Deck 3: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application, and Assessment

Question 1

Which text did Freud write with Joseph Breuer in which they presented the case of Anna O. as well as their use of hypnosis in her treatment?

A) Sturm und Drang
B) Studies in Hysteria
C) Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious
D) A Topographical Model of the Psyche

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The id uses reflexive action and wish fulfillment to

A) reduce guilt.
B) satisfy the reality principle.
C) satisfy the ego and superego needs.
D) produce pleasurable outcomes.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In Freud's structural model, which part of the adult personality is housed completely in the unconscious?

A) Id
B) Ego
C) Superego
D) Memory

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A man has the opportunity to cheat his business partner, but he knows that this would be the wrong thing to do in a number of different ways. According to the structural model of Freudian theory, the ____________is what held them man back from cheating his partner.

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) conscience.

Question 5

In his work with Joseph Breuer helping to treat a patient named "Anna O," Freud developed an early appreciation for ____________, even though he would later become disillusioned with this approach.

A) dream interpretation
B) the importance of one's conscious mind
C) Freudian slips
D) hypnosis

Question 6

As you examine the relationship between the structural and topographic models of Freud's theory, the ego is found in which part of Freud's topographic model?

A) Conscious
B) Preconscious
C) Unconscious
D) Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

Question 7

Information about where you parked your car or the name of an uncle who you rarely see is probably stored in which part of the mind, according to Freud's topographic model?

A) Conscious
B) Preconscious
C) Unconscious
D) Subconscious

Question 8

Which of the following came first in Freud's career?

A) The case of Anna O.
B) His transition from neurologist to psychologist.
C) His theory of dream interpretation
D) The formation of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society

Question 9

According to Freud, which is an example of wish fulfillment?

A) Dreams
B) Hysteria
C) Reflexive action
D) Defense mechanisms

Question 10

One discovery that was surprising to Freud was that many of the memories that patients uncovered during free association concerned:

A) frightening dreams that the patient has no conscious recollection of.
B) intense desires to harm other people who the patient felt were deserving of some form of punishment.
C) issues related to the patients' sexual orientation.
D) traumatic sexual experiences, many of which occurred in early childhood.

Question 11

Which components make up the topographic model of Freud's theory of personality?

A) The id, ego, and superego
B) The conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
C) The oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages of development
D) Denial, repression, and regression

Question 12

According to the cover of Time magazine at the end of the 1900s, the two greatest minds of the century were

A) Albert Einstein and Jean-Martin Charcot.
B) Stephen Hawking and Joseph Breuer.
C) Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein.
D) Anna Freud and John B. Watson.

Question 13

In 1885, Freud traveled to Paris to study with a French neurologist by the name of____________ . During this time, Freud was first exposed to early versions of hypnosis.

A) Carl Jung
B) Joseph Breuer
C) Jean-Martin Charcot
D) Bertha Pappenheim

Question 14

Freud and Breuer used which procedure when working with Anna O?

A) Hypnosis
B) Free association
C) Dream interpretation
D) Projective tests

Question 15

"I'm going to say what's on my mind, and I don't care who likes it!" This phrase, which might come from a movie scene, refers to the content in the speaker's____________ .

A) preconscious
B) conscious
C) unconscious
D) id

Question 16

Which statement is true about the superego?

A) The superego is present in newborn children.
B) The healthiest personality is one in which superego has control over ego and id.
C) The actions of the superego are based on the reality principle.
D) The superego represents society's standards and values, most notably those of one's parents.

Question 17

Carlotta was not thinking about the fight that she had with her boyfriend last week, but when she was watching a television show two of the characters started bickering about the same issue. Carlotta immediately thought about the fight and began to get angry all over again. The fight that she and her boyfriend had was stored in her

A) unconscious.
B) conscious.
C) superego.
D) preconscious.

Question 18

The id, ego, and superego are three parts of the ____________model of personality.

