally placed with another family after a "mix up" at the hospital. At the age of 15, both boys "ran into each other" at a football game and noticed how they appeared to be "mirror images of each other." After proving they were twins by genetic testing, the families discussed some of the differences between the boys. Juan is very athletic and intelligent and excels in basketball but does not take school seriously and has F's in all subjects. Carlos is also athletic and intelligent, and excels in baseball and makes straight A's as a result of his strict home life and study routine. Although they are identical twins, what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance based on the research?

A) nurture
B) nature
C) school district superintendent
D) teacher appraisals of performance

Question 11

__________ is the study of how humans grow, develop and change throughout the lifespan.

A) Social psychology
B) Behavioral psychology
C) Developmental psychology
D) Sociobiology

Question 12

Who scored the highest intelligence test score ever recorded?

A) Dr. Robert Jarvik, inventor of the artificial heart
B) Albert Einstein, the famous physicist
C) Marilyn Mach Vos Savant, as a 10-year-old
D) William Jefferson Clinton, the 42nd president of the United States

Question 13

Dr. Ahmandi is a developmental psychologist who studies memory development. In one of her research projects she tested memory in a group of five-year-old children. Then she gave the same test to a group of nine-year-olds and compared the results of the two groups to see how memory changes over this time span. This is a type of __________

A) longitudinal study.
B) cross-sectional study.
C) case study.
D) experimental study.

Question 14

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of __________

A) abnormal psychology.
B) gerontology.
C) human development.
D) maturational studies.

Question 15

A research study in which different groups of people of different ages are compared to assess a particular variable is a __________

A) cross-sectional study.
B) longitudinal study.
C) experimental study.
D) survey.

Question 16

Jeremy has grown about four inches taller over the past six months. This change in Jeremy's height represents a(n) __________ change.

A) quantitative
B) qualitative
C) stage
D) centration

Question 17

Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?

A) nature versus nurture
B) cognition versus emotion
C) classical versus operant conditioning
D) cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a drawback of longitudinal studies?

A) researchers always have a biased sample
B) they are time consuming
C) they are expensive
D) participants may drop out over time

Question 19

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design?

A) Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.
B) It is relatively inexpensive.
C) It takes a shorter amount of time than a cross-sectional design.
D) Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.

Question 20

A researcher began collecting data on a group of twenty-five children in the late 1970s. She is still compiling data on these individuals, who are now in their early thirties. This researcher is conducting a __________ study.

A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) case
D) survey

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a stage of prenatal development?

A) the neonate stage
B) the fetal stage
C) the embryonic stage
D) the germinal stage

Question 22

At a point when a sperm cell fertilizes an ovum, a(n) __________ is formed.

A) chromosome
B) zygote
C) embryo
D) fetus

Question 23

The union of the ovum and sperm is called __________

A) fertilization.
B) the fetal period.
C) a zygote.
D) an embryo.

Question 24

Which of the following is a main disadvantage of the cross-sectional design?

A) Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.
B) It is relatively expensive.
C) It takes a longer amount of time than a longitudinal study.
D) Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.

Question 25

Which of the following describes the way in which monozygotic twins occur?

A) The mother's body releases multiple eggs, two or more of which are fertilized.
B) The mother's body releases one egg, conceives, and then releases another egg in a later ovulation cycle.
C) The egg is fertilized by a single sperm and then splits completely into two separate zygotes.
D) The mother uses fertility drugs.

Question 26

Monozygotic twins __________

A) are genetically identical.
B) are genetically different.
C) will be of different sexes.
D) are more likely to occur when a woman is taking fertility drugs.

Question 27

Which of the following describes the embryonic period?

A) the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
B) the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
C) the period during which the umbilical cord develops
D) the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional

Question 28

Ovum is a term used to describe __________

A) the female sex cell or egg.
B) male sex cell.
C) the developing organism from conception to the end of the second week after fertilization.
D) the developing organism from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization.

Question 29

Marisa is at a point in her pregnancy when the zygote is moving down her uterus, and the placenta and umbilical cord are beginning to form. Which period of prenatal development is Marisa currently experiencing?

A) fetal
B) embryonic
C) placental
D) germinal

Question 30

The local health department of a small town has hired a research firm to study the development of cancer in residents in the town due to a suspected cancer-causing agent and environmental pollution. The researcher will compare data on participants at age 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, etc. to see if there are increasing rates of cancer in the town. This type of research study is called a __________

A) cross-sequential design.
B) longitudinal design.
C) behavior genetics design.
D) cross-sectional design.

