Deck 15: Behaviour and Emotional Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence

Question 1

Research demonstrates that being bullied affects the brain -specifically leading to

A) dysregulation of the cerebellum, leading to motor coordination problems.
B) dysregulation of the basal ganglia, leading to impulsivity and motoric hyperactivity.
C) dysregulation of the HPA axis, leading to depressive symptoms.
D) dysregulation of the serotonergic system, leading to depressive symptoms.
E) dysregulation of the dopaminergic system, leading to impulsivity and hyperactivity.

Answer 1

dysregulation of the HPA axis, leading to depressive symptoms.

Question 2

Girls are more commonly diagnosed with __________ than are boys.

A) ADHD
B) ADHD-I
C) ADHD-H
D) ADHD-HI
E) ADHD-II

Answer 2

ADHD-I

Question 3

Which shows the correct data regarding gender differences in lifetime prevalence for the childhood and adolescent disorders listed?

A) females-greater prevalence of substance abuse, anxiety, and eating disorders; males- greater prevalence of behavioural or mood disorder
B) females-greater prevalence of mood, anxiety, and eating disorders; males-greater prevalence of behavioural or substance abuse disorder
C) females-greater prevalence of mood, anxiety, and substance abuse; males-greater prevalence of behavioural or eating disorder
D) females-greater prevalence of behavioural and eating disorders; males-greater prevalence of mood, anxiety or substance abuse disorders
E) females-greater prevalence of mood, behavioural and eating disorders; males-greater prevalence of anxiety or substance abuse disorder

Answer 3

females-greater prevalence of mood, anxiety, and eating disorders; males-greater prevalence of behavioural or substance abuse disorder

Question 4

The hypothesis that the manifestations and symptoms of childhood- versus adult-onset mood and anxiety disorders are the same

A) is supported by the research to date.
B) is not supported by the research to date.
C) has not yet been answered by research.
D) is impossible to investigate by research.
E) has typically not been considered an important issue.

Question 5

One of the most common psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence is

A) depression.
B) ADHD.
C) conduct disorder.
D) anxiety.
E) ODD.

Question 6

It remains to be demonstrated whether the manifestations and symptoms of childhood- vs. adult-onset mood and anxiety disorders are the same, however

A) most research to date supports that they are different.
B) most research to date supports that they are the same.
C) research to date is highly conflicted.
D) anxiety disorders tend to be homotypically continuous whereas mood disorders generally are not.
E) mood disorders tend to be homotypically continuous whereas anxiety disorders generally are not.

Question 7

Children under the age of __________ rarely meet the diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder.

A) 8
B) 10
C) 15
D) 12
E) 16

Question 8

The prevalence of mental disorders among children and youth is

A) about 1%.
B) about 5%.
C) about 10%.
D) about 14%.
E) about 20%.

Question 9

What three groups of symptoms are considered important in the diagnostic criteria for ADHD in the DSM-5?

A) inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
B) hyperactivity, impulsivity, misbehaviour
C) inattention, impulsivity, temper tantrums
D) inattention, withdrawal, inappropriate emotion
E) inattention, hyperactivity, bullying

Question 10

Initial accounts of abnormal child behaviour were attributed to

A) genetic defects.
B) societal factors.
C) inadequate parenting.
D) lack of education.
E) malnutrition.

Question 11

Prior to the 1960s, treatments in child psychiatry encompassed mostly family and __________ therapy.

A) behavioural
B) cognitive
C) biogenic
D) drug
E) psychoanalytic

Question 12

The prevalence of common child behavioural problems was not documented until the

A) 1970s.
B) 1950s.
C) 1960s.
D) 1940s.
E) 1930s.

Question 13

ADHD-I is especially associated with __________.

A) reading disorders
B) math achievement problems
C) social difficulties
D) restlessness
E) conduct problems

Question 14

Which shows the correct data regarding median age of onset for the childhood disorders listed?

A) anxiety-age 6; behaviour problems-age 11; mood -age 13; substance abuse-age 15
B) behaviour problems-age 6; mood-age 11; anxiety -age 13; substance abuse-age 15
C) anxiety-age 6; substance abuse-age 11 behaviour problems -age 13; mood-age 15
D) mood -age 6; behaviour problems-age 11; anxiety-age 13; substance abuse-age 15
E) anxiety-age 6; mood -age 11; substance abuse-age 13; behaviour problems-age 15

Question 15

__________ provided the first framework for assessing children and adolescents.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) G. Stanley Hall
C) John Watson
D) Leo Kanner
E) Anna Freud

Question 16

Which pair is NOT properly matched?