A) topographic
B) iceberg
C) structural
D) libido

Question 19

Elisa was put up for adoption when she was 4 years of age. She was old enough to remember her mother taking her to the center, leaving her there, and then the subsequent stays at home while waiting for a new family. Now an adult, Elisa does not have immediate access to those memories even though they are buried deep inside her. Freud would argue that these painful memories are stored in Elisa's____________ .

A) unconscious
B) preconscious
C) libido
D) Oedipus complex

Question 20

Which of the following is true about hypnosis?

A) Hypnosis is not a real phenomenon because hypnotized people are faking it.
B) After using hypnosis for a time, Freud began using it exclusively.
C) Freud always made hypnosis a large part of therapy.
D) Freud grew disillusioned by the limitations of hypnosis and turned to free association as a treatment technique.

Question 21

According to Freud, each of us is born with a(n)

A) sexual attraction for the opposite sex parent.
B) desire to die and return to the earth.
C) id, ego, and superego.
D) total absence of instinctive psychic energy.

Question 22

Suppose you use one of the defense mechanisms described by Freud significantly more than any of the others. If you are a well adjusted and productive person, which defense mechanism would that probably be?

A) Repression
B) Sublimation
C) Displacement
D) Reaction formation

Question 23

The life instinct to which Freud attributed most of our behaviors is called

A) id.
B) neurotic impulse.
C) libido.
D) the structural model.

Question 24

The refusal to accept difficult, threatening, or painful situations is a defense mechanism that Freud called ____________.

A) reaction formation
B) regression
C) identification
D) denial

Question 25

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the id, ego, and superego?

A) The ego's function is to continually silence the impulses of the id to please the superego.
B) The ego and id work together to overcome powerful superego impulses.
C) The ego works to satisfy id impulses in manner that is acceptable to the superego.
D) The ego works with the superego to block the expression of id impulses.

Question 26

Orlando has recently felt a few pangs of pain in his upper molars, and on two occasions has been unable to eat. "It's probably nothing. I don't need to go to the dentist," he tells himself. Orlando has had a fear of dental work for many years, and is unconsciously terrified that he may need a root canal. Which defense mechanism is he currently employing as he refuses to accept that he may need extensive dental work?

A) Intellectualization
B) Rationalization
C) Denial
D) Repression

Question 27

Repression is an____________ effort by the ego to push out threatening material out of consciousness or to keep the material from ever reaching consciousness.

A) occasional
B) organic
C) active
D) irrational

Question 28

A man is angry with his wife, but instead of confronting her, he begins to shout at their children for leaving a single toy on the floor. This is an example of a defense mechanism called

A) repression.
B) sublimation.
C) displacement.
D) projection.

Question 29

In his early work, Freud described two different types of human instincts. They included

A) the conscious and the unconscious.
B) normal and neurotic.
C) life instincts and death instincts.
D) manifest instincts and latent instincts.

Question 30

An honors student is caught stealing money from his teacher's desk. The teacher tells the student to report after school to discuss the incident. However, when the student arrives later that day, he cannot remember doing what the teacher accuses him of. This is an example of

A) repression.
B) sublimation.
C) displacement.
D) denial.

Question 31

A woman is very upset with her mother, but her ego will not allow her to express her hostility openly. According to Freud, what might we expect this woman to do?

A) Explain to everyone how much she loves her mother.
B) Accidentally destroy one of her mother's favorite dishes.
C) Express her hostility toward her own children.
D) The woman might do any of these actions, as they involve different defense mechanisms.

Question 32

In Freudian theory, "libido" is

A) an unlimited source of psychic energy.
B) the death, or aggressive, instinct.
C) the life, or sexual, instinct.
D) the same thing as "Thanatos."

Question 33

A man becomes a leader in a crusade promoting sexual morality. A year later, he is arrested for a variety of sex crimes. Freud might have interpreted the man's earlier behavior as an example of the psychological defense mechanism called

A) repression.
B) denial.
C) reaction formation.
D) projection.

Question 34

According to Freud, the ego uses defense mechanisms in order to

A) reduce anxiety.
B) help the id get what it wants.
C) satisfy the superego's demands.
D) channel psychic energy into a socially productive action.

