Deck 9: B: Substance Use, Abuse, and Addiction

Question 1

Because they enter the bloodstream faster,drugs that are _______________ usually have the strongest and most immediate effects.

A) swallowed
B) absorbed through the skin
C) injected or inhaled
D) mixed with food

Answer 1

injected or inhaled

Question 2

The concordance rate for a certain trait refers to the:

A) rate of agreement between a pair of twins for that trait.
B) number of genes involved in determining variation among individuals in the trait.
C) extent to which variations in the trait among a large group of individuals can be attributed to heredity.
D) relative influence of environmental and biological factors on the trait.

Answer 2

rate of agreement between a pair of twins for that trait.

Question 3

Cocaine produces its stimulating effects by:

A) blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine in the synapse.
B) causing presynaptic cells to release more norepinephrine.
C) causing presynaptic cells to release more dopamine.
D) blocking serotonin receptors in postsynaptic cells.

Answer 3

blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine in the synapse.

Question 4

Withdrawal refers to:

A) the unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using certain drugs.
B) a state in which use of a drug is required for a person to function normally.
C) a state of progressively decreasing responsiveness to a frequently used drug.
D) the effect of one drug to increase the effects of another.

Question 5

Which of the following drugs does NOT belong with the others?

A) cocaine
B) amphetamines
C) nicotine
D) alcohol

Question 6

Drugs that are able to pass through the blood-brain barrier and placental barriers to damage a developing fetus must be :

A) fat soluble.
B) glial-destroying enzymes.
C) psychoactive.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 7

Marijuana and LSD are:

A) depressants.
B) stimulants.
C) hallucinogens.
D) opiates.

Question 8

The change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a psychoactive drug is called:

A) disinhibition.
B) dissociation.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) neurogenesis.

Question 9

The fatty cells that form the body's protective blood-brain barrier are the:

A) glial feet.
B) interneurons.
C) Schwann cells.
D) stem cells.

Question 10

Which drugs boost activity in the central nervous system?

A) stimulants
B) depressants
C) hallucinogens
D) psychoactive

Question 11

Drug abuse is defined as:

A) ingestion of a drug,regardless of the amount of ingestion.
B) use of a drug to the extent that it impairs the user's biological,social,or psychological well-being.
C) use of any illegal substance.
D) an emotional and cognitive compulsion to use a drug.

Question 12

According to the hypersensitivity theory,addiction is the result of efforts by the body to:

A) counteract the effects of a drug in order to maintain an optimal internal state.
B) establish a set point for the level of a specific drug in the body.
C) minimize the severity of withdrawal symptoms.
D) eliminate the need for increasing drug dosage with increasing use.

Question 13

The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of:

A) dependence and tolerance.
B) potentiation.
C) psychological dependence.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 14

Caffeine is an _____________ that blocks the effects of _____________.

A) agonist;adenosine
B) antagonist;adenosine
C) agonist;serotonin
D) antagonist;serotonin

Question 15

According to the _______________,drug use serves to restore abnormally low levels of key neurotransmitters.

A) hypersensitivity theory
B) reuptake hypothesis
C) withdrawal-relief hypothesis
D) psychoactive set-point hypothesis

Question 16

The discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called:

A) disinhibition.
B) tolerance.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) withdrawal.

Question 17

Drugs,pollutants,and other substances that cross the placental barrier and damage the developing person are called:

A) glial-destroying enzymes.
B) psychoactive.
C) teratogens.
D) astrocytes.

Question 18

Max has been smoking cigarettes so long that his body requires nicotine to function normally.A health psychologist would say that Max clearly has developed:

A) hypersensitivity.
B) dependence.
C) potentiation.
D) tolerance.

Question 19

Agonist is to antagonist as _______________ is to _______________.

A) nicotine;LSD
B) LSD;nicotine
C) neurotransmitter enhancement;neurotransmitter blocking
D) neurotransmitter blocking;neurotransmitter enhancement

Question 20

Drug potentiation refers to:

A) the unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using certain drugs.
B) a state in which use of a drug is required for a person to function normally.
C) a state of progressively decreasing responsiveness to a frequently used drug.
D) the effect of one drug to increase the effects of another.

Question 21

In most states,a blood alcohol level of _______________ constitutes legal intoxication.

A) 8%
B) 10%
C) 12%
D) 20%

Question 22

Alcohol addiction rates are lowest among which of the following sociocultural groups of U.S.high school students?

A) European-American
B) Hispanic-American
C) African-American
D) Asian-American

Question 23

Women who drink during critical stages of pregnancy place their infants at risk of developing:

A) fetal alcohol syndrome.
B) behavioral disinhibition.
C) tolerance.
D) Korsakoff's syndrome.

Question 24

Chronic alcohol use has all of the following effects EXCEPT:

A) weakening the immune system.
B) damaging cellular DNA.
C) interfering with normal endocrine system development.
D) increases the secretion of growth hormone.

