Deck 17: Therapies

Question 1

You are a psychiatrist who is treating an older patient who has schizophrenia. You are worried about extrapyramidal effects and serious health risks and would like to keep these at an absolute minimum. Which of the following drugs would you most likely prescribe?

A) SSRIs
B) olanzapine
C) thioridazine
D) haloperidol
E) fluphenazine

Answer 1

olanzapine

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the current situation regarding prescription privileges for psychologists in Canada?

A) The CPA has not taken a stand on the issue of prescription privileges.
B) The CPA is in complete support of such privileges.
C) The CPA does not believe the extra costs and time needed for extra training is worth the privilege.
D) The CPA completely supports the American approach to reducing health care costs.
E) The Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) is vehemently opposed to allowing such privileges.

Answer 2

The CPA has not taken a stand on the issue of prescription privileges.

Question 3

Categories of psychoactive drugs described in the text are:

A) antipsychotic; euphoric; anxiolytic; anti-maniacal; and dopaminergic
B) antipsychotic; antidepressant; anxiolytic; mood-altering; and psycho-stimulant
C) antipsychotic; antidepressant; anxiolytic; dopaminergic; and amphetamines
D) anti-dopaminergic; antidepressant; benzodiazepine; mood-altering
E) anticholinergic; antidepressant; antipsychotic; mood-altering; dopaminergic

Answer 3

antipsychotic; antidepressant; anxiolytic; mood-altering; and psycho-stimulant

Question 4

__________ consist of strange muscular movements such as eye-twitching and tongue thrusting, whereas __________ include stooped posture, muscular rigidity, a distinctive shuffling gait, and occasional drooling.

A) Parkinsonian effects; extrapyramidal effects
B) Extrapyramidal effects; tardive dyskinesia
C) anti-Parkinsonian effects; anti-pyramidal effects
D) Parkinsonian effects; tardive dyskinesia
E) Tardive dyskinesia; Parkinsonian effects

Question 5

Lithium most clearly appears to help the treatment of bipolar disorder by ________________________________________________.

A) increasing overall positive mood
B) decreasing the frequency of negative mood states
C) reducing the intensity of manic states
D) blocking the emergence of manic episodes
E) reducing the probability of depressive episodes

Question 6

Jimmy is a university student with attention deficit disorder who regularly takes Ritalin. He is taking a math exam on Monday at noon. To ensure peak clinical effectiveness of the Ritalin for his exam, what time would be best for Jimmy to take his medication?

A) between 7:00 and 11:00 the morning of the exam
B) 12 hours in advance of the exam
C) right at the beginning of the exam
D) 24 hours before the time of the exam
E) the night before the exam

Question 7

Electroconvulsive therapy

A) is ineffective in ameliorating severe depressive symptoms that have not responded to other treatments.
B) reduces depression by a very simple and clearly understood mechanism.
C) is quite often a medical practitioner's first choice for treating depression.
D) has been shown to work very well with older patients.
E) shows no evidence in reducing the likelihood of relapse.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding first vs. second-generation anti- psychotics?

A) first generation anti-psychotic medications have more extrapyramidal side effects
B) second generation anti-psychotic medications are more strongly associated with weight gain side effects
C) second generation anti-psychotic medications have mood stabilizing properties, making them desirable in the treatment of mania with psychosis
D) first generation anti-psychotic medications are more expensive than second generation antipsychotics
E) choice of antipsychotic should be based on the impact of side effects on the individual patient

Question 9

Recent research finds that the risk of adverse outcomes in older adults is greater for SSRIs than with __________ and yet, with all factors considered, Canadian guidelines continue to recommend SSRIs as first line medication for depression in older adults.

A) monoamine oxidase inhibitors
B) benzodiazepines
C) stimulants
D) SNRIs
E) tricyclics

Question 10

Which of the following is not an extrapyramidal effect?

A) stooped posture
B) muscular rigidity
C) a distinctive shuffling gait
D) occasional drooling
E) head banging

Question 11

Which of the following is true concerning anxiolytics?

A) Patients develop tolerance for barbiturates requiring larger doses to achieve the same effects.
B) Benzodiazepines are toxic to the brain at high levels.
C) Benzodiazepines show no addictive properties.
D) Anxiolytics increase activity in parts of the central nervous system.
E) They can be taken safely along with alcohol.

Question 12

Which of the following best summarizes the current status of psychoactive medication?

A) It is most effective for certain types of people suffering from particular types of disorders.
B) It effectively guards against relapse and chronic disorder.
C) It has excellent curative properties.
D) It is generally highly inefficient.
E) It is effective for symptom control.

