Deck 14: Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Question 1

Neurodevelopmental disorders occur in __________ percent of children with HIV who do not receive appropriate treatment.

A) 10-15
B) 20-25
C) 50
D) 65-70
E) 75-90

Answer 1

75-90

Question 2

Research concerning maternal drinking during pregnancy indicates that

A) binge drinking and moderate drinking over a longer period of time are equally damaging.
B) moderate drinking over a longer period may be more damaging than binge drinking.
C) the effects of binge drinking depend on the type of beverage consumed by the mother.
D) neither binge drinking nor moderate drinking over a longer period of time have an effect on the fetus.
E) binge drinking may be more damaging than moderate drinking that takes place over a longer period.

Answer 2

binge drinking may be more damaging than moderate drinking that takes place over a longer period.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a perinatal factor associated with risk of intellectual disability?

A) Placenta insufficiency
B) Premature delivery
C) Obstetrical trauma
D) Eclampsia
E) Maternal depression

Answer 3

Maternal depression

Question 4

Which of the following neonatal disorders has not been associated with risk of intellectual disability?

A) hypoxia
B) respiratory disorders.
C) meningitis.
D) encephalitis.
E) weighing in at over 9 lbs at birth.

Question 5

Prenatal screening for chromosomal abnormalities is possible through __________; this procedure is conducted between the __________ weeks of pregnancy.

A) amniocentesis; 8th and 11th
B) amniocentesis; 11th and 18th
C) ultrasound; 11th and 18th
D) ultrasound; 8th and 11th
E) amniocentesis; 10th and 12th

Question 6

In North America, the term __________ is used to refer to normal intelligence with specific learning problems (such as reading), while in Britain it refers to mental handicap.

A) intellectual disability
B) neurodevelopmental disability
C) neurodevelopmental handicap
D) intellectual ability
E) learning disability

Question 7

The choice of cutoff IQ scores for the diagnosis of intellectual disability

A) has changed from two standard deviations below the mean to an IQ score of 85.
B) has remained at two standard deviations below the mean.
C) has changed from two standard deviations below the mean to an IQ score of 60.
D) has remained at three standard deviations below the mean.
E) has changed from two standard deviations below the mean to an IQ score of 75.

Question 8

Which of the following is not a metabolic disorder?

A) Tay-Sach's disease
B) Gaucher's disease
C) Hurler's syndrome
D) hyperammonemia
E) congenital hypothyroidism

Question 9

The damaging effects of PKU can be

A) mostly prevented with a diet that contains no nuts or soy products.
B) reversed somewhat with a diet that is high in essential amino acids.
C) mostly prevented with a diet high in essential amino acids.
D) reversed with a diet that is high in lysine and glutamine.
E) mostly prevented with a diet that contains no phenylalanine.

Question 10

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the view that intellectual disability was inherited was emphasized. At the same time, the____movement called for measures such as sterilization and restriction of marriage.

A) eugenics
B) moral
C) sanctity
D) purity
E) humane

Question 11

The three domains of adaptive skills used today by the AAMR/AAIDD in the definition of intellectual disability are

A) conceptual, social, and practical.
B) social, intellectual, and conceptual.
C) cognitive, social, and emotional.
D) behavioural, social, and emotional.
E) cognitive, social, and practical.

Question 12

Stereotypy refers to

A) misunderstandings applied to persons with neurodevelopmental disorders.
B) repetition of meaningless and non-functional gestures or movements.
C) the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders.
D) behaviours that are used to diagnose Down Syndrome.
E) behaviours present in FASD.

Question 13

Adaptive behaviours or daily living skills are generally clustered under four domains. Which of the following is not one of those domains?

A) Communication
B) Personal living skills (e.g., personal hygiene)
C) Cooking skills.
D) Social interaction skills.
E) Motor skills.

Question 14

Fetal alcohol syndrome is found in __________ per 1,000 live births.

A) 1 to 3
B) 5 to 10
C) 10 to 15
D) 20 to 30
E) 40 to 50

Question 15

According to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities definition, intellectual disability refers to significantly subaverage intellectual functioning accompanied by

A) limitations in areas of adaptive behaviour (such as self-care).
B) having at least one relative with an IQ below average.
C) reading difficulties.
D) having at least one parent with an IQ below average.
E) math difficulties.