Question 25

According to the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction,once drug use passes from the initial good feelings of first-stage use,repeated drug use occurs because drug-related cues:

A) become conditioned stimuli.
B) evoke dopamine release.
C) trigger craving for the drug.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 26

It is estimated that nearly _______________ of Americans aged 12 or older can be classified as current drinkers.

A) 15%
B) 25%
C) 30%
D) 50%

Question 27

In small doses,alcohol is a _______________;in large doses,it is a _______________.

A) stimulant;depressant
B) depressant;stimulant
C) hallucinogen;stimulant
D) depressant;depressant

Question 28

Tobacco,alcohol,and marijuana are often referred to as _______________,because they open the door to experimentation with other more dangerous drugs.

A) teratogens
B) disinhibitors
C) gateway drugs
D) threshold drugs

Question 29

Korsakoff's syndrome is sometimes suffered by chronic,heavy users of alcohol and is characterized by:

A) behavioral disinhibition.
B) the formation of fat deposits on the heart muscle.
C) a dramatic change in personality.
D) the inability to store new memories.

Question 30

According to the _______________ theory,the influence of friends is strong enough to overcome the influence of a young person's family,school,and other institutions in determining drug use.

A) behavioral disinhibition
B) social control
C) peer cluster
D) hypersensitivity

Question 31

Alcohol consumption tends to:

A) decrease self-awareness and decrease impulse control.
B) decrease self-awareness and increase impulse control.
C) increase self-awareness and increase impulse control.
D) increase self-awareness and decrease impulse control.

Question 32

Both men and women who drank alcohol:

A) perceived themselves as behaving more sexually than those who did not drink.
B) perceived their partners as behaving more sexually than those who did not drink.
C) perceived themselves and their partners as behaving more sexually than those who did not drink.
D) rated their conversation partner as more attractive than did those who did not drink.

Question 33

Alcohol abuse is a:

A) state in which the use of alcohol is required for a person to function normally.
B) maladaptive drinking pattern in which drinking interferes with role obligations.
C) neurological state induced by excessive use of alcohol.
D) personality syndrome linked to alcohol dependence.

Question 34

One difficulty with reward models of addiction is that they are unable to explain why:

A) people begin to experiment with drugs in the first place.
B) certain drugs induce physical dependence while others do not.
C) drug use continues even when unpleasant side effects occur.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 35

Alcohol makes it difficult for drinkers to interpret complex or ambiguous stimuli because drinkers tend to:

A) focus on only the most salient cues.
B) have trouble narrowing their perceptual fields.
C) become impatient quickly.
D) develop a false sense of confidence in their perceptual skills.

Question 36

According to the _______________ theory,the stronger a person's attachment to family,school,and other institutions,the less likely he or she will be to use drugs.

A) behavioral disinhibition
B) social control
C) peer cluster
D) hypersensitivity

Question 37

The fact that people who are physically dependent on one substance (such as nicotine)are more likely to be addicted to others as well (such as alcohol)provides support for a(n)_______________ model of addiction.

A) social learning
B) cognitive
C) evolutionary
D) reward

Question 38

Hepatitis and cirrhosis are two common chronic diseases caused by abuse of:

A) nicotine.
B) cocaine.
C) marijuana.
D) alcohol.

Question 39

All major drugs of abuse overstimulate the brain's ancient reward system that runs through the:

A) septal area of the hypothalamus.
B) occipital and temporal lobes.
C) right hemisphere.
D) left hemisphere.

Question 40

When she drinks alcohol,Eboni experiences a false sense of confidence and freedom from social constraints,which is called:

A) hypersensitivity.
B) behavioral disinhibition.
C) adolescent invulnerability.
D) drug potentiation.

Question 41

As a treatment for alcohol dependence,therapy using a nauseating drug such as Antabuse strives to establish an aversion to the drug as a(n):

A) operant response.
B) conditioned response.
C) unconditioned response.
D) secondary reinforcer.

Question 42

The children of women who smoke during pregnancy may experience a reduced supply of oxygen to their brains,resulting in a condition called:

A) delirium tremens.
B) fetal hypoxia.
C) Korsakoff's syndrome.
D) nicotine titration.

Question 43

Regarding the health hazards of exposure to secondhand smoke,most experts agree that:

A) the dangers are not nearly as great as popularly believed.
B) nonsmokers who are regularly exposed to passive smoke are more likely to die from cardiovascular disease and cancer than those who live with nonsmokers.
C) secondhand smoke is unhealthy,although it has a much lower concentration of carcinogens than smoke that is directly inhaled.
D) the hazards of environmental tobacco smoke are more than offset by eating a balanced diet and engaging in other healthy lifestyle behaviors.

Question 44

In the United States and much of the world,which of the following is most likely to cause premature death?

A) lack of exercise
B) an unhealthy diet
C) an automobile accident
D) smoking

Question 45

Which of the following was NOT presented as evidence that alcohol dependence is genetically influenced?

