Deck 8: Mood Disorders and Suicide

Question 1

Though the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode require that the episode last at least ___, most usually last much longer.

A) 2 days
B) 2 weeks
C) 2 months
D) 4 years
E) 2 years

Answer 1

2 weeks

Question 2

Which of the following is true?

A) Major depressive disorder affects 20% of the Canadian population.
B) Approximately 15% of people who have had one major depressive episode will have a second one.
C) Most episodes of depression last 2 weeks.
D) MDD is increasingly being recognized as a disorder that affects children and adolescents.
E) Rates of depression grow steadily and equally across sexes throughout childhood and adolescence, but then begin to diverge at about age 20.

Answer 2

MDD is increasingly being recognized as a disorder that affects children and adolescents.

Question 3

Less severe or brief episodes of mania are referred to as

A) automanic.
B) hypermanic.
C) schizomanic.
D) petit-manic.
E) hypomanic.

Answer 3

hypomanic.

Question 4

It is estimated that about ___________ % of Canadians suffer from depression.

A) 1.5
B) 5
C) 15
D) 10
E) .5

Question 5

___________ coined the term manic-depression and his descriptions formed the basis for the definition of mood disorders today.

A) Hippocrates
B) Kraeplin
C) Burton
D) Cicero
E) Freud

Question 6

Freud's concept of ___________ is analogous to Beck's notion of __________.

A) unmet oral needs; jumping to conclusions
B) oedipal fixation; all or nothing thinking
C) imagined loss; magnification / catastrophizing
D) unmet oral needs; overgeneralization
E) imagined loss; jumping to conclusions

Question 7

In Bipolar ___________ disorder, there are at least one hypomanic episode and one or more depressive episode.

A) IV
B) III
C) I
D) II
E) V

Question 8

Which of the following was mentioned by the text as one of the two important criteria for a diagnosis of a clinical mood disorder?

A) substance abuse
B) chemical imbalance in the brain
C) implications
D) presence of dependent personality disorder
E) duration

Question 9

In Hippocrates' time, depression was thought to result from an excess of ______ from the spleen.

A) yellow bile
B) phlegm
C) blood
D) black bile
E) orange bile

Question 10

Of the nine symptoms of major depressive disorder, _____ must be present for a diagnosis.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Question 11

A person diagnosed with ___________ manifests many of the same symptoms as major depressive disorder, except that they must persist for at least two years.

A) persistent depressive disorder
B) melancholia
C) bipolar disorder
D) schizoaffective disorder
E) anhedonia

Question 12

The incidence of MDD among ___________ is growing faster than in any other age group.

A) toddlers
B) young children
C) adolescents
D) young adults
E) the elderly

Question 13

In Bipolar ___________ disorder, there are one or more manic episodes and usually one or more depressive episodes.

A) IV
B) V
C) I
D) II
E) III

Question 14

The criteria for the diagnosis of ___________ include a duration of at least two years with recurrent periods of mild depression alternating with hypomania.

A) rapid cycling depression/mania
B) hypomania
C) unipolar depression
D) bipolar depression
E) cyclothymia

Question 15

_______ refers to a loss of pleasure or interest in almost all activities or a lack of reactivity to usually pleasurable events.

A) melancholia
B) libido
C) dystonia
D) catatonia
E) anhedonia

Question 16

Bipolar disorder has been classified into ___________ type(s).

A) 3
B) 1
C) 2
D) 4
E) 5

Question 17

Which of the following words is most descriptive of people's behaviour in a manic episode?

A) calm
B) content
C) restrained
D) pensive
E) flamboyant

Question 18

Freud and his student Abraham put forward a type of ___________ model of depression, where vulnerability for depression is created by unmet oral needs, and depression is triggered by __________.

A) biopsychosocial; uncontrollable stress
B) dual factor; loss of a loved one
C) diathesis-stress; low self-esteem
D) dual factor; low self-esteem
E) diathesis-stress; loss of a loved one

Question 19

Individuals with ___________ are less likely to respond to standard treatment relative to other forms of depression.

A) chronic depression
B) catatonia
C) hypomania
D) minor depression
E) episodic major depression

Question 20

The most frequent comorbid condition with depression is

A) an anxiety disorder.
B) histrionic personality disorder.
C) schizophrenia.
D) substance abuse.
E) borderline personality disorder.