Question 16

Though dominant inheritance of intellectual disability is very rare, the text mentions two disorders transmitted in this manner. Which of the following is such a disorder?

A) phenylketonuria
B) Fragile X syndrome
C) tuberous sclerosis
D) galactosemia
E) Tay-Sach's disease

Question 17

The best known chromosomal abnormality associated with intellectual disability is __________; the most common type of this abnormality is __________.

A) Fragile X syndrome; trisomy 21
B) Tay-Sachs disease; trisomy 21
C) Down syndrome; trisomy 23
D) Tay-Sachs disease; trisomy 23
E) Down syndrome; trisomy 21

Question 18

What is the "cloak of competence"?

A) The clothing that people with developmental disorders wear to pass as "normal."
B) The tendency of people with developmental disorders to refrain from asking questions when they do not understand something.
C) the need that people with developmental disorders have to deny their cognitive difficulties, and their attempt to pass as "normal" in society.
D) the need of people with developmental disorders to please others.
E) the need of people with developmental disorders to agree with others.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT true concerning phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A) It is now detected through a blood test shortly after birth.
B) It is caused by an autosomal recessive gene.
C) It is a metabolic disorder.
D) It occurs in approximately 1 in 100-500 live births in North America.
E) It results in an inactive liver enzyme, leading to intellectual disability.

Question 20

The three chromosomal abnormalities that cause Down syndrome are:

A) trisomy 21 ; translocation ; mosaicism
B) trisomy 23 ; translocation ; mosaicism
C) trisomy 21 ; translocation ; Fragile X
D) trisomy 23 ; translocation ; Fragile X
E) trisomy 23 ; mosaicism ; Fragile X

Question 21

Estimates of the prevalence rates of dual diagnosis (co-occurrence of behavioural or psychiatric disorders in people with developmental disabilities) range from

A) 14-39%.
B) 50-60%.
C) 70-80%.
D) 5-12%.
E) 20-25%.

Question 22

The co-occurrence of serious behavioural or psychiatric disorders in people with developmental disabilities has been labelled __________.

A) co-diagnosis
B) comorbidity
C) dual occurrence
D) co-prevalence
E) dual diagnosis

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT associated with Down syndrome?

A) congenital heart disease
B) poor muscle tone
C) kidney abnormalities
D) congenital cataracts
E) diabetes

Question 24

__________, a drug prescribed by European physicians in the 1950s and 1960s for nausea, was found to cause limb deficiencies or malformations in infants.

A) Dilantin
B) Acetaminophen
C) Mellaril
D) Thalidomide
E) Benadryl

Question 25

Perceiving deviant behaviours to be a function of a neurodevelopmental disorder is called

A) dual diagnosis.
B) oversight.
C) diagnostic overshadowing.
D) diagnostic oversight.
E) overshadowing.

Question 26

What does the term "dignity of risk" refer to?

A) The right of individuals to choose to take some risk in engaging in life experiences and the consequences associated with those risks.
B) The shame that individuals with intellectual disabilities experience when they take risks and are punished.
C) The first principle in the ethical code of conduct for psychologists.
D) The process of weighing the pros and cons of taking risks.
E) The mastery that people experience when they take calculated risks.

Question 27

Evaluative reviews of early intervention and prevention programs indicate all of the following EXCEPT

A) significant improvement in intellectual performance and academic achievement.
B) prevention of behavioural challenges.
C) greater engagement and social competence.
D) lack of preparation for inclusive education and community experience.
E) independence and mastery.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT an "essential daily ingredient" for the development of young children as expressed by Ramey and Ramey in their summary of early intervention studies?

A) a half hour of appropriate educational television
B) encouragement of curiosity
C) skill rehearsal
D) organizational assistance
E) positive reinforcement of developmental achievements

Question 29

__________ approaches are generally the intervention of choice for maladaptive behaviours such as aggression and self-injury.

A) Behavioural
B) Cognitive
C) Medical
D) Psychodynamic
E) Existential

Question 30

__________ is the most common hereditary cause of intellectual disability.

A) Fragile X syndrome
B) Phenylketonuria
C) Tay-Sachs disease
D) Lesch-Nyhan disease
E) Down syndrome

Question 31

Males with __________ show a particular pattern of cognitive functioning: a weakness in sequential processing of information but strengths in simultaneous, holistic processing.

