Deck 6: Memory

Question 1

Sensory memory normally holds visual images for a fraction of a second and sounds for about__________

A) one minute.
B) 30 seconds.
C) an hour.
D) 2 seconds.

Answer 1

2 seconds.

Question 2

The first step in the memory process is _____________ information in a form that the memory system can use.

A) encoding
B) storing
C) retrieving
D) evaluating

Answer 2

encoding

Question 3

You are out for a drive with the family and are lucky enough to get a window seat. The rapidly passing scenery you see out the window is first stored in ____________

A) working memory.
B) sensory memory.
C) long-term memory.
D) short-term memory.

Answer 3

sensory memory.

Question 4

________ involves transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory.

A) Retrieval
B) Encoding
C) Storage
D) Consolidation

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT one of the three processes in memory?

A) consolidation
B) storage
C) encoding
D) retrieval

Question 6

_____________ is retention of memory for some period of time.

A) Encoding
B) Storage
C) Retrieval
D) Evaluation

Question 7

Which theoryl of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers function?

A) Craik and Lockhart's model
B) extinction
C) information-processing model
D) parallel distributed processing model

Question 8

Believers in the information-processing theory of memory are likely to agree that ____________

A) the brain has nothing in common with a computer.
B) studying computers can give you useful insights into human information processing.
C) auditory information is retained in the sensory register for up to 2 seconds.
D) information flows from one memory system to the next.

Question 9

The processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval are seen as part of the ____________ model of memory.

A) information processing
B) top-down storage
C) classical conditioning
D) Tolman's cognitive

Question 10

The motion we see when we watch a "motion picture" is actually an illusion. This illusion of motion is aided by__________

A) consolidation memory's ability to construct new protein pathways for storage.
B) sensory memory's ability to hold visual images for a fraction of a second before going to the next image.
C) sensory memory's ability to hold visual images for long periods of time for comparison to other images.
D) long-term memory's ability to recall movie facts and errata even years after watching a particular show.

Question 11

________ occurs when information stored in memory is brought to mind.

A) Retrieval
B) Encoding
C) Storage
D) Consolidation

Question 12

For encoded information to be stored, some physiological change in the brain must take place. This process is called__________

A) retrieval.
B) encoding.
C) storage.
D) consolidation.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true about retrieval?

A) It is a process that allows an extinguished CR to recover.
B) It is a process of getting stored memories back out into consciousness.
C) It is a process of getting information from the sensory receptors to the brain.
D) It is the reason that conditioned taste aversions last so long.

Question 14

Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that was!). Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth, but time is up. As Janie is walking down the stairs, all of a sudden, she remembers the fifth point, but it is too late. Janie had a problem with _____________

A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) evaluation.

Question 15

During the bank robbery, Edna kept reminding herself that she needed to try to remember what the two criminals looked like. This process of memory was__________

A) storage.
B) consolidation.
C) encoding.
D) retrieval.

Question 16

____________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.

A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Learning
D) Memory

Question 17

When people hear a sound, their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve, which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound. This process is called _____________

A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) evaluation.

Question 18

The three parts of the information-processing theory of memory are ___________

A) sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
B) CS, UCS, UR, and CR.
C) encoding, storage, and retrieval.
D) shallow, medium, and deep processing.

Question 19

Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?

A) primary memory
B) sensory memory
C) long-term memory
D) short-term memory

Question 20

Long ago, during the early days of television, when a television set was turned off it took a while for the last image that was on the screen to fade away. This phenomenon is most like _____________

A) sensory memory.
B) working memory.
C) short-term memory.
D) long-term memory.

Question 21

Mia is trying to recall an important phone number long enough for her to get to a pay phone and dial it. Mia repeats the number to herself to aid in her recall. This is an example of__________

A) displacement.
B) chunking.
C) rehearsal.
D) practical recall.

Question 22

Using the partial report method, Sperling found the capacity of sensory memory to be around ____________

A) three or four items.
B) nine or ten items.
C) all the letters present.
D) one to two items.

Question 23

In the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory, the participants were to report ___________

A) one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone immediately presented after the letters had disappeared.
B) only one or two of the letters in the cued line.
C) the first letter of each line only.
D) the middle letter of each line.

Question 24

This researcher demonstrated that sensory memory fades too quickly to accurately recall 12 items flashed for 15/1000 to 1/2 second.

A) Shiffrin
B) Sperling
C) Atkinson
D) Miller

Question 25

Why did research participants in Sperling's experiment recall so few letters stored in sensory memory?

A) They stopped paying attention after a few stimuli.
B) Proactive interference reduced the effectiveness of recall.
C) The stress of participating in this research became excessive.
D) The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory.

Question 26

A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?

A) primary memory
B) sensory memory
C) long-term memory
D) short-term memory

Question 27

Chunking is a means of _________

A) immediately forgetting irrelevant details .
B) combining information into meaningful units.
C) arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important.
D) storing long-term memories.

Question 28

If one wants to increase the capacity of short-term memory, more items can be held through the process of __________

A) chunking.
B) decoding.
C) rote rehearsal.
D) data compression.

