Deck 9: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

Question 1

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include

A) flowery speech.
B) hallucinations and delusions.
C) catatonic behaviour.
D) auditory hallucinations only.
E) lack of ability to communicate.

Answer 1

lack of ability to communicate.

Question 2

The feeling that bugs are crawling around under your skin is

A) an example of a delusion of grandeur.
B) generally experienced by certain religious tribes.
C) indicative of problems in brain functioning.
D) only experienced by those on a bad acid trip.
E) an example of a somatic delusion.

Answer 2

an example of a somatic delusion.

Question 3

The belief that one's neighbours are plotting against you is an example of a ___________ delusion.

A) persecutory
B) somatic
C) religious
D) grandiose
E) referential

Answer 3

persecutory

Question 4

All of the following are examples of negative and emotional symptoms of schizophrenia EXCEPT:

A) alogia.
B) anhedonia.
C) associative loosening.
D) affective flattening.
E) avolition.

Question 5

Which of the following are classified as positive symptoms?

A) Social withdrawal and lack of interest in activities
B) Spare speech and language
C) Lack of coping abilities
D) Hallucinations
E) Inability to feel pleasure

Question 6

An important and basic fact about schizophrenia is its __________.

A) homogeneity
B) heterogeneity
C) relationship to dissociative identity disorder
D) simplicity
E) universality

Question 7

Devon often sits with one foot behind his head for extended periods of time until a nurse moves it, and then does not move again. This is an example of

A) alogia.
B) echopraxia.
C) catatonic posturing.
D) affective flattening.
E) waxy flexibility.

Question 8

Dimitri has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Unless his mother carefully monitors his personal hygiene habits, he tends to ignore them. This is an example of

A) anhedonia.
B) alogia.
C) avolition.
D) antilistlessness.
E) amotivation.

Question 9

When asked how she was feeling, Mona answered "I am fine, just like a bottle of wine . . . that wine was so smooth . . . and I used to drink it with . . . pickles, which I grew in my garden . . . and I had to weed so often." This response is an example of

A) neologisms.
B) lack of abstractness.
C) tangentiality.
D) derailment.
E) loosening of associations.

Question 10

A person with schizophrenia displaying flattened affect

A) withdraws socially.
B) does not express emotion.
C) does not experience physiological arousal.
D) laughs at inappropriate moments.
E) experiences only sadness but not other emotions

Question 11

Bleuler, in his early descriptions of schizophrenia, gave great emphasis on

A) disorganized speech and thought disorder.
B) visual hallucinations.
C) delusions.
D) hallucinations.
E) delusions of grandeur.

Question 12

A false belief that is strongly held, held even when there is evidence to prove otherwise, is called a

A) waxy flexibility.
B) delusion.
C) hallucinatory concept.
D) tangential focus.
E) firm conviction.

Question 13

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are those that involve

A) lack of emotion.
B) loss of motivation.
C) less serious symptoms.
D) speech and language.
E) extravagant versions of normal behaviour.

Question 14

The erroneous belief that one can control the weather would be an example of a ___________.

A) somatic delusion
B) paranoid delusion
C) delusion of persecution
D) delusion of grandeur
E) referential delusion

Question 15

The most common type of hallucinations are __________.

A) tactile
B) visual
C) multi-sensory
D) auditory
E) olfactory

Question 16

The best description of anhedonia is

A) poor concentration for an extended period of time.
B) the inability to experience pleasure.
C) impoverished emotional expression.
D) lack of drive or initiative.
E) excess pleasure

Question 17

One remaining puzzle concerning schizophrenia is

A) how long it has been around.
B) why there has been a lack of research on the disorder.
C) why it only tends to be found in European and Asian countries.
D) the cost of the disorder to society.
E) how it relates to multiple personality disorder.

Question 18

The likelihood of developing schizophrenia in North America is about ___________ percent.

A) 2.5
B) 10
C) 5
D) less than 1
E) 0.5

Question 19

Shandra believes that the weatherman on Cable 10 is delivering messages from outer space to Earth. This is an example of

A) a negative symptom.
B) alogia.
C) a tangential thought.
D) a hallucination.
E) a delusion.

Question 20

All of the following are types of delusions EXCEPT

A) delusions of persecution.
B) somatic delusions.
C) delusions of emancipation.
D) delusions of reference.
E) delusions of grandeur.

Question 21

Penetrance refers to

A) the degree to which a gene associated with a condition will be expressed in offspring.
B) the degree to which a gene will penetrate the chromosome during meiosis.
C) the frequency with which a gene associated with a condition will become dominant.
D) the degree to which the presence of a dominant gene will show its effects.
E) the frequency by which a gene associated with a condition will be passed on.