A) phenylketonuria
B) Tay-Sachs disease
C) Fragile X syndrome
D) Turner's syndrome
E) Down syndrome

Question 32

Autism spectrum disorder was first identified as a childhood disorder by

A) John Watson.
B) Steven Garner.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Aaron Beck
E) Leo Kanner.

Question 33

Adults with Down syndrome are at high risk for:

A) Parkinson-like dementia.
B) lung cancer.
C) schizophrenia.
D) Alzheimer-type dementia.
E) Huntington's disease.

Question 34

Autism spectrum disorder occurs

A) twice as often in females as in males.
B) three to four times as often in females as in males.
C) twice as often in males as in females.
D) only in males.
E) three to four times as often in males as in females.

Question 35

While deinstitutionalization was a major issue in the 1970s and 1980s, according to the text the focus shifted in the 1990s to

A) studying normalization.
B) examining mainstreaming.
C) reducing marginalization.
D) reinstituting institutionalization.
E) evaluating quality of life.

Question 36

Evidence suggests that an effective predictor of outcome among people with autism spectrum disorder is

A) an IQ of 70.
B) an IQ above 95.
C) the absence of significant psychiatric problems.
D) the development of fluent speech by age 5.
E) the absence of epilepsy or sensory impairments.

Question 37

Kathy believes that the lives of individuals with disabilities should be as normal as possible. She is working by what has been called the __________ principle, introduced in Scandinavia by Bengt Nirje.

A) ordinary
B) similarity
C) normalization
D) regular
E) contact

Question 38

A recent survey of women with intellectual disability living in community residences indicated that between ___ percent had been sexually assaulted.

A) 75-80
B) 65-70
C) 45-50
D) 85-95
E) 25-30

Question 39

The findings of the Romanian adoption study are most consistent with the idea that

A) children appear to inherit low intelligence from their parents.
B) early environmental factors shape physical health and psychosocial functioning.
C) intelligence is affected by peer social influences in middle childhood.
D) intelligence is multi-faceted and very difficult to predict.
E) adaptive skills, but not intelligence, are strongly affected by the early environment.

Question 40

The influence of the __________ principle has contributed to the ____ of thousands of people living with disabilities.

A) regularity; deinstitutionalization
B) regularity; ostracizing
C) contact; normalization
D) normalization; ostracizing
E) normalization; deinstitutionalization

Question 41

In recent years, many educational programs for people with neurodevelopmental disorders have focused on developing social skills and independent living skills. These programs often use __________ approaches.

A) social learning
B) operant conditioning
C) classical conditioning
D) paired-associate conditioning
E) modelling

Question 42

Karen is taking her son David for an assessment concerning a potential diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. They are most likely to be assessed by a

A) speech and language specialist.
B) psychiatrist.
C) multidisciplinary team.
D) social worker.
E) psychologist.

Question 43

The __________ hypothesis of autism spectrum disorder focused on family characteristics.

A) psychodynamic
B) biological
C) medical
D) psychogenic
E) social

Question 44

Some persons diagnosed with intellectual disability have significantly below-average IQ yet display normal adaptive functioning.

Question 45

Children with autism, rather than referring to themselves as I, often refer to themselves as "he" or "she." This behaviour is referred to as

A) echolalia.
B) repetitious verbal mimicking.
C) ego dysfunction.
D) pronoun reversal.
E) dystonia.

Question 46

Which of the following drugs was NOT mentioned by the text as having been used in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder?

A) resperidone
B) valium
C) naltrexone
D) haloperidol
E) methylphenidate

Question 47

Research findings about the etiology of learning disorders suggest they are multifactorial, but according to the text it is generally believed that

A) psychological causes may be implicated.
B) biological causes may be implicated.
C) neither biological nor psychological causes are likely to be implicated.
D) biological causes may be implicated, but secondary to psychological causes.
E) both biological and environmental causes may be implicated.

Question 48

Reading disorders stem from a core deficit in:

A) amygdala functioning.
B) spatial reasoning.
C) phonological processing.
D) moral reasoning.
E) set shifting.

Question 49

Approximately __________ % of autistic children are mute.

A) 10
B) 80
C) 40
D) 50
E) 60

Question 50

Research on facilitated communication (FC) training has shown that the initial success stories of this technique were really based on the

A) ouija board effect.
B) nocebo effect.
C) placebo effect.
D) facilitator effect.
E) abdication effect.