Question 13

Ken argues that it might be more cost effective for psychologists to prescribe medicine for their patients rather than referring to psychiatrists or physicians. Which of the following arguments would best serve as a response to Ken's argument?

A) Absolutely not, because psychologists do not believe in the efficacy of drug therapy and do not want prescription privileges.
B) Absolutely. The provision of education required to competently prescribe would not occur at the expense of training in psychological assessments and interventions making adequate prescription training possible.
C) Maybe, but undeserved groups such as older adults, the chronically mentally ill and those living in rural areas would benefit very little from such a service.
D) Maybe, but many major mental disorders (such as schizophrenia) are best treated with psychotherapy, so why prescribe medication.
E) One has to be careful when allocating prescription privileges because the biological and pharmaceutical training required of psychologists may be inadequate.

Question 14

The development of phenothiazines and related major tranquilizers did all of the following EXCEPT

A) helped formerly institutionalized patients to return to the community.
B) offered the possibility of reducing psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations.
C) were regarded as a major scientific breakthrough.
D) replaced psychological therapies as the most common type of treatment.
E) made possible the policy of deinstitutionalization.

Question 15

Ken has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. As a psychiatrist, what can you prescribe to treat him?

A) anxiolytics
B) stimulants
C) mood stabilizers
D) antipsychotics
E) antidepressants

Question 16

Which of the following is false?

A) The first treatments for psychological disorders were biological.
B) Practices such as bleeding were designed to correct biological imbalances.
C) In the latter part of the nineteenth century, very few physical strategies designed to calm disturbed behaviour existed.
D) Electroconvulsive treatment is the most controversial biological intervention used to treat disturbed behaviour.
E) Psychopharmacology is the most common biological intervention used to treat disturbed behaviour.

Question 17

Which of the following is not used to treat hallucinations?

A) tricyclics
B) dibenzodiazepine
C) phenothiazines
D) butyrophenone
E) clozapine

Question 18

Dr. Jones is developing a drug to treat cancer. He observes that one of the side effects of this drug is that it elevates a person's mood. A year later, this drug becomes an important tool in the treatment of depression. Discoveries of this type in science are

A) very common because serendipitous discoveries never occur in science.
B) uncommon because in reality the ideal method for developing medications is first to understand the pathological process by which a disorder develops, then to identify an agent that will change in the process.
C) common because physicians carefully monitoring a patient's reaction to a drug have observed unanticipated benefits in other areas.
D) very common as most physicians routinely do this sort of research with their patients.
E) very uncommon because science has clearly established biochemical mechanisms that account for most psychological disorders.

Question 19

We can trace the roots of psychodynamic therapy to which of the following individuals?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Erik Erikson
C) Carl Jung
D) Carl Rogers
E) Karen Horney

Question 20

Which of the following taken in combination with the enzyme tyramine (found in yeast, chocolate and beer) can cause a life-threatening increase in blood pressure?

A) monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
B) Prozac
C) tricyclics (TCAs)
D) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
E) lithium

Question 21

A child who is taught how to tie their shoes in a sequence of steps and receives reinforcement for each stepped mastered is learning this skill through

A) problem solving.
B) exposure.
C) response shaping.
D) reinforcement.
E) behavioural activation.

Question 22

Jane has a fear of dogs. Her therapist decides to gradually let her interact with some dogs in his presence until her fear disappears. This unfolds in a series of steps. This technique is known as

A) behavioural activation.
B) reinforcement.
C) response shaping.
D) exposure therapy.
E) systematic desensitization.

Question 23

"Goals are concrete, conversation replaces free association, therapists are emphatic rather than emotionally detached, and interpretations focus on current life events rather than childhood fears and conflicts." Which type of psychotherapy is being described here?

A) Adler's individual psychology
B) time-limited dynamic psychotherapy
C) interpersonal psychodynamic therapy
D) brief psychodynamic psychotherapy
E) ego analysis

Question 24

Albert Ellis's rational-emotive therapy and Beck's cognitive therapy are based on the assumption that:

A) irrational emotions give rise to distress and psychopathology.
B) positive thinking is what makes people happy.
C) the way people remember information is what contributes to well-being versus psychopathology.
D) an individual's perception of situations, rather than the situations themselves, affects adjustment.
E) people with psychopathology have deficits in their attentional control.

Question 25

A newer cognitive-behavioural therapy has shifted focus away from challenging the content of thoughts, and toward __________.