Question 22

The vulnerability-stress perspective purports that

A) individuals who undergo a lot of stress and difficulty become more vulnerable to developing schizophrenia.
B) individuals with poor coping skills tend to react negatively to stress.
C) certain people are vulnerable to schizophrenia, and symptoms generally develop after exposure to stress.
D) individuals who are genetically susceptible to schizophrenia are better able to handle severe stress.
E) people with schizophrenia are more vulnerable to life stressor than are others.

Question 23

A proportion of children at risk for schizophrenia show all of the following early behavioural abnormalities EXCEPT

A) unusual preoccupation with imaginative companions.
B) early signs of impaired movement.
C) more withdrawn and socially reclusive, or more antisocial and aggressive than other children.
D) cognitive limitations not shared by other children.
E) early signs of impaired fine motor skills.

Question 24

The performance of individuals with schizophrenia on a test called the Continuous Performance Test suggests, on average, :

A) that they are superior in cognitive functioning to healthy controls and depressed people.
B) that they have difficulty with long-term memory.
C) that they have difficulty delaying reinforcement.
D) that there is a large hereditary component to the disorder.
E) that they experience impairment in attention and working memory.

Question 25

The most commonly accepted theory of schizophrenia today is the

A) rejecting mother model.
B) schizogenetic theory.
C) diathesis-stress theory.
D) social drift theory.
E) collective unconscious theory.

Question 26

The endophenotype for schizophrenia refers to the __________.

A) presence of one or more vulnerability markers (biological, behavioural, subjective, symptomatic) for schizophrenia
B) person who will develop schizophrenia but has not yet demonstrated outward manifestations of the disorder
C) person who has internal but not outward manifestations of schizophrenia
D) the presence of reliable genetic markers in asymptomatic persons
E) the presence of reliable bio-behavioral markers in asymptomatic persons

Question 27

If schizophrenia were purely genetic, the concordance rate for monozygotic twins would be about

A) 50%.
B) 45%.
C) 25%.
D) 80%.
E) 100%.

Question 28

For Carl Jung, there was a universal connection between schizophrenia and the ___________.

A) collective preconscious
B) unconscious
C) collective unconscious
D) subconscious
E) collective consciousness

Question 29

Research examining the eye movements of people with schizophrenia has found

A) eye movements that mirror visual hallucinations.
B) they generally tend to stare vacantly at most objects.
C) their eye movements tend to be more erratic.
D) they are able to keep slow moving targets in focus, but are unable to rapidly shift their eyes.
E) few differences exist between the eye movements of people with schizophrenia compared to those without the disorder.

Question 30

One criticism of the DSM-5 with respect to diagnosing schizophrenia is

A) it does not rely on the person's presenting symptoms and history as the main indications of illness.
B) none of the subtypes have received any research support as valid distinctions.
C) clinicians tend not to agree with the diagnoses of other clinicians.
D) clinicians rarely use structured interviews in making a diagnosis.
E) the lack of objective criteria for the disorder.

Question 31

Up to ______________________ "risk" genes may be implicated in the development of schizophrenia.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 600
E) 12

Question 32

Recent research shows that by age 16, nearly a third of individuals who go on to develop psychotic disorder have ___________ and __________.

A) motor difficulties; at least one positive symptom reported by a teacher
B) speech and language delays; at least one positive symptom self-reported
C) motor difficulties; deficient IQ
D) family interaction problems; deficient IQ
E) speech and language difficulties; at least one positive symptom parent-reported

Question 33

Schizophrenogenic mother has been described as

A) rejecting.
B) depressed.
C) overly involved with the child.
D) manic and unpredictable.
E) a carrier of the schizogene.

Question 34

In Meehl's theory of schizophrenia, "hypokrisia" refers to __________.

A) an abnormally high number of schizotypal genes
B) atypical neuronal connectivity
C) abnormally low neuronal reactivity to stimulation
D) abnormally high inter-neuronal connectivity
E) abnormally high neuronal reactivity to incoming stimulation

Question 35

Which of the following is not a birth complication that confers heightened risk for schizophrenia?

A) prolonged labour.
B) late delivery.
C) low birth weight.
D) fetal distress.
E) breathing difficulties.

Question 36

For a diagnosis, a bizarre delusion must be judged __________.

A) possible
B) impossible
C) plausible
D) conceivable
E) harmless

Question 37

The concordance rate for schizophrenia for monozygotic twins is

A) 100%.
B) 25%.
C) 67%.
D) 10%.
E) 48%.