Question 51

The most controversial and least understood of all of the learning disorder subtypes is

A) impairment of reading
B) autism spectrum disorder.
C) impairment of written expression.
D) impairment of mathematics.
E) Asperger disorder.

Question 52

Evidence-based reading interventions target all of the following except:

A) phonemic awareness.
B) phonics.
C) vocabulary development.
D) reading fluency.
E) regulation of anxiety.

Question 53

Tim is a child with autism who frequently repeats his mother's phrases, using the same or similar intonation. This behaviour is referred to as

A) repetitious verbal mimicking.
B) dystonia.
C) echolalia.
D) imitation.
E) pronoun reversal.

Question 54

Katie is a baby who stiffens or screams in response to being held by her parents. This behaviour is most likely a sign of which disorder?

A) autism spectrum disorder
B) pervasive developmental disorder
C) Tay-Sachs disease
D) childhood schizophrenia
E) Fragile X syndrome

Question 55

__________ therapy appears to be very effective in treating many of the problems associated with developmental disabilities and autism spectrum disorder.

A) Cognitive-behavioural
B) Behaviour
C) Interpersonal
D) Cognitive
E) Psychodynamic

Question 56

Difficulties with mathematics may stem from a core deficit in:

A) amygdala functioning.
B) spatial reasoning.
C) working memory.
D) hippocampal size.
E) processing speed.

Question 57

All of the following are examples of learning disorders EXCEPT

A) impairment of written expression.
B) impairment in mathematics.
C) athletic disorders.
D) difficulty with spelling.
E) impairment in reading.

Question 58

A small proportion of people with autism display exceptional behaviour in certain areas, such as mathematics or music. These individuals are referred to as

A) savants.
B) autists.
C) geniuses.
D) excepts.
E) special.

Question 59

Deficits in mathematics is also known as

A) dyscalculia.
B) dysalgebra.
C) dystonia.
D) dyslexia.
E) dysgraphia.

Question 60

With regard to diagnosis of autism and Asperger's Disorder, the DSM-5

A) created a new subtype of PDD for Asperger's disorder.
B) included both in a diagnostic category termed autism spectrum disorder.
C) created a diagnostic category for high functioning autism.
D) created a category for high functioning Asperger's disorder.
E) added the criterion that language skills must be delayed for both disorders.

Question 61

Inheriting intellectual disability through dominant inheritance is common.

Question 62

In the past 30 years, the research focus concerning the etiology of autism spectrum disorder has shifted from biological factors to psychogenic factors.

Question 63

Translocation and mosaicism are two causes of Down syndrome.

Question 64

Children with autism spectrum disorder are often very responsive to and become irritated by minor changes in their non-social environment, such as a change in routine or arrangement of furniture.

Question 65

IQ / achievement discrepancy is a method of detecting students who are faking a learning disability.

Question 66

Performance anxiety that is specific to the math situation can give rise to low performance and apparent learning disorder.

Question 67

The Dementia Scale for Down Syndrome (DSDS) was developed to detect and rate the severity of dementia among people who are not verbal and who cannot follow test instructions.

Question 68

In sex-linked inheritance, the abnormal gene is carried on the X chromosome.

Question 69

Children with autism often do not seek or enjoy physical contact, such as hugs from their parents.

Question 70

In general, biological treatments of autism spectrum disorder have not been found to be effective.

Question 71

Impairment of mathematics may reflect deficits in working memory.

Question 72

Evidence from twin studies suggests that 50 to 60 percent of the variance in reading is explained by genetics.

Question 73

Clinical research has shown that autism spectrum disorder and childhood schizophrenia are very similar in clinical features.

Question 74

People who function intellectually within the mild range of intellectual disability are found more frequently within lower socioeconomic groups.

Question 75

The Weschler IQ test is the most appropriate IQ test for the assessment of intellectual disability.

Question 76

Until the 1980s, it was common for a person with intellectual disability to be diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder.

Question 77

The Stanford Binet Scale is an assessment of adaptive behaviour.

Question 78

The core deficit underlying a reading impairment is a struggle in phonological processing.

Question 79

Learning disorders in children virtually always improve with age.

Question 80

Dyslexia has not been explained by genetics.