A) challenging the nature of one's emotions
B) questioning one's behavioural responses
C) attending to and accepting the presence of one's thoughts
D) identifying repetitive themes in one's thoughts and responses to the therapist
E) engaging in behavioural experiments with the client

Question 26

"I feel that sexual and aggressive instincts are less important than the individual's striving to overcome personal weakness." Which of the following therapists would be most likely to say this?

A) Harry Stack Sullivan
B) Karen Horney
C) Erik Erikson
D) Alfred Adler
E) Sigmund Freud

Question 27

Dave is hostile towards everyone. His therapist provides him with feedback indicating that his interpersonal style is perpetuating and provoking conflicts. He teaches Dave to interact with others in a more flexible and positive way. Which type of psychotherapy is Dave's therapist using?

A) ego analysis
B) time limited dynamic psychotherapy
C) interpersonal psychodynamic therapy
D) aversion therapy
E) brief psychodynamic psychotherapy

Question 28

Behaviour therapy originally arose as a treatment approach for

A) alcoholics.
B) neurotic patients.
C) psychotic patients.
D) patients suffering from anxiety and related disorders.
E) patients suffering from depression.

Question 29

Which of the following does not take place during client-centered therapy?

A) A client is given "unconditional positive regard".
B) A client is valued as a unique individual.
C) A client is welcomed into an environment of acceptance.
D) A client receives a diagnosis.
E) A client is treated by a therapist who is genuine and empathic.

Question 30

A core strategy in the behavioural activation approach to treating depression is:

A) engaging in activities that offer repeated experience of natural reinforcers.
B) learning how to assert oneself more effectively.
C) learning how to wake up early in the morning rather than sleeping in and wasting time.
D) learning how to develop a regular habit of engaging in cardiovascular exercise.
E) learning how to achieve a better work-life balance.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic techniques of psychoanalysis?

A) free association
B) dream interpretation
C) analysis of resistance
D) guided imagery
E) analysis of transference

Question 32

Carl Rogers developed client-centered therapy in the 1940s as an alternative to

A) drug therapy.
B) humanistic and experiential approaches.
C) existential therapy.
D) psychoanalysis.
E) cognitive-behavioural therapy.

Question 33

You are an existential therapist. Which of the following potential clients would be least suited for your type of therapy?

A) a young woman who has borderline personality disorder traits.
B) a high school student who feels no sense of belonging and has become disillusioned with his studies.
C) a young lawyer who frequently has panic and anxiety attacks before important cases.
D) a patient with schizophrenia who never takes his medication.
E) a young mother with dependent personality disorder.

Question 34

Dr. Smith is employing a psychoanalytic approach to treat her client. During their first session, Dr. Smith encourages her client to say anything that comes to his mind. After the session is done, Dr. Smith analyzes what was said by focusing specifically on slips of the tongue and numerous incidents of forgetfulness. During the second session, Dr. Smith focuses on the fact that her patient is unwilling to discuss certain topics and has a tendency to remain quiet. Which three psychoanalytic techniques were most likely used by Dr. Smith during the two treatment sessions?

A) free association; analysis of transference; and interpretation
B) free association; interpretation; and analysis of transference
C) free association; analysis of resistance; and analysis of transference
D) free association; dream interpretation; and analysis of resistance
E) free association; interpretation; and analysis of resistance

Question 35

In 3rd wave cognitive-behavioural treatments, the client is taught to:

A) Systematically train themselves to adopt neutral interpretations of ambiguous events.
B) Use mental imagery to recall positive memories.
C) Disengage from automatically responding to their self-denigrating thoughts.
D) Challenge self-denigrating thoughts by coming up with evidence against these thoughts.
E) Ignore self-denigrating thoughts using effective distraction techniques.

Question 36

A father has just started teaching his young son to shoot a basketball. Although he is very eager to see him progress, the father comes down hard on his son every time he misses a shot. According to Albert Bandura, how should the father modify his approach?

A) He shouldn't change anything. Mastery and self-efficacy will develop even better with criticism.
B) He should reward his son with money every time he makes a shot.
C) He should maintain a similar standard of criticism even once the behaviour has been mastered.
D) He should encourage his son for persistence and effort, even if he is missing shots.
E) He shouldn't change anything. By being a harsh critic, the father will help his son develop high standards for the future.

Question 37

A patient who experienced her father as controlling will likely experience the therapist as controlling. According to psychoanalysis, which phenomenon is occurring here?