Question 29

It has been estimated that the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number __________

A) 5, plus or minus 4.
B) 7, plus or minus 2.
C) 9, plus or minus 3.
D) 11, plus or minus 1.

Question 30

Which of the following pioneered the process of chunking separate bits of information into larger units?

A) Shiffrin
B) Sperling
C) Atkinson
D) Miller

Question 31

Pam's strategy for mastering her new phone number was to group the numbers into meaningful units based on historic dates. This is an example of__________

A) displacement.
B) chunking.
C) rehearsal.
D) elaborative rehearsal.

Question 32

This process can result in items being pushed out of short-term memory and forgotten.

A) decoding
B) consolidation
C) retrieval
D) displacement

Question 33

The key to the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory was to ______________

A) have the participants report the entire matrix of letters they saw as fast as they could.
B) have the participants report the entire matrix of letters but mask the letters after presentation with a very bright light.
C) cue the participants, using a tone, as to which line of the matrix they were to report.
D) test the use of chunking.

Question 34

It is very difficult to remember 194117761812, however, dividing this information up into 1941-1776-1812 allows a person to use memorable dates in the process of reducing 12 digits to 3. This memory-enhancing process is called__________

A) blocking.
B) rehearsal.
C) chunking.
D) compiling.

Question 35

Short-term memory usually codes information according to__________

A) the exact sensory stimulus.
B) visual cues.
C) contextual code.
D) sound.

Question 36

For years, Aja prided herself in being able to recall zip codes quite well. However, in recent years, Aja has found herself unable to recall the new, extended postal codes. What is a likely explanation?

A) Aja's inability to change or adapt
B) the new nine-digit zip codes go beyond short-term memory capacity
C) because of Aja's limited intellectual capacity, simplicity works best for her
D) Aja's memory is changing as she grows older

Question 37

From sensory memory, information moves to__________

A) consolidated memory.
B) short-term memory.
C) long-term memory.
D) episodic memory.

Question 38

Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order. She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE. This tactic is called __________

A) cueing.
B) shadowing.
C) rote rehearsal.
D) chunking.

Question 39

Short-term memory has a very limited capacity of about ________ different items.

A) three
B) six
C) seven
D) ten

Question 40

According to research, approximately how many items can be stored in short-term memory?

A) 11
B) 9
C) 7
D) 5

Question 41

Short-term memory is another name for ______ memory.

A) tertiary
B) working
C) sensory
D) long-term

Question 42

The levels-of-processing model was proposed by__________

A) Craik and Tulving.
B) Penfield and Freud.
C) Atkinson and Shiffrin.
D) Craik and Lockhart.

Question 43

Which memory system is the one that is a working, active system that processes the information within it?

A) long-term memory
B) short-term memory
C) secondary memory
D) cognitive dissonance

Question 44

You are learning a list of items for a test by relating the items to each other and to information that you already have stored in memory. Which type of rehearsal are you using?

A) condensed
B) permanent
C) maintenance
D) elaborative

Question 45

Maintenance rehearsal is defined as __________

A) processing the physical features of the stimulus to be remembered.
B) analyzing new material in order to make it memorable.
C) associating new material to be learned with information maintained in long-term memory.
D) repeating some bit of information over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short-term memory.

Question 46

_______ rehearsal results in a more lasting memory and promotes the transfer of information to long-term memory compared to _______ rehearsal.

A) Permanent; condensed
B) Condensed; permanent
C) Elaborative; maintenance
D) Maintenance; elaborative

Question 47

According to Craik and Lockhart, we are most likely to remember information that we process at a _______________ level.

A) deeper
B) medium
C) shallower
D) any of these, depending on the information

Question 48

Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing model proposed that memory is__________

A) one graduated system in which memories range from superficial to deeply entrenched.
B) a three-level system involving primary, secondary, and tertiary memory.
C) governed by sensory experience and housed in visual, auditory and tactile systems.
D) a three-level system consisting of sensory, short-term and long-term memory.

Question 49

Unless you repeat them, items placed in short-term memory are usually lost in less than__________

A) 2 seconds.
B) 15 seconds.
C) 60 seconds.
D) 30 seconds.

Question 50

According to this model, whether people remember an item for a few seconds or a lifetime depends on how deeply they process the information.

A) Atkinson-Shiffrin model
B) information-processing approach
C) levels-of-processing model
D) Endel and Tulving model

Question 51

Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ______ rehearsal.

A) repetitive
B) imagery
C) elaborative
D) maintenance

Question 52

Allan Baddeley has suggested that this is a more fitting term than short-term memory.

A) iconic memory
B) random-access memory
C) episodic memory
D) working memory

Question 53

This is a strategy that involves relating new information to something you already know.

A) elaborative rehearsal
B) priming
C) elaborative association
D) rote rehearsal

Question 54

Evidence suggests that working memories are stored in the _____________

A) cerebellum.
B) prefrontal lobes of the cortex.
C) hippocampus.
D) amygdala.