A) mood disorder: internalizing problem
B) separation anxiety disorder: externalizing problem
C) ADHD: externalizing problem
D) conduct disorder: externalizing problem
E) reactive attachment disorder: internalizing problem

Question 17

The most common disorders among North American children and youth have been found to be

A) conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
B) anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and personality disorders.
C) anxiety disorders, conduct disorder, and ADHD.
D) strictly consisting of only internalizing problems.
E) strictly consisting of only externalizing problems.

Question 18

A special issue with regard to assessing and treating children compared to adults is

A) children are much more eager to receive treatment.
B) children readily recognize when they may be suffering from psychological problems.
C) adults are generally easier to treat than are children.
D) children are better able to understand or explain their problems.
E) a child's problems are typically reported by parents or teachers, and not the child.

Question 19

Which of the following is a new childhood disorder in DSM-5?

A) severe conduct disorder
B) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
C) extreme introversion
D) abnormal giftedness
E) pica

Question 20

Of all the characteristics associated with subtypes ADHD-H and ADHD-HI __________ are most likely to persist into adulthood.

A) getting into trouble
B) talking to one's self
C) interrupting others
D) fidgeting and restlessness
E) difficulty playing

Question 21

The risk of developing ADHD is increased when a genetic predisposition is combined with

A) low maternal IQ.
B) maternal depression.
C) maternal smoking.
D) high birth weight.
E) low socioeconomic status.

Question 22

The most suitable nondrug intervention for children with ADHD appears to be

A) family therapy.
B) cognitive-behavioural therapy.
C) psychoeducation and school-focused.
D) individual psychotherapy.
E) social skills training.

Question 23

A biological predisposition to ADHD is supported by the fact that the heritability of ADHD may be as high as __________ percent.

A) 77
B) 55
C) 10
D) 25
E) 42

Question 24

__________ is likely to lead to future offspring with a high genetic load for conduct problems.

A) Comorbidity
B) Assortative mating
C) Heterotypic continuity
D) Gene-Environment interaction
E) Homotypic consistency

Question 25

MRI studies have shown that ADHD is associated with abnormalities of the __________.

A) prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia
B) basal ganglia and hippocampus
C) temporal and occipital lobes
D) thalamus and prefrontal cortex
E) cerebellum and frontal lobes

Question 26

Which of the following developmental trajectories for children with ADHD is NOT true?

A) Earlier substance use in adulthood.
B) Becoming parents at a later age.
C) Higher rates of divorce and separation.
D) Lower occupational attainment.
E) Four times as many sexually transmitted diseases in adolescence.

Question 27

Jacques, a boy diagnosed with conduct disorder, is playing a game of baseball with his classmates during physical education. During the game, Jacques misses the ball when it is thrown to him, and he gets hit with it. Jacques would most likely

A) get very upset and not play baseball with his classmates anymore.
B) run to tell the teacher.
C) get really angry for a while, but get past it later on.
D) pick up the ball and throw it back at the kid, hoping to hit him.
E) only get really mad if he were hurt.

Question 28

Children with ADHD have been found to have reduced brain size of up to __________.

A) 1 percent
B) 2-4 percent
C) 3-8 percent
D) 8-10 percent
E) 10-15 percent

Question 29

__________ percent of children with ADHD have at least one other psychiatric disorder.

A) 50
B) 10
C) 25
D) 40
E) 75

Question 30

Many antisocial parents of children with CD have also been found to have

A) ADHD.
B) depression.
C) anxiety disorders.
D) a substance use disorder.
E) no other known problem.

Question 31

The most important long-term issue for youth with ADHD is

A) the persistence of impulsive and risk-taking behaviours.
B) the persistence of hyperactivity symptoms and their impact on social functioning.
C) the persistence of learning difficulties.
D) increased risk for developing another psychiatric disorder, most often mood, anxiety and/or substance abuse disorders.
E) increased risk for developing another disorder, most often conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder.

Question 32

The prevalence rate of ADHD in the general population is highest among

A) preschool-aged children.
B) infants.
C) toddlers.
D) children and adolescents.
E) adults.

Question 33

A child diagnosed with ADHD is most likely to have comorbid __________ in later years.

A) conduct disorder
B) ODD
C) substance abuse
D) learning disorder
E) anxiety disorder

Question 34

Which of the following is not one of the identified prenatal risk factors for ADHD?

A) prenatal exposure to vitamin B6.
B) prenatal exposure to a poor diet.
C) prenatal exposure to antidepressant medication.
D) prenatal exposure to caffeine.
E) prenatal exposure to manganese.

Question 35

ADHD was initially referred to as

A) ADD.
B) ADHD-H.
C) minimal brain dysfunction.
D) hyperkinetic syndrome of childhood.
E) hyperkinetic syndrome of adolescence.

Question 36

According to the textbook, which of the following is true regarding the effects of stimulant medication for ADHD?