Question 31

In the process of fertilization the __________ and __________ unite, resulting in a single cell.

A) sperm; ovum
B) zygote; sperm
C) embryo; zygote
D) ovum; fetus

Question 32

How many pairs of chromosomes are in each cell of the human body?

A) 46
B) 23
C) 21
D) 22

Question 33

Ashley and Mary-Kate are twins who are genetically identical. What type of twins are they?

A) monozygotic twins
B) fraternal twins
C) dizygotic twins
D) wombmates

Question 34

Mary and Juan are twins who developed from two separate fertilized ova that were fertilized by two different sperm. What type of twins are they?

A) monozygotic twins
B) maternal twins
C) dizygotic twins
D) wombmates

Question 35

The germinal period __________

A) occurs during the first two weeks after fertilization.
B) occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization.
C) occurs from approximately 8 weeks after fertilization to birth.
D) occurs from 7 to 10 weeks after fertilization.

Question 36

At times, for unknown reasons, a zygote divides into two cells. The result of this is __________

A) dizygotic twins.
B) cancer.
C) a fetus.
D) monozygotic twins.

Question 37

__________ develop when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time.

A) Monozygotic twins
B) Fraternal twins
C) Dizygotic twins
D) Wombmates

Question 38

Humans have a total of __________ chromosomes in normal developmental cases.

A) 46
B) 23
C) 21
D) 22

Question 39

At fertilization, the chromosomes from the father's sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother's egg, creating a new cell called a(n) __________

A) embryo.
B) zygote.
C) genome.
D) blastocyst.

Question 40

Normal cells in the body have __________

A) 23 chromosomes.
B) two sets of 25 chromosomes.
C) 52 chromosomes.
D) 46 chromosomes.

Question 41

What are some of the common consequences to a child whose mother smoked while pregnant?

A) increased birth weight and lethargy
B) lower birth weight and short stature
C) severe hearing loss and heart defects
D) severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms

Question 42

__________ tend to be more responsive to external stimuli before birth.

A) Female fetuses
B) Male fetuses
C) Very active fetuses
D) Very large fetuses

Question 43

Which of the following describes the fetal period?

A) the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
B) the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
C) the period during which the umbilical cord develops
D) the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional

Question 44

Highly active fetuses tend to __________

A) become highly active children.
B) become less active as children.
C) experience their emotions intensely.
D) be more responsive to sounds.

Question 45

Times when certain internal and external influences have a major impact on development are called __________

A) fetal periods.
B) critical periods.
C) germinal periods.
D) latency periods.

Question 46

Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus, that can bring about a birth defect?

A) teratogen
B) critical period
C) carcinogen
D) biohazard

Question 47

Susan is 26 weeks pregnant. Her unborn child is __________

A) responsive to sounds.
B) unresponsive to sound.
C) responsive to bright lights.
D) unresponsive to external stimuli.

Question 48

While a highly active fetus is more likely to be labeled __________later in life, a fetus displaying low activity levels is more likely to be __________

A) mentally retarded; hyperactive.
B) hyperactive; normal.
C) normal; mentally retarded.
D) hyperactive; mentally retarded .

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT considered a teratogen?

A) x-rays
B) vitamins not above the recommended daily amount
C) viruses
D) environmental toxins

Question 50

The major systems, organs and structures of the body appear during the __________ stage.

A) zygote
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) natal

Question 51

Experiments conducted by __________, in which pregnant women read The Cat in the Hat to their developing fetuses during the last 6 1/2 weeks of pregnancy, revealed that learning begins in the womb.

A) DeCasper and Spence
B) Frantz
C) Gibson
D) Bornstein

Question 52

The placenta is __________

A) the tube through which a developing baby receives nourishment.
B) the technical name for the "belly button."
C) a specialized organ that provides nourishment for the developing baby.
D) the name for the developing organism until it is 8 weeks old

Question 53

The prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional is called the __________ period.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) gestational

Question 54

Greta's child has facial deformities, a smaller than normal head, heart defects, mental retardation, learning difficulties, and delayed growth. If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant, which was she most likely abusing?

A) nicotine
B) cocaine
C) marijuana
D) alcohol

Question 55

Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which she is experiencing muscle contractions and movement and kicks. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?

A) fetal
B) embryonic
C) placental
D) germinal

Question 56

The specialized organ that provides nourishment for the developing baby is called the __________

A) placenta.
B) uterus.
C) umbilical cord.
D) embryo.