A) resistance
B) free association
C) denial
D) countertransference
E) transference

Question 38

Albert Ellis's rational-emotive therapy can be described as a

A) cognitive-behavioural approach.
B) fundamentally humanistic approach.
C) psychoanalytic approach.
D) purely cognitive approach.
E) purely behavioural approach.

Question 39

Whereas psychodynamic approaches focus on the person's __________, humanistic and experiential approaches focus on the person's __.

A) unconscious processes; past experiences
B) subjective experiences; unconscious processes
C) unconscious processes; subjective experiences
D) current experiences; past experiences
E) conscious processes; unconscious processes

Question 40

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Gestalt therapy?

A) It often interprets clients' dreams.
B) It integrates clients' inner feelings and their external environments.
C) It encourages clients to talk freely about other people.
D) It helps clients become aware of feelings and needs that have been ignored or distorted.
E) It often employs the empty chair technique.

Question 41

Jerome Frank identified three essential ingredients in psychotherapeutic healing: __________, __________, and __________.

A) hope; gaining awareness of one's own thought process; gaining awareness of how one is perceived by others
B) hope; an alternative explanation for the problem; a prescription that the client thinks, feel, or act in a different way
C) calm; gaining awareness of one's own thought process; gaining awareness of how one is perceived by others
D) calm; an alternative explanation for the problem; a prescription that the client thinks, feel, or act in a different way
E) trust; an alternative explanation for the problem; a prescription that the client thinks, feel, or act in a different way

Question 42

According to Jerome Frank, the first ingredient in healing is

A) awareness.
B) an alternative explanation for the problem.
C) coming to terms with the less desirable aspects of one's personality.
D) the client is supposed to think, feel, or act in a different way.
E) hope.

Question 43

Canadian psychologists Sue Johnson and Les Greenberg developed and evaluated an experiential approach to couples therapy called

A) emotionally focused therapy.
B) group therapy.
C) problem focused therapy.
D) dynamic therapy.
E) family therapy.

Question 44

Which of the following is false regarding the characteristics of those who receive psychological services?

A) Women are twice as likely as men to consult a psychologist.
B) People who experience pain that interferes with their daily lives are twice as likely to seek psychological services.
C) People who feel so unhappy that they believe life is not worthwhile are five times as likely to seek psychological services.
D) People who are already high functioning but would like to optimize/enhance their performance are the fastest growing group seeking psychological services.
E) Individuals who report high levels of stress are more likely to seek psychological services.

Question 45

According to the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), a person suffering from mild depression for the first time and seeking treatment should

A) be prescribed an SSRI.
B) take a test to determine whether antidepressants or cognitive-behaviour therapy would work best.
C) wait six months to determine if the depression warrants professional intervention.
D) be prescribed an SSRI along with CBT.
E) be offered low intensity CBT.

Question 46

Mindfulness approaches are based on the premise that

A) self-management and successful coping is facilitated by open awareness of one's experience in the present moment.
B) gradual mindful exposure can be just as effective as in vivo exposure.
C) assertiveness can be practiced in session and then generalized to real-world interaction.
D) attending to distorted interpretations and attributions results in replacement with more reasonable cognitions.
E) awareness of one's thoughts facilitates self-reinforcement for appropriate cognitions.

Question 47

Although research does exist on the effectiveness of psychotherapy, one has to be careful when generalizing these findings to the real world because

A) most studies are conducted without the consent of the patients.
B) researchers do not have to meet the standards of experimental criteria when comparing therapies.
C) researchers do not know or have any control over the participants in their studies.
D) most studies are conducted in a research context.
E) most studies are conducted without the participation of the therapists.

Question 48

While researchers have improved their studies by increasing ______ validity, there has been a corresponding reduction in_validity.

A) external; internal
B) face; criterion
C) internal; external
D) construct; criterion
E) internal; predictive

Question 49

In his 1952 article, Hans Eysenck

A) compiled extensive evidence outlining the strong suits of psychotherapy.
B) constructively analyzed the pros and cons of psychotherapy.
C) was unable to take a specific stance on psychotherapy.
D) asserted that drug therapy was for most people far superior to any of the psychotherapies.
E) argued that there was no evidence that psychotherapy had any demonstrable effect.

Question 50

Which of the following is true?

A) Methodological limitations, such as small sample size, have rarely if ever been an issue in studies comparing treatments.
B) The so-called verbal therapies are correctly categorized together as they share much in common.
C) The manner by which a researcher chooses to categorize therapies does not appear to affect the conclusions drawn from a study comparing those therapies.
D) Using meta-analytic approaches, a number of investigators are now finding significant differences between treatments.
E) Kazdin and Bass (1989) found that most studies that found no differences between treatments had a large enough sample size to draw solid conclusions.

