Deck 4: States of Consciousness

Question 1

Our awareness of various mental processes, such as making decisions, daydreaming, reflecting, and concentrating, is called __________

A) consciousness.
B) creativity.
C) intelligence.
D) self-awareness.

Answer 1

consciousness.

Question 2

Our sleep-wake cycle follows a(n) __________ rhythm.

A) infradian
B) diurnal
C) circadian
D) ultradian

Answer 2

circadian

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT an altered state of consciousness?

A) concentration
B) meditation
C) sleep
D) intoxication

Answer 3

concentration

Question 4

A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n) __________ cycle.

A) infradian
B) circadian
C) diurnal
D) ultradian

Question 5

What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts?

A) thinking
B) cognition
C) conscience
D) consciousness

Question 6

Meditation, drug intoxication, sleep, and hypnosis are all types of __________

A) self-awareness.
B) self-absorption.
C) waking consciousness.
D) altered states of consciousness.

Question 7

Consciousness is the __________

A) state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes.
B) awareness of ourselves and the environment.
C) memory of personally experienced events.
D) intentional recollection of an item of information.

Question 8

Because throughout history so many cultures have found ways to induce altered states of consciousness, experts have suggested which of the following?

A) Altering states have a genetic basis.
B) There may be a universal human need to produce varieties of conscious experiences.
C) That there may be a global moratorium on mood altering drugs.
D) Altering states may be innate.

Question 9

Awareness of one's own perceptions, thoughts, feelings, sensations and external environment is __________

A) awareness.
B) existence.
C) consciousness.
D) attention.

Question 10

The hypothalamus controls the __________

A) hypnotic suggestibility ratio.
B) sleep-wakefulness cycle.
C) frequency of nightmares.
D) growth hormones that occur during sleep.

Question 11

One religious practice from Brazil that conflicts with Western-based opinions regarding mental health is __________

A) mediumship.
B) peyotism.
C) Jainism.
D) ritual trance.

Question 12

Changes in awareness produced by meditation, hypnosis, and drugs are generally referred to as__________

A) circadian rhythms.
B) altered states of consciousness.
C) generational states.
D) quasi-consciousness.

Question 13

One argument advanced by members of the Native American Church in favor of continued peyote use is that __________

A) church officials carefully regulate the dosages of the drug used during their rituals.
B) peyote is a relatively safe and effective means of allowing communications with the spirit world.
C) church members do not ordinarily consume enough peyote to induce hallucinations.
D) other means of achieving spirituality tend to be more addictive than peyote.

Question 14

What aspect of circadian rhythms might explain why we tend to feel so tired at night?

A) body temperature bottoms out on Monday mornings
B) the three biorhythm patterns converge at low points on Mondays
C) heart rates typically increase at night
D) there is an organ in the brain sensitive to light changes, which then affects our sleepiness

Question 15

John has noticed that every night he awakens to go to the restroom at about 4:00 AM. This is an example of a(n) __________

A) altered state of consciousness.
B) caffeine addiction.
C) circadian rhythm.
D) sleep apnea.

Question 16

U.S. psychologists did not study consciousness for many decades because of the influence of _________

A) John Watson.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Gestalt psychology.
D) William James.

Question 17

Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as __________

A) hyperconsciousness.
B) unconscious states.
C) relaxed wakefulness.
D) altered states of consciousness.

Question 18

A circadian cycle is about __________ hours long.

A) 1.5
B) 12
C) 6
D) 24

Question 19

The sleep-wakefulness cycle is ultimately controlled by the part of the brain called the __________

A) optical nerve.
B) frontal lobe.
C) hypothalamus.
D) median forebrain bundle.

Question 20

What do we call a state of consciousness that can result from the use of alcohol, drugs, or hypnosis?