Question 38

Recent evidence shows that exposure to the flu virus during the _____ month of pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia later in life.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth
E) fifth

Question 39

Which of the following is true regarding smooth pursuit eye movements in people with schizophrenia?

A) They are largely normal relative to those of healthy controls.
B) They are superior to those of healthy controls which is consistent with the presence of hypervigilance in people with this disorder.
C) They are the only reliable cognitive marker we have for schizophrenia.
D) Poor eye tracking records are strongly correlated with attenuated psychosis syndrome.
E) Only about half of patients with schizophrenia show impairments in these eye movements.

Question 40

In Meehl's theory of schizophrenia, "hypokrisia" refers to the ___________ component of the theory.

A) diathesis
B) emotional
C) social
D) stress
E) cognitive

Question 41

In summarizing the research on frontal lobe deficiency, one could interpret the research of Lara Davidson (2003) as suggesting that

A) frontal brain impairment probably affects some patients with schizophrenia, but the impairment is not a necessary part of the syndrome.
B) frontal brain impairment probably affects very few patients with schizophrenia, and is not a necessary part of the syndrome.
C) frontal brain impairment probably affects all patients with schizophrenia, and is a necessary part of the syndrome.
D) an abnormally working frontal brain does not appear to be related at all to the symptoms presented by patients with schizophrenia.
E) only the positive symptoms of the illness reflect an abnormally working frontal brain.

Question 42

A recent meta-analysis of 22 studies found that social skills training for schizophrenia

A) has moderate effects on symptoms, functioning and relapse rates.
B) has small effects on social functioning only.
C) has moderate effects on social and psychosocial functioning, living skills and negative symptoms.
D) has small effects on paranoid symptoms, but not withdrawal symptoms.
E) has moderate effects on positive symptoms but does not appear to improve functioning.

Question 43

Addington's work on early identification and intervention in schizophrenia finds

A) the prodromal phase often includes becoming withdrawn and suspicious.
B) there are no reliable methods to identify individuals at high risk.
C) early intervention normalizes symptoms, functioning, and quality of life.
D) most high risk individuals who do not convert to psychosis have normal functioning.
E) early intervention has no impact on symptoms, but normalizes functioning.

Question 44

Overall, the inconsistent research findings regarding environmental factors in the etiology of schizophrenia support a(n) ___________ model, which asserts that __________.

A) high-risk; certain factors almost always produce schizophrenia in vulnerable persons
B) cumulative liability; various environmental stressors accumulate to increase risk
C) expressed emotion; various negative family interaction patterns play a role
D) biological environmental; pre- and peri-natal factors interact with genetic factors to increase risk
E) neuropsychological; various test scores combine to indicate etiology for schizophrenia

Question 45

Schizophrenia is characterized by heterogeneity.

Question 46

Which of the following is not an abnormality observed in patients with schizophrenia?

A) Slowness writing symbols paired with numbers.
B) Impaired ability to filter out redundant information.
C) Increased dopamine receptors in post-mortem brain tissue.
D) Blocking of one sensation by the presence of another.
E) Enhanced ability to generate words rapidly.

Question 47

One of the first brain regions that interested researchers in linking the brain to schizophrenia was/were the __________.

A) occipital lobes
B) temporal lobes
C) frontal lobes
D) parietal lobes
E) posterior cortex

Question 48

Research on expressed emotion indicates that people with schizophrenia are most likely to suffer a relapse if

A) family members are critical and overinvolved.
B) family members ignore them and fail to provide support.
C) society labels them and rejects them.
D) family and peers are unable to see past their illness.
E) family members are critical and uninvolved.

Question 49

The main drawback of anti-psychotic medication in treating schizophrenia is

A) its relative ineffectiveness in dealing with the cognitive impairment suffered by schizophrenia patients.
B) that the use of medication often requires longer hospital stays.
C) its relative lack of effectiveness.
D) the occurrence of more frequent relapses of illness.
E) its inability to alleviate the frequency and severity of hallucinations and delusions.

Question 50

The one form of psychotherapy found to be helpful in treating schizophrenia is

A) humanistic therapy.
B) interpersonal psychotherapy.
C) behaviour therapy.
D) cognitive-behaviour therapy.
E) psychoanalysis.

Question 51

According to psychologist Neil Rector, ________________ is critical for the success of therapy for schizophrenia.