Question 57

Emily and her husband are thrilled as they peer into Emily's uterus by means of an ultrasound. The physician reports that the pregnancy appears normal, and that their baby's fingers, toes, heart, and circulatory system are developing as expected. The couple learns that the baby is only ¾ of an inch long. Given this information, the current stage of prenatal development is the __________

A) embryonic period.
B) germinal period.
C) zygotic period.
D) fetal stage.

Question 58

How early does the fetus begin being very responsive to sounds?

A) five weeks of gestation
B) ten weeks of gestation
C) fifteen weeks of gestation
D) twenty-five weeks of gestation

Question 59

The stage of embryonic development ends when __________

A) the child is born.
B) the internal organs begin to form.
C) bone cells begin to form.
D) the fertilized egg attaches to the uterine wall.

Question 60

Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?

A) fetal
B) embryonic
C) placental
D) germinal

Question 61

The simplest evidence of learning in infants is the phenomenon of __________

A) rooting.
B) habituation.
C) reflexes.
D) temperament.

Question 62

Javier was born 3 days ago. His parents have noticed that he has several reflexes which the doctors have been testing. Which of the following is not a reflex exhibited by healthy newborns?

A) Moro reflex
B) Rooting reflex
C) walking reflex
D) stepping reflex

Question 63

Infants do not begin to distinguish all the colors an adult can until they are about __________

A) 2 months old.
B) 2 weeks old.
C) 6 months old.
D) 6 weeks old.

Question 64

Teratogens will have their most negative impact during this period __________

A) the first trimester.
B) the embryonic stage.
C) just following birth.
D) the second trimester.

Question 65

Infant reflexes are __________

A) innate involuntary behavior patterns.
B) voluntary behavior patterns.
C) learned.
D) not used as a means for survival.

Question 66

Pediatricians test the reflexes of young infants primarily as a way to measure __________

A) muscle development.
B) nervous system development.
C) bone growth.
D) attention and perception.

Question 67

Sucking, coughing, blinking and swallowing are all __________

A) reflexive behaviors the neonate can perform at birth.
B) instinctual behaviors the fetus develops during the first trimester.
C) behaviors the neonate learns within two to three days of birth.
D) behaviors learned within the first twenty-four hours of birth.

Question 68

Isabelle's baby was born blind, deaf, and with heart defects. Most likely Isabelle was exposed to __________ during her pregnancy.

A) rubella
B) mercury
C) syphilis
D) radiation

Question 69

Which is the correct order of development of Six Motor Milestones according to research?

A) sitting up with support, sitting up without support, standing, walking, raising head and chest, rolling over
B) standing, walking, raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support
C) raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, standing, walking
D) rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, standing, walking, raising head and chest

Question 70

At birth, newborns seem most responsive to __________

A) female voices.
B) hip hop music.
C) moderate voice pitches.
D) rock and roll music.

Question 71

In the visual cliff experiment conducted by Campos, the infant's ability to perceive depth was measured by __________

A) an increase in heart rate.
B) the infant's eye movements.
C) the infant's arm movements.
D) the infant's vocalizations.

Question 72

Another term for a newborn child is __________

A) neonate.
B) fetus.
C) zygote.
D) prenate.

Question 73

Which of these physical skills typically develops LAST?

A) rolling over
B) standing alone
C) walking
D) sucking

Question 74

__________ is an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding to the environment.

A) Temperament
B) Personality
C) Emotionality
D) Demeanor

Question 75

Vision is not very well developed at birth. As a result, which statement is NOT true about vision at birth?

A) Color and vision acuity takes approximately 6 months to develop more clearly from birth.
B) Newborns have a clear vision field of 12-14 inches at birth.
C) Newborns prefer to look at 3 dimensional objects versus 2 dimensional.
D) Newborns prefer to look at complex patterns and also the human face than other stimuli.

Question 76

If an infant is presented with two objects, one novel and the other one to which they have earlier become habituated, they will usually pay more attention to the novel stimuli. This is an indication of __________

A) visual acuity.
B) computational ability.
C) logic.
D) memory.

Question 77

Which type of baby is most likely to die or have permanent disabilities?

A) preterm
B) full term
C) midterm
D) small-for-date

Question 78

When an infant becomes accustomed to a stimulus and stops responding to it, he/she has become __________

A) over-stimulated.
B) habituated.
C) sensitized.
D) adjusted.

Question 79

Which sense is the LEAST functional at birth?

A) touch
B) taste
C) smell
D) vision

Question 80

What is an infant's vision at birth?

A) 20/20
B) 20/40
C) 20/200
D) 20/600