A) daydreaming
B) meditative absorption
C) stream of consciousness
D) altered state of consciousness

Question 21

__________, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland.

A) Serotonin
B) Testosterone
C) Estrogen
D) Melatonin

Question 22

Many Alzheimer's patients suffer from a phenomenon called "sundowning." Sundowning is __________

A) the tendency to forget things that occur in the morning hours.
B) the tendency to want to get up and move around the house at night.
C) the tendency to want to sleep as soon as the sun goes down.
D) the tendency to exhibit more symptoms of a disease in the afternoon and nighttime hours.

Question 23

SCN stands for __________

A) stop control now.
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
C) serotonin controlled nucleus.
D) sleep control nucleus.

Question 24

Circadian rhythms are controlled by the __________

A) pineal gland.
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
C) thalamus.
D) hippocampus.

Question 25

In conducting autopsies on individuals suspected of having Alzheimer's disease, researchers found __________

A) most were missing their suprachiasmatic nucleus.
B) almost a third did not have the disease.
C) they were missing portions of the hippocampus.
D) most had enlarged limbic systems.

Question 26

The hormone melatonin reaches peak levels in the body during the __________

A) morning.
B) early evening.
C) afternoon.
D) night.

Question 27

The most significant environmental cue that plays a role in circadian rhythms is __________

A) loud noise.
B) extreme heat.
C) hunger.
D) bright light.

Question 28

When secreted, the hormone melatonin acts to__________

A) induce hunger.
B) increase alertness.
C) induce sleepiness.
D) induce circadian rhythms.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a suggestion for making work shift rotations less disruptive?

A) use "light mask" to reset biological clock
B) move workers to a rotating three-week shift schedule
C) encourage the use of the drug modafinil to aid wakefulness
D) increase light exposure during the work session

Question 30

This structure in the brain regulates the biological clock in humans.

A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus
D) cerebellum

Question 31

Melatonin is a __________

A) hormone.
B) sleeping pill.
C) depressant.
D) stimulant.

Question 32

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located?

A) thalamus
B) cerebellum
C) basal ganglia
D) hypothalamus

Question 33

Trahn works the night shift in the city hospital. During the middle of the shift he often becomes very tired. This is when his body temperature is at its lowest, and his biological clock is telling him it is time to sleep. Trahn is affected by what psychologists call __________

A) subjective night.
B) objective night.
C) disruptive malaise.
D) melatonin flux.

Question 34

Jaimie suffered a head injury as a result of a car accident. Since the accident, her sleep and waking patterns have been disrupted. Jaimie's doctors should treat her sleep disturbances by __________

A) treating Jaimie as if she were a shift worker.
B) providing Jaimie with a sedative.
C) only treating Jaimie's underlying head injury.
D) encouraging Jaimie to awaken a little earlier than usual each day.

Question 35

A circadian rhythm disruption that involves falling asleep early in the evening and awakening in the middle of the night is __________

A) elder sleep phase syndrome.
B) elder waking phase syndrome.
C) advanced sleep phase syndrome.
D) advanced waking phase syndrome.

Question 36

A disruption in circadian rhythms that afflicts many college students is __________

A) advanced sleep phase syndrome.
B) delayed sleep phase syndrome.
C) advanced waking phase syndrome.
D) delayed waking phase syndrome.

Question 37

If you managed a manufacturing plant that ran three rotating shifts, what could you do to help your employees remain in a more normal biological rhythm?

A) keep the lighting soft to mimic the normal amount of light present at night
B) provide machines with choices of many beverages with caffeine
C) use a three-week rotational schedule
D) provide regular vitamin supplements, especially vitamins C and D

Question 38

Melatonin is to __________ as an aspirin is to __________

A) nausea; nightmare.
B) nightmare; blood clots.
C) insomnia; headache.
D) apnea; blood thinner.

Question 39

Exposing certain bodily organs or even certain single cells from vertebrates to light sets __________

A) the suprachiasmatic clock.
B) the biological clock.
C) the internal clock.
D) the "circadian clock".

Question 40

When we are exposed to low levels of light the __________ begins to secrete the hormone melatonin, which acts to induce sleep.