Question 51

ECT was originally used to treat schizophrenia and then later was used to treat depression.

Question 52

ECT side effects include memory loss and disorientation.

Question 53

"Everybody has won, and all must have prizes." This line from Alice in Wonderland best conforms with which psychological principle?

A) the multiple placebo effect
B) emotion focused therapy
C) the ripple effect
D) the dodo bird verdict
E) systematic desensitization

Question 54

The process of addressing ambivalence to adopt lifestyle changes is termed

A) induction of insight.
B) cognitive restructuring.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) motivational interviewing.
E) self-regulation.

Question 55

Clinical psychologists are among the main providers of psychotherapy. The most commonly endorsed orientation is

A) humanistic-experiential.
B) integrative.
C) psychodynamic.
D) neo-Freudian.
E) cognitive-behavioural.

Question 56

Which of the following statements about group therapy is not true?

A) A disadvantage is that in the short term and long-term, it is more expensive to deliver group therapy than it is to treat people individually.
B) An advantage of the group context is that it offers feedback from other people.
C) An advantage of the group context is that it is a place to practice ways of relating to others.
D) Universality can reduce feelings of stigma.
E) The group context may lead to feelings of belonging.

Question 57

Which of the following is true?

A) Cognitive therapy has shown no effectiveness in treating depression in older adults.
B) Antidepressants and some form of psychotherapy may be slightly more efficacious than either treatment alone, in the case of chronic depression.
C) Cognitive-behaviour therapy has not been shown to be effective in treating anxiety and related disorders in children.
D) Cognitive-behaviour therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy have both proven ineffective in treating bulimia.
E) In searching for the active ingredient of cognitive therapy for depression researchers examined three treatments which were each found to significantly differ from the other two.

Question 58

Which of the following is not one of the key elements of the problem-solving approach?

A) problem definition.
B) generating alternative solutions to deal with the problem.
C) problem formulation.
D) deciding on the perfect, no-fail solution to implement.
E) implementing and evaluating the solution.

Question 59

There is demonstrated efficacy of psychological treatments for which personality disorder?

A) Dependent personality disorder
B) Borderline personality disorder
C) Narcissistic personality disorder
D) Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
E) Avoidant personality disorder

Question 60

Electroconvulsive therapy is used for disorders like schizophrenia, depressive disorders, and anxiety related disorders, especially when medication does not work.

Question 61

Cognitive restructuring requires people to first become aware of their emotions when they are having distorted thoughts.

Question 62

When comparing the effectiveness of various forms of psychotherapy, researchers have found that cognitive-behavioural therapy is the most effective for all types of problems.

Question 63

Extrapyramidal effects include symptoms similar to those found in Parkinson's disease.

Question 64

Discuss the prescription privilege debate.

Question 65

Various meta-analyses conducted over the years have shown that psychotherapy is effective.

Question 66

Research reviews are superior to meta-analyses because they provide more in-depth descriptions about the studies in question.

Question 67

Describe the side effects of MAOIs, tricyclics, and SSRIs.

Question 68

Discuss the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in treating disorders. Refer to the way it was used in the past and explain how it is used at present.

Question 69

Systematic desensitization is currently the treatment of choice for phobias, since it has been found to be more effective than in vivo treatment and treatments without the relaxation component.

Question 70

Stimulants are used to treat children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Question 71

In a meta-analytic study, data from previous studies are combined by developing a common metric, called an effect size.

Question 72

Antipsychotic medications are the only class of medications that can cure schizophrenia at this time.

Question 73

In family therapy, the focus is placed on reframing the problem so that family can work on tasks designed to change their ways of interacting with one another.

Question 74

There are no effective therapies for personality disorders.

Question 75

In systematic desensitization, fear-inducing stimuli are arranged in a hierarchy and are presented to the client, in hopes of reducing unwanted behaviour.

Question 76

The main problem with many of the antidepressant drugs is that large doses are highly toxic.

Question 77

Often, those most in need of psychological help are not the ones to receive it.

Question 78

The main goal of Freudian psychoanalysis is to overcome defense mechanisms that the client has developed.

Question 79

Lithium has been shown to have antidepressant effects.

Question 80

Eysenck determined that clients often improve without psychotherapy; there was no evidence that psychotherapy had any demonstrable effect.