Question 35

A man has a strong unconscious urge to cheat his business associates, but he complains that he can't trust them because they will cheat and steal from him if he gives them half a chance. This tendency to attribute an unacceptable unconscious impulse onto other people is the defense mechanism called____________ .

A) displacement
B) denial
C) reaction formation
D) projection

Question 36

A businesswoman is upset with her husband. She channels this anger into her work and increases her productivity dramatically. This tendency to refocus an unacceptable or threatening impulse into a socially acceptable outlet is the defense mechanism called____________ .

A) sublimation
B) displacement
C) reaction formation
D) projection

Question 37

A woman sets excessively high moral and ethical standards for herself. As a result, she constantly feels ashamed and guilty for making small mistakes and minor transgressions. Freud might say that

A) her id has become too powerful.
B) she has too much psychic energy fixated at the oral stage of development.
C) her ego has become too powerful.
D) her superego has become too powerful.

Question 38

According to Freud, the superego is guided by the____________ principle.

A) pleasure
B) reality
C) hospitality
D) morality

Question 39

Freud said the actions of the ego were guided by the need to adhere to the____________ principle.

A) pleasure
B) ethical
C) morality
D) reality

Question 40

If you see your own unwanted thoughts and undesirable impulses in other people, then you are using the defense mechanism called

A) displacement.
B) reaction formation.
C) intellectualization.
D) projection.

Question 41

A man refers to his "martial status" instead of his "marital status" during a job interview. Freud might have seen this as an example of

A) projection.
B) symbolic behavior.
C) a Freudian slip.
D) free association.

Question 42

Nathan is 37 years old. He smokes and drinks excessively and is constantly putting his hand to his mouth. What might Freud have said about Nathan?

A) Nathan had an excessive amount of psychic energy fixated during the resolution of his Oedipus complex.
B) Nathan had some traumatic experiences that led to an oral personality.
C) Nathan has a weak superego.
D) Nathan has not yet resolved his Oedipus complex.

Question 43

Five-year-old Maxwell has recently been going through the Oedipus complex. He has been unconsciously resentful of his father because of his father's "possession" of Maxwell's mother. According to Freud, Maxwell fears that if his father learns of these feelings, which punishment will be delivered?

A) Maxwell's father will leave, abandoning Maxwell and his mother.
B) Maxwell's father will cut off Maxwell's penis.
C) Maxwell's father will take Maxwell's mother away to a new home.
D) Maxwell's father will insist on having a new child with which to "replace" Maxwell.

Question 44

According to Freud, to make sense of the symbols in a patient's dream, a therapist needs to understand the

A) dream's manifest content.
B) dream's latent content.
C) part of the dream recalled best by the dreamer.
D) parts of the dream that recur in many different dreams.

Question 45

During free association, a patient is encouraged to

A) search his or her mind for clues about unconscious thoughts.
B) report only those thoughts that seem psychologically significant.
C) lapse into silence on occasion to get in touch with unconscious thoughts.
D) say whatever comes into his or her mind.

Question 46

A patient in psychoanalysis begins to speak to the therapist as if the therapist were the patient's deceased brother. This is an example of

A) resistance.
B) transference.
C) countertransference.
D) denial.

Question 47

According to Freud, many accidents are

A) caused by the death instinct.
B) unconsciously motivated.
C) a type of defense mechanism.
D) repressed immediately.

Question 48

If Sigmund Freud were to have abandoned his concept of the Oedipus complex, he would have needed to come up with another explanation for how

A) unconscious needs are expressed in dreams.
B) the superego develops.
C) fixation affects adult personalities.
D) defense mechanisms work.

Question 49

According to Freud, "Freudian slips"

A) are an example of free association.
B) provide clues about unconscious associations.
C) indicate that psychoanalysis is progressing because the crucial unconscious material is close to breaking into consciousness.
D) occur almost exclusively during psychoanalysis.

Question 50

According to Freud