Question 21

After an argument, Jane continues to ask her husband if he still loves her. This is an example of

A) negative feedback seeking.
B) stress generation.
C) excessive reassurance seeking.
D) all-or-none thinking.
E) magnification.

Question 22

The hormone ___________, secreted by the pineal gland, has been implicated in seasonal affective disorder.

A) lanin
B) progesterone
C) melatonin
D) serotonin
E) gaba

Question 23

The prevalence of seasonal affective disorder is greater where there

A) are long summers.
B) is less seasonal variation in hours of sunlight.
C) is more seasonal variation in hours of sunlight.
D) is very little snow.
E) are colder temperatures.

Question 24

Research suggests that the effect of a gene (HTT)

A) directly causes depression.
B) heightens reactivity to stress.
C) lowers levels of serotonin neurotransmitter.
D) causes damage to a brain region associated with mood.
E) causes damage to a brain region involved with perception.

Question 25

Which of the following is not one of Beck's cognitive distortions?

A) All-or-none thinking
B) Negative feedback seeking
C) Overgeneralizations
D) Magnification
E) Jumping to Conclusions

Question 26

Approximately ___________ percent of the 70 percent of new mothers who experience depression and mood swings after childbirth is diagnosed with mood disorder with postpartum onset.

A) 5-10
B) 10-15
C) 15-20
D) 20-25
E) 0.5

Question 27

As a form of treatment, Joanne receives phototherapy, in which she sits in front of a light box for a few hours a day every morning. Judging from this treatment, Joanne most likely suffers from

A) seasonal affective disorder.
B) schizoaffective disorder.
C) bipolar depression.
D) unipolar depression.
E) cyclothymia.

Question 28

Nearly ___________ percent of people with major depression have suffered at least one severe loss event prior to onset of their depression.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75
E) 90

Question 29

Psychodynamic theorists no longer relate depression to unmet needs during the oral stage of development but do still emphasize the ___________ relationship and evidence that it confers increased risk for depression.

A) primary
B) parent-child
C) mother-child
D) mother-daughter
E) parent-son

Question 30

Relative to those with other forms of bipolar disorder, people with the rapid cycling presentation of bipolar disorder

A) Have lower rates of disability but a worse response to treatment.
B) Have lower rates of disability and a better response to treatment.
C) Have higher rates of disability and lower response to treatment.
D) Are very high functioning, but respond about the same to treatment.
E) Little is known about the course and treatment response of people with this form of bipolar disorder.

Question 31

Research findings that depressed individuals actually contribute to the occurrence of interpersonal conflict through maladaptive interpersonal behaviors supports the

A) negative feedback hypothesis.
B) conflict generation hypothesis.
C) persistent depressive disorder.
D) life stress perspective.
E) stress generation hypothesis.

Question 32

Beck's greatest insight with regard to depression is that

A) one's emotional response to a situation is determined by cognitive abilities and type.
B) the effectiveness of coping depends on confidence and levels of self-esteem.
C) the effectiveness of coping depends on accuracy of cognitive schemata.
D) one's emotional response to a situation is determined by one's appraisal and evaluation.
E) one's emotional response to a situation is determined by one's learning history with that stressor.

Question 33

Regarding the etiology of mood disorders, research has demonstrated that:

A) Stressful life events cause mood disorders.
B) Certain personality traits cause mood disorders.
C) Being in bad romantic relationship causes mood disorders.
D) Multiple genes cause mood disorders.
E) There is no single cause for the mood disorders.

Question 34

Canadian personality theorists Sidney Blatt and David Zuroff discussed two personality patterns: _____ and ____ which have been shown to be predictors of depression in the face of stress.

A) dependency and self-criticism
B) aggression-hostility; obsessionality
C) pessimism; listlessness
D) brooding; critical / blaming
E) gloominess; listlessness

Question 35

Beck referred to the negative thoughts depressed people often have about the future, the world and themselves as a

A) negative cognitive triangle.
B) distorted cognitive triad.
C) depressive cognitive triangle.
D) negative cognitive triad.
E) triple negative triad.