A) high motivation
B) regular attendance
C) low paranoia
D) the absence of a childhood history of mental illness
E) a trusting and collaborative therapeutic alliance

Question 52

Which of the following is not a component of CBT for schizophrenia?

A) psychoeducation regarding the false basis of a patient's delusions.
B) establishment of a trusting and collaborative relationship.
C) recording and monitoring of thoughts in a thought record.
D) development of "experiments" to create rewarding experiences.
E) strategies for relapse prevention.

Question 53

Heterogeneity in schizophrenia makes it easier to predict the course for affected individuals.

Question 54

Apart from the frontal lobes, one of the most researched regions of the brain and its relationship to schizophrenia is the

A) left parietal lobe.
B) left temporal lobe.
C) right temporal lobe.
D) left occipital lobe.
E) right parietal lobe.

Question 55

An early treatment for schizophrenia might have involved which of the following?

A) insulin coma
B) hypnosis
C) psychoanalysis
D) psychotherapy
E) chlorpromazine

Question 56

Initial observations of promethazine and chlorpromazine in psychiatric patients suggested that the drugs might be most helpful in patients with:

A) mood disorders, agitation, and mania.
B) attenuated forms of psychosis.
C) paranoid personality disorder.
D) schizoid personality disorder
E) anorexia nervosa.

Question 57

Lifetime prevalence for schizophrenia in North America and Europe has been found to be less than 1%.

Question 58

According to findings of combined meta-analyses, the number one ranked brain and behavioural abnormality in schizophrenia is

A) impaired general intellectual ability.
B) increased neurotransmitter receptors in post-modern brain tissue.
C) irregular eye movements when following a point of light.
D) slowness in writing symbols paired with numbers (processing speed).
E) impaired learning and recall of words and stories.

Question 59

Recent research on the effectiveness of cognitive-behaviour therapy for schizophrenia finds ___________. The next step for research will be __________.

A) moderate benefits for positive and negative symptoms that are sustained over time; examining the impact upon functioning
B) moderate benefits for positive and negative symptoms, sustained over time, and with positive impact on functioning ; examining predictors of response to treatment
C) moderate benefits for positive symptoms ; examining impact on negative symptoms
D) moderate benefits for negative symptoms ; examining impact on positive symptoms
E) moderate benefits for positive and negative symptoms ; whether benefits are sustained over time

Question 60

Researchers in the early 1960s identified a neurotransmitter involved in the therapeutic effects of antipsychotic medication. What was this neurotransmitter?

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) GABA
D) cortisol
E) norepinephrine

Question 61

Dancing down the street is an example of grossly disorganized behaviour.

Question 62

The diathesis-stress model has been proposed as a model of development of schizophrenia. Choose three factors that play a role in vulnerability to schizophrenia and describe the research findings.

Question 63

Abnormal functioning of the temporal lobes has been associated with the hallucinations and delusions experienced by people with schizophrenia.

Question 64

The idea that one major gene and several minor genes collectively cause schizophrenia, is well-established at this time.

Question 65

The positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia refer to the "good" and "bad" symptoms.

Question 66

t is difficult to determine whether neurological abnormalities are a cause or consequence of schizophrenia symptoms.

Question 67

Due to its impressive research evidence, neuropsychological tests provide solid, conclusive support for the frontal brain deficiency hypothesis of schizophrenia.

Question 68

Positive symptoms are objectively observed and apparent to the clinician.

Question 69

Sluggish schizophrenia is one subtype of schizophrenia found in the DSM-5 system for the classification of mental disorders.

Question 70

Visual hallucinations tend to be the most common form in schizophrenia.

Question 71

Research has established that there is a large, significant increase in violent behaviour in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Question 72

There is evidence that exposure to the flu virus during the first 2 weeks of pregnancy is associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in the mother's child later in life.

Question 73

Research shows that the symptom-based subtypes (e.g., paranoid, catatonic) have low reliability and uncertain validity.

Question 74

Differentiate between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia by providing a brief description of the types of symptoms under each category.

Question 75

Modern research shows that inadequate parenting by fathers plays an equally important causal role as does that of mothers in the development of schizophrenia.

Question 76

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia refer to exaggerated, distorted adaptations of normal behaviour.

Question 77

Dopamine receptors in the brains of people with schizophrenia are either too low or not overly sensitive.

Question 78

Impairment on the Continuous Performance Test has been studied as a potential cognitive marker of schizophrenia.

Question 79

Auditory hallucinations were extremely common prior to 1700.

Question 80

Family intervention studies have shown similar outcomes when comparing the effectiveness of family therapy, social skills training, and medication treatments.