A) Although stimulants improve focus and attention, they show no effect on impulsivity.
B) Stimulants have been shown to improve noisiness.
C) Results are mixed with respects to the effects of stimulants on peer relationships.
D) The main side effect of stimulants is weight gain, which explains the risk of diabetes in people with ADHD.
E) A risk of stimulants is that they heighten risk of methamphetamine dependence in early adolescence.

Question 37

Stimulant medications such as methylphenidate (Ritalin) are often used in the treatment of children with ADHD. These medications

A) have not been found to improve any of the symptoms of ADHD.
B) are most effective if combined with other forms of treatment.
C) require more rigorous research to determine the extent of their benefits.
D) increase vigilance, reaction time, short-term memory, and learning of new material.
E) are most effective with the more difficult cases.

Question 38

The known risk factors for ADHD include all of the following except

A) brain structure and function.
B) parenting styles.
C) genetics.
D) neurotransmitters.
E) environmental factors.

Question 39

Relative to children without ADHD, those with ADHD show abnormalities in the metabolism of: __________.

A) GABA
B) serotonin
C) dopamine
D) cortisol
E) HPA axis enzymes

Question 40

Which statement regarding conduct disorder and comorbidity is NOT true?

A) Anxiety disorders and mood disorders are more common in children with conduct disorder than in children without conduct disorder.
B) Between 35 and 40% of children with conduct disorder will later be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.
C) Most children first diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder will progress to conduct disorder.
D) Children who exhibit ADHD are more likely to develop conduct disorder.
E) Individuals diagnosed with conduct disorder are prone to exhibit ADHD and/or substance abuse problems.

Question 41

Monah refuses to go to school without her mother staying with her, expresses fears that her mother is going to be in a terrible accident, and cannot sleep unless her mother remains in the room with her. Monah would likely be diagnosed with

A) behaviour disorder.
B) childhood distress disorder.
C) separation anxiety disorder.
D) phobic disorder.
E) stranger anxiety.

Question 42

The most common fears reported by children and adolescents include all of the following except

A) agoraphobia.
B) heights.
C) weather.
D) animals.
E) accidents.

Question 43

Aggression is associated with decreased glucose metabolism in the _______________.

A) occipital lobe.
B) frontal lobe
C) parietal lobe.
D) temporal lobe.
E) spinal cord.

Question 44

Clinic-based treatments are limited by the fact that

A) children are labelled as mentally ill.
B) sometimes the problems are too difficult to treat with only one method.
C) They are available only to a minority of children.
D) controlled trials have not been conducted to determine their worth.
E) children are intimidated by the setting of the clinic.

Question 45

A gene-environment interaction in the development of conduct disorder was shown in a study by Caspi et al. (2002) in which__percent of individuals who were severely maltreated in childhood and had low MAOA activity had conduct disorder in adulthood, compared to __________ percent of individuals maltreated in childhood who had high MAOA activity.

A) 100; 50
B) 90; 10
C) 80; 40
D) 70; 30
E) 65; 35

Question 46

Adolescents diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder would most likely display

A) concern about a parent.
B) sadness and withdrawal.
C) nightmares.
D) school refusal and headaches or stomach aches.
E) excessive distress upon separation from a parent.

Question 47

Cunningham's Community Parent Education Program (COPE) is a large-group, community-based version of __________.

A) family therapy
B) problem-solving skills training
C) functional family therapy
D) parent training
E) contingency management

Question 48

Anxiety disorders in children are most often comorbid with which disorder?

A) Mood disorders
B) CD
C) ADHD
D) childhood schizophrenia
E) ODD

Question 49

Research shows that ______________ is an effective therapeutic intervention for suicidal behaviour in youth.

A) Dialectical behaviour therapy
B) Cognitive-behavioural therapy
C) Primal scream therapy
D) Aerobic exercise
E) Progressive muscle relaxation

Question 50

Although most children display various fears and anxieties relating to separation from parents, for a clinical diagnosis of SAD to be made, the anxiety must

A) begin at a younger age.
B) be clinically relevant.
C) be general in nature.
D) be more extreme.
E) be accompanied by aggressive behaviour.

Question 51

All of the following treatment methods have been tested in controlled trials with children suffering from conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder EXCEPT

A) parent management training.
B) pharmacological interventions.
C) school- and community-based treatments.
D) problem-solving skills training.
E) Gestalt therapy.

Question 52

The central goal of parent training programs for ODD / CD is

A) to address the coercive process that promotes conduct problems.
B) to teach parents the skills to model effective peer social interaction.
C) to increase parental monitoring of their children's whereabouts.
D) to teach effective reinforcement for self-control behaviours.
E) to assist parents in establishing consistent discipline.