Question 36

In Beck's model of depression, the diathesis is

A) a stressful life event.
B) a negative cognitive schema.
C) a genetic predisposition.
D) a localized brain dysfunction.
E) a neurotransmitter imbalance.

Question 37

Along with a 4 percent infanticide rate, postpartum psychosis has a ____ percent suicide rate.

A) 5
B) 6
C) 4
D) 2
E) 3

Question 38

A strong family link is especially evident in the development of

A) major depressive disorder.
B) melancholic depression.
C) persistent depressive disorder.
D) bipolar disorder.
E) cyclothymia.

Question 39

Clara moves very quickly in and out of depressive and manic episodes, commonly having 5 or more episodes of mania and depression in one year. Of the following disorders, which is Clara most likely suffering from?

A) bipolar I disorder
B) rapid cycling bipolar disorder
C) major depression
D) bipolar II disorder
E) cyclothymia

Question 40

Dividing events into a dichotomy of either all bad or all good is an example of which cognitive distortion found in depressed people?

A) arbitrary inference
B) all-or-none thinking
C) selective abstraction
D) negative bias
E) overgeneralization

Question 41

Which of the following neurotransmitters has a general inhibitory role in the brain?

A) GABA
B) gamma
C) serotonin
D) dopamine
E) norepinephrine

Question 42

Which of the following approaches to treatment emphasizes role transitions (e.g., leaving home for university, becoming a parent)?

A) behavioural
B) cognitive
C) cognitive-behavioural
D) interpersonal
E) psychodynamic

Question 43

Currently, the most popular class of antidepressants are the

A) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
B) monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
C) benzodiazepines.
D) bicyclics.
E) tricyclics.

Question 44

One explanation as to why women are more often diagnosed with depression than are men is that

A) they are more willing to seek help for their symptoms.
B) they also show more symptoms associated with bipolar disorder than do men.
C) in many cultures women experience role strain.
D) the HPA axis is less active in women than it is in men.
E) women report higher levels of stressful life events than do men.

Question 45

___________ therapy emphasizes that depression often arises as a result of disruptions in an individual's social adjustment.

A) Behavioural
B) Cognitive-behavioural
C) Cognitive
D) Interpersonal
E) Psychodynamic

Question 46

Brain imaging techniques have shown that depressed individuals have fewer

A) 5-HT receptors.
B) DA receptors.
C) NE receptors.
D) HTT receptors.
E) CRH receptors.

Question 47

Traditionally,___________ is the treatment for bipolar disorder.

A) lithium
B) Celexa
C) Prozac
D) Elavil
E) clomipramine

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT discussed in the text as a cognitive-behavioural treatment technique for depression?

A) thought records
B) activity scheduling
C) testing beliefs through behavioural experiments
D) exposure and response prevention
E) challenging of negative thoughts

Question 49

The discovery of drugs with antidepressant properties occurred through accidental observation that certain forms of medication used to treat _____ induced depression-like symptoms in patients.

A) cancer
B) hypertension
C) diabetes
D) tuberculosis
E) AIDS

Question 50

Depressed individuals have been shown to have increased activity in the ____ leading to continuous processing of negative emotional information.

A) hippocampus
B) hypothalamus
C) cingulated cortex
D) amygdala
E) pituitary gland

Question 51

One controversial meta-analysis found that anti-depressant medication was

A) only effective for about 20% of persons with mild to moderate depression.
B) not effective for severe depression.
C) no more effective than placebo for mild to moderate depression.
D) only effective for about 40% of persons with severe depression.
E) only effective for about 40% of persons with mild to moderate depression.

Question 52

The Canadian Psychiatric Association currently recommends ______as the first- line treatment for SAD.

A) lithium
B) ECT
C) TMS
D) light therapy
E) SSRIs

Question 53

It has been found that when depressed patients respond to antidepressant medication, they also

A) experience less slow-wave sleep.
B) spend more time in REM sleep.
C) show an increase in rapid eye movements.
D) return to normal levels of REM sleep.
E) spend almost no time in REM sleep.

Question 54

The main adverse effect of electroconvulsive shock therapy is

A) temporary speech difficulties.
B) psychotic phases.
C) depression.
D) memory impairment.
E) mania.