Question 55

What are the two major types of rehearsal (for moving information from short-term to long-term memory)?

A) condensed and expanded
B) elaborative and permanent
C) maintenance and permanent
D) elaborative and maintenance

Question 56

If one wanted to use the best method to get storage in long-term memory, one would use ___________

A) maintenance rehearsal.
B) rote rehearsal.
C) elaborative rehearsal.
D) sleep learning.

Question 57

In the levels-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a ________ level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a _________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word).

A) deeper; shallower
B) shallower; deeper
C) higher; lower
D) lower; higher

Question 58

You try to remember a phone number by repeating it over and over to yourself. What type of rehearsal are you using?

A) condensed
B) permanent
C) elaborative
D) maintenance

Question 59

Short-term memories appear to be localized in the __________

A) occipital lobe.
B) cingulate gyrus.
C) amygdala.
D) prefrontal lobes.

Question 60

Short-term memory is one component of __________

A) Shadow memory .
B) Working memory.
C) Secondary memory.
D) Sensory registers.

Question 61

The best analogy for the way long-term memory is conceptualized would be _________

A) a revolving door.
B) a filing cabinet.
C) a desktop.
D) a television.

Question 62

________ stores facts, information, and personal life events that can be brought to mind verbally or in the form of images and then stated.

A) Episodic memory
B) Semantic memory
C) Declarative memory
D) Nondeclarative memory

Question 63

If memory were like the sea, we could say that ______ is long-term memory, ______ are the specific memories, and _______ are retrieval cues.

A) the sea; fish; hooks
B) a boat; worms; fish
C) a boat; hooks; worms
D) an island; worms; fishing poles

Question 64

Billy found himself recalling the day many years before when he and his grandfather had gone fishing on a small mountain lake. Although he had not been back there since that time, he could recall the event so vividly that he could almost feel the sun and smell the mountain air. Billy is experiencing what type of memory?

A) semantic memory
B) episodic memory
C) iconic memory
D) task memory

Question 65

________ is a person's vast storehouse of permanent or relatively permanent memories.

A) Episodic memory
B) Long-term memory
C) Short-term memory
D) Eidetic memory

Question 66

Which of the following types of memories would be found in episodic memory?

A) the number of bytes in a kilobyte
B) the proper way to hold a golf club
C) the name of the longest river on Earth
D) going to a professional baseball game with your parents on a warm summer day and catching a foul ball

Question 67

It is thought that long-term memory never can get filled up. The term used to describe the capacity of long-term memory is ____________

A) 7, plus or minus 2.
B) about 10,000 items.
C) limited by the size of a person's brain.
D) unlimited.

Question 68

The levels-of-processing concept of Craik and Lockhart would suggest that which of the following questions would lead to better memory of the word frog?

A) "Does it rhyme with blog?"
B) "Is it in capital letters?"
C) "Is it written in cursive?"
D) "Would it be found in a pond?"

Question 69

What are the limits of the storage capacity of long-term memory?

A) 20 items
B) 200 items
C) 2,000 items
D) There are no known limits to the storage capacity of LTM.

Question 70

Samuel is a contestant on Who Wants to be a Millionaire? He has been doing very well and is trying for $250,000. In giving his answers, he is probably most reliant on __________ memory.

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) iconic
D) task

Question 71

There are two types of declarative memory : __________ and __________

A) read-only memory; random-access memory.
B) episodic memory; semantic memory.
C) sensory memory; working memory.
D) iconic memory; task memory.

Question 72

Which of the following examples represents the shallowest processing as described by Craik and Lockhart?

A) recalling an object's function
B) attending to the sound of a word
C) thinking about the meaning of a word
D) recalling that an object was rectangular

Question 73

Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades?

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) sensory memory
D) implicit memory

Question 74

The memory for events we have experienced personally is known as__________

A) episodic memory.
B) semantic memory.
C) iconic memory.
D) nondeclarative memory.

Question 75

There are two main subsystems within long-term memory. These are__________

A) episodic memory and semantic memory.
B) sensory memory and semantic memory.
C) episodic memory and eidetic memory.
D) declarative memory and nondeclarative memory.

Question 76

Craik and Lockhart's model of memory states that how long a memory will be remembered depends on _____________

A) the type of memory it is stored in.
B) the place in the brain where the memory is stored.
C) the amount of extinction that the memory has suffered.
D) the depth of processing associated with learning the materials.

Question 77

This memory system might be likened to a dictionary.

A) working memory
B) semantic memory
C) nondeclarative memory
D) episodic memory

Question 78

The portion of memory that is more or less permanent is called __________

A) primary memory.
B) working memory.
C) eidetic memory .
D) long-term memory.

Question 79

Which model of memory proposes that the deeper a person processes information, the better it will be remembered?

A) levels-of-processing model
B) parallel distributed processing model
C) information-processing model
D) three stage

Question 80

Which of the following examples represents deep processing as described by Craik and Lockhart?

A) repeating a word aloud ten times
B) attending to the sound of a word
C) thinking about the meaning of a word
D) looking at the shapes of the letters in a word