Question 53

__________ has been found to be an effective short-term therapy for aggressive inpatient children and adolescents.

A) Typical neuroleptics
B) Atypical neuroleptics
C) Stimulants
D) Risperidone
E) Lithium

Question 54

The major feature of those diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder is

A) refusal to go to school.
B) fear of being away from caregivers.
C) nightmares.
D) fear of interacting with strangers.
E) fear of being alone.

Question 55

According to the Ontario Child Health Study, only __________ children who suffer from a psychiatric disorder receive services.

A) 1 in 6
B) 1 in 3
C) 1 in 8
D) 1 in 10
E) 1 in 15

Question 56

Which of the following is classified in the DSM-5 as an anxiety disorder often associated with children?

A) separation anxiety disorder
B) social anxiety disorder
C) anorexia nervosa
D) panic disorder
E) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 57

__________ affects a significant number of children with anxiety disorders.

A) Heterotypic continuity
B) Homotypic continuity
C) Deliberate self-harm
D) Ego syntonia
E) Ego dystonia

Question 58

One purpose behind problem-solving skills training is to

A) help focus the child's energy on puzzles and games.
B) make treatment of the child more effective.
C) teach the child to interact more effectively with other children.
D) help the child perform better in mathematics.
E) help the child perform better on school assignments.

Question 59

Most children with an anxiety disorder have a history of anxious temperament in infancy and early childhood referred to as

A) heterotypic continuity.
B) behavioural inhibition.
C) emotional inhibition.
D) insecure attachment.
E) homotypic continuity.

Question 60

All of the following results found after an evaluation of the Incredible Years Parent Program are true except

A) A general increase in positive parenting.
B) A decrease in harsh discipline.
C) Increases in prosocial behaviour.
D) Reductions in conduct problems.
E) An ineffectiveness when used with teachers.

Question 61

The mainstay of treatment for ADHD is the use of stimulant medication.

Question 62

An important component of CBT for the treatment of anxiety disorders in children involves

A) cognitive restructuring of anxiety-arousing thoughts.
B) emotion-focused coping.
C) learning to accept fear and other painful emotions.
D) systematic and gradual exposure to anxiety-provoking situations.
E) dealing with the consequences of avoidant behaviour.

Question 63

Externalizing problems are also referred to as disorders of over controlled behaviour.

Question 64

Pine's (2007) model of how anxiety develops in young children proposes that anxiety arises as a result of

A) operant conditioning.
B) fear conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) cognitive distortions.
E) faulty learning.

Question 65

Inconsistent parenting and maternal smoking are "stressors" that can trigger emergence of ADHD in predisposed individuals.

Question 66

Leo Kanner wrote the first text on child psychiatry in 1935.

Question 67

ADHD-I is more common in boys than in girls.

Question 68

The Coping Cat program for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders is based on __________ therapy.

A) psychodynamic
B) behavioural
C) family
D) drug
E) cognitive-behavioural

Question 69

Although a mental health concern, cyber bullying has not been associated with the same adverse mental health outcomes as has face-to-face peer victimization.

Question 70

It is generally agreed that the childhood disorders constitute more severe and therefore earlier-emerging forms of their corresponding adult psychological disorders.

Question 71

Compared to children who are not behaviourally inhibited, an anxious temperament increases the risk of developing one or more anxiety disorders in later life_times.

A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 4
C) 4 to 5
D) 5 to 6
E) 8 to 10

Question 72

At 5 years of age, Tyra's parents brought her to a psychologist because she would hide from people at school and refuse to take part in new or different activities. She would best be described as

A) developmentally challenged.
B) temperamentally bold.
C) under controlled.
D) behaviourally inhibited.
E) insecurely attached.

Question 73

The causes of ADHD are relatively well known.

Question 74

The prevalence of mental disorders varies by the sex and age of the child.

Question 75

Usually parents' and teachers' reports are considered more important in assessing a child's condition than the child's own report.

Question 76

With regard to pharmacological treatment of childhood GAD and SAD

A) benzodiazepines appear to be effective and well tolerated.
B) tricyclic medications are the treatment of choice.
C) SSRIs, benzodiazepines and tricyclics have all been found effective and well tolerated.
D) only SSRIs have been found to be effective and well-tolerated.
E) research is underway, but no medications have been approved as of yet.

Question 77

One type of pharmacological treatment that shows some promise in the treatment of SAD and GAD is

A) Ritalin.
B) tricyclic antidepressants.
C) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
D) anti-anxiolytics.
E) benzodiazepines.

Question 78

Recognition of child psychopathology began in the early 19th century however the importance of parenting factors was not recognized until the teachings of Anna Freud and Melanie Klein.

Question 79

Early psychoanalytic therapy for child psychiatric problems was influenced by the teachings of Sigmund Freud.

Question 80

Mood disorders are more common in adolescent girls than in adolescent boys.