A) thyroid gland
B) pituitary gland
C) pineal gland
D) adrenal glands

Question 41

One approach to distinguishing Alzheimer's disease from other forms of senile dementia involves __________

A) tracking patients' circadian variables, such as body temperature.
B) obtaining self-reports of sleep and memory problems.
C) performing CT scans of patients' brains.
D) watching for signs of sundowning and other symptoms.

Question 42

REM sleep, or 'active sleep' constitutes what percentage of a normal night's sleep in adults?

A) 45-50%
B) 20-25%
C) 5-10%
D) 65-70%

Question 43

Professor Cimmerian is talking to her class about some of the characteristics of early humans. She has brought up the notion that sleep initially was engaged in largely as a function of safety and served to keep early peoples safe from predators. This describes the __________ theory of sleep.

A) microsleep
B) circadian
C) restorative
D) threshold

Question 44

Which statement is true of sleep cycles in normal sleep?

A) They last about 90 minutes, have 1 or more stages of NREM sleep followed by REM sleep.
B) They last about 90 minutes and each consists of 1 or more stages of REM sleep.
C) They last about 60 minutes, have 1 stage of NREM sleep followed by REM sleep.
D) They last about 90 minutes and each consist of REM sleep followed by 4 stages of NREM sleep.

Question 45

You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult. The participant is hooked up to an EEG. What brain waves would you observe as the person becomes drowsy and then
Enters the first stage of sleep?

A) alpha eventually replaced by delta
B) delta eventually replaced by theta
C) alpha eventually replaced by irregular
D) delta eventually replaced by beta

Question 46

How many stages are there in NREM sleep?

A) three
B) four
C) one
D) two

Question 47

REM behavior disorder results from __________

A) too much sleep.
B) not enough sleep.
C) failure of the brain to adequately paralyze the muscles during REM sleep.
D) deterioration of the medial hypothalamus.

Question 48

How many stages are in REM sleep?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 49

According to Alexander Borbely, which sleep theory is correct?

A) circadian theory
B) restorative theory
C) elements of both theories are correct and apply
D) both theories are completely wrong

Question 50

This theory is based on the premise that sleep evolved to keep humans out of harm's way.

A) restorative theory of sleep
B) melatonin theory of sleep
C) circadian theory of sleep
D) ecobehavioral theory of sleep

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a feature of NREM sleep?

A) low respiration
B) low brain activity
C) large muscles are paralyzed
D) growth hormone is secreted

Question 52

When awakened from REM sleep, __________ report dreaming.

A) 80%
B) 20%
C) 100%
D) 40%

Question 53

According to this theory, sleep is necessary for repair of the body.

A) restorative theory
B) adaptive theory
C) psychoanalytic theory
D) dream theory

Question 54

You see an advertisement for a method of learning a foreign language that seems simple-just put on a tape and fall asleep. The accompanying description cites proof that people can learn while asleep. Being a good psychological detective, what question would you ask about the offered proof?

A) Did the individuals actually dream about the foreign language?
B) What did the EEG indicate about the participants' level of sleep?
C) Did the researchers use only long sleepers who would spend more time with the tapes?
D) Were study breaks included in the tape to provide greater comprehension of the material?

Question 55

According to this theory, sleep is a means of protecting ourselves from predators.

A) restorative theory
B) evolutionary theory
C) psychoanalytic theory
D) dream theory

Question 56

Brianna is in a quiet period of sleep where her heart rate and respiration are slow, and her brain activity is at its lowest point. Sleep researchers would say she is in __________

A) stage 5 sleep.
B) dream sleep.
C) NREM sleep.
D) REM sleep.

Question 57

__________ refers to Alzheimer's patients tendency to exhibit more symptoms in the afternoon and nighttime hours than in the morning hours.

A) Sundowning
B) Night terrors
C) Good days
D) Circadian symptoms

Question 58

Periods of REM sleep alternate with periods of non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every __________ minutes or so.