Question 55

Christine is a therapist who takes as her starting point concerning depression that a person's emotional reactions are determined in part by what he or she thinks. Based on this, Christine is most likely to use ___________ therapy to treat her clients.

A) humanistic
B) neo-psychoanalytic
C) Freudian
D) cognitive-behavioural
E) interpersonal

Question 56

An experimental procedure that uses magnetic fields to alter brain activity is called

A) ECT.
B) VNS.
C) CBT.
D) FFT.
E) TMS.

Question 57

Smaller hippocampal volume in depressed individuals has been linked to

A) cortisol hypersecretion.
B) reduced cortisol secretion.
C) positive feedback excitation of the HPA axis.
D) acute stress.
E) reduced ACTH secretion from the pituitary gland.

Question 58

An effective treatment that helps clients change their attitude towards unhelpful thought patterns (rather than changing the thoughts themselves) is termed

A) interpersonal therapy.
B) cognitive-behavioral therapy.
C) behavioural therapy.
D) rational-emotive psychotherapy.
E) mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.

Question 59

Which of the following is not a side effect of antipsychotic medications?

A) dry mouth
B) muscle spasms
C) rapid weight gain
D) hypersexuality
E) high cholesterol

Question 60

Pharmacotherapy is generally considered effective for about ___________ percent of people.

A) 10
B) 50
C) 20
D) 30
E) 40

Question 61

It is common for an individual to experience an episode of mania without an accompanying depression at some point in their life.

Question 62

Research has shown that depressed individuals show elevated levels of cortisol relative to control groups.

Question 63

After mood disorders,___________ the most frequently diagnosed mental disorder in victims of suicide is:

A) borderline personality disorder
B) schizophrenia
C) social anxiety disorder
D) antisocial personality disorder
E) substance use disorders

Question 64

Post-partum depression appears to be a predominantly North American phenomenon.

Question 65

Which of the following is true regarding high school primary prevention suicide programs?

A) Research has shown they are not successful.
B) Research has shown they are successful with female students, but not male students
C) Research has shown that such programs have reduced suicide risk by 50%
D) Research has shown that they are successful with younger students but not older students.
E) Unfortunately, there is no research on the outcomes of these primary prevention programs.

Question 66

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder was a welcome addition to the DSM-5.

Question 67

Bipolar disorder is more common than major depression.

Question 68

It is estimated that for every completed suicide, there are ______ suicide attempts.

A) 5-7
B) 18-20
C) 12-15
D) 2-3
E) 8-10

Question 69

Recent biochemical theories of depression have examined the role of the postsynaptic receptor in the etiology of depression.

Question 70

A manic episode must be at least one week long and does not typically last much longer than this.

Question 71

Post-mortem studies of people who have committed suicide have found consistent evidence for a hypoactive _____ system.

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) norepinephrine
D) melatonin
E) epinephrine

Question 72

Research findings are consistent in showing that Seasonal Affective Disorder is caused by melatonin dysregulation.

Question 73

Brown and Harris found that early childhood loss, such as the loss of a parent before age twelve, is a powerful predictor of depression in adulthood.

Question 74

The Roman physician Hippocrates was the among first to extend the ideas on the relationship between emotional temperament (such as depression) and bodily fluids called humours first proposed by Galen.

Question 75

According to the interpersonal model of suicide, high levels of ________ and thwarted belongingness, along with hopelessness about the future, lead to suicide ideation and intent.

A) depressive symptoms
B) self-focus
C) rumination
D) social isolation
E) perceived burdensomeness

Question 76

Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy (1621) described psychological and social causes for depression.

Question 77

Research showing that there is nothing special about five (DSM) symptoms rather than four, or two weeks duration rather than three, supports a dimensional model of depression.

Question 78

The strongest risk factor for completed suicide is

A) being male.
B) being female.
C) being male between the ages of 50 and 70.
D) being female between the ages of 50 and 70.
E) being an adolescent female.

Question 79

After mood disorders, is the second most common factor in suicide.

A) geographic location
B) gender
C) alcohol and substance abuse
D) age
E) contagion

Question 80

Freud's concept of imagined loss posits that predisposed individuals unconsciously interpret other types of events as severe loss events.