A) People who abuse alcohol tend to be impulsive and vulnerable to depression,both of which are at least partly genetic in origin.
B) Adopted children are more susceptible to alcohol dependency if one or both of their biological parents was alcohol-dependent.
C) Identical twins have twice the concordance rate for alcohol dependency of fraternal twins.
D) Alcohol abusers are typically unaware that they are dependent on the drug.

Question 46

The basic idea behind smoking inoculation programs is to:

A) educate adolescents regarding the dangers of smoking.
B) use peer models to persuade young persons not to smoke.
C) teach practical skills in resisting social pressures to smoke.
D) provide young adolescents with alternatives to smoking.

Question 47

Research on smoking habits of Americans shows that over the past few decades:

A) the percentage of teenage smokers has steadily decreased.
B) smoking has decreased more rapidly among men than among women.
C) smoking has decreased more rapidly among women than among men.
D) the incidence and prevalence of smoking have remained quite stable.

Question 48

Researchers have discovered a link between nicotine use and:

A) introversion.
B) extraversion.
C) depression.
D) compulsivity.

Question 49

The concordance rate for alcohol dependence among identical twins:

A) is higher than that among fraternal twins.
B) is much lower for those who were raised apart.
C) is much lower for those who were raised with adoptive parents.
D) is lower than that among fraternal twins.

Question 50

According to the _______________ hypothesis,alcohol use is reinforcing because it reduces stress.

A) behavioral undercontrol
B) negative emotionality
C) hypersensitivity
D) tension-reduction

Question 51

Dr.Fitzgerald believes that young people who have a sense that their worlds are coherent and understandable,who feel confident that they have the skills necessary to meet life's demands,and who feel a commitment to themselves and their lives are unlikely to become substance abusers.Dr.Fitzgerald is evidently a proponent of:

A) problem behavior theory.
B) wellness theory.
C) tension-reduction theory.
D) social skills theory.

Question 52

Which of the following personality traits has not been linked to alcohol dependence?

A) negative emotionality
B) behavioral undercontrol
C) attraction to excitement
D) unrealistic optimism

Question 53

According to the nicotine-titration model,smokers who are physically dependent on nicotine:

A) regulate their smoking to maintain a steady level of the drug in their bodies.
B) are also psychologically dependent on nicotine.
C) are genetically sensitive to the physiological effects of nicotine.
D) will also be at increased risk for other addictions.

Question 54

Cigarette smoking is rewarding in part because it:

A) lowers blood pressure.
B) decreases alertness.
C) reduces activity in the sympathetic nervous system.
D) induces relaxation in the skeletal muscles.

Question 55

Researchers have located a gene in some alcohol users that alters the function of DRD2,a receptor for:

A) serotonin.
B) epinephrine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) dopamine.

Question 56

Which of the following is most often cited as a reason that people start smoking?

A) situational factors such as peer influence
B) personality factors such as rebelliousness
C) the pleasurable feelings associated with nicotine use
D) self-consciousness

Question 57

When the nicotine content of cigarettes is reduced,smokers tend to:

A) smoke more of the low-nicotine cigarettes.
B) smoke the same number of cigarettes.
C) smoke the same number of cigarettes,but only if they are long-term smokers.
D) experience potentiation.

Question 58

Schachter found that stress _______________ the body's efficiency in using nicotine and _______________ smoking.

A) increases;decreases
B) decreases;increases
C) has a predictable effect on;has a predictable effect on
D) has an unpredictable effect on;has an unpredictable effect on

Question 59

One study reported that adolescents' beliefs regarding their peers' alcohol use and attitudes predicted their own drinking behavior.This finding highlights the importance of _______________ in predicting an individual's use of alcohol.

A) alcohol expectancies
B) behavioral undercontrol
C) temperament
D) drug potentiation

Question 60

As part of his program to quit smoking,Larry was instructed to smoke a cigarette as fast as he could,until he became nauseous.This form of aversion therapy is directed at the person reaching a point of:

A) relapse.
B) contingency management.
C) satiation.
D) nicotine titration.

Question 61

Within seven seconds of taking a puff from a cigarette,nicotine causes the brain to release neurotransmitters that calm craving,reduce anxiety,and alleviate insomnia.These effects are examples of:

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) conditioned responses.
D) conditioned stimuli.

Question 62

Quitting smoking is determined by three interacting factors.Which of the following is NOT one of these factors?

A) motivation to quit
B) level of physical dependence on nicotine
C) barriers to or supports in remaining smoke-free
D) age of the smoker

Question 63

Over time,smoking behaviors become ______________ to a variety of environmental triggers.

A) conditioned stimuli
B) conditioned responses
C) discriminative stimuli
D) discriminative responses

Question 64

The counseling treatment that focuses on increasing engagement in valued life activities through guided goal setting is:

A) behavioral activation.
B) inoculation.
C) CBT.
D) aversion therapy.

Question 65

People who successfully quit smoking typically:

A) change their beliefs to see less psychological benefit and more health threat from smoking.
B) have not been smoking for very long.
C) lack a variant of a specific gene that promotes nicotine dependence.
D) have never tried to quit before.