A) 30
B) 90
C) 150
D) 210

Question 59

REM sleep refers to __________

A) dreamless sleep.
B) sleep induced by sleeping pills.
C) sleep periods in which sleepwalking is likely.
D) sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly.

Question 60

The __________ holds that being awake wears and tears on the body and brain, and sleep serves the function of restoring body and mind.

A) restorative theory
B) circadian theory
C) refractory theory
D) regenerative theory

Question 61

The brain waves that occur in stage four sleep are primarily __________

A) beta waves.
B) alpha waves.
C) delta waves.
D) theta waves.

Question 62

Dr. Camby is in her sleep lab observing a patient in the next room. The patient is wired to an EEG machine and the readings are just beginning to register about 20% delta waves. Dr. Camby's patient is entering __________

A) REM sleep.
B) stage 1 sleep.
C) stage 2 sleep.
D) stage 3 sleep.

Question 63

Stage 4 sleep is marked by __________ waves.

A) alpha
B) beta
C) theta
D) delta

Question 64

Sleep spindles appear during __________ sleep.

A) stage 1
B) REM
C) stage 2
D) stage 4

Question 65

Which statement is correct concerning how much sleep people need?

A) most people need at least 10 hours
B) men need more sleep than women
C) most people need between 7 and 8 hours of sleep
D) women need more sleep than men

Question 66

Which of the following is likely NOT true regarding REM sleep?

A) there is a relationship between REM sleep and learning
B) REM sleep serves an information-processing function in humans
C) infants show a low percentage of REM sleep.
D) REM sleep helps people organize and sift through daily experience

Question 67

Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves?

A) electromyograph (EMG)
B) electrocardiograph (EKG)
C) electro-oculograph (EOG)
D) electroencephalograph (EEG)

Question 68

Jean just drove all night long and hasn't slept for over 24 hours. When she finally gets home, Jean dreams more than she normally does. This is an example of __________

A) sleep cycles.
B) REM sleep.
C) NREM sleep.
D) REM rebound.

Question 69

According to a longitudinal sleep study begun in 1982, people sleeping this average number of hours per night are much less likely to have died.

A) 6
B) 8
C) 9
D) 7

Question 70

Of the following, who has the longest average sleep time?

A) teenagers
B) children aged 6 to puberty
C) newborns
D) people over age 65

Question 71

Short, rhythmic bursts of brainwave activity that appear during stage 2 sleep are called __________

A) delta waves.
B) sleep spindles.
C) paradoxical sleep waves.
D) beta waves.

Question 72

What term do sleep researchers use to designate stages 1-4 of sleep?

A) REM sleep
B) Non-REM sleep
C) REMN sleep
D) paradoxical sleep

Question 73

Which of the following is CORRECT concerning REM deprivation?

A) REM deprivation results in long-term mental illness.
B) REM deprivation only occurs among the elderly.
C) REM deprivation leads to increased amounts of REM sleep on subsequent nights of sleep.
D) REM deprivation can lead to visual impairments.

Question 74

What tends to happen to our patterns of sleep as we move into older adulthood?

A) we sleep more
B) our sleep doesn't change
C) we sleep less
D) we experience less REM sleep

Question 75

Your brain waves are being monitored in a sleep laboratory. If you are in deep sleep less than an hour after falling asleep, what brain waves will be detected?

A) beta
B) alpha
C) theta
D) delta

Question 76

Which type of brain waves dominate slow-wave sleep?

A) alpha
B) delta
C) omega
D) beta

Question 77

The deepest stage of sleep is __________ sleep.

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 3
D) stage 4

Question 78

Darla did not get any sleep during the previous night as she was studying for her mid-term exams. Tonight when she falls asleep she will likely experience __________

A) REM rebound.
B) NREM rebound.
C) sleep apnea.
D) night terrors.

Question 79

The stage of sleep in which delta waves begin to appear is __________ sleep.

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 3
D) stage 4

Question 80

If the EEG record reveals evidence of sleep spindles, you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is in which stage of sleep?

A) REM
B) stage 1
C) stage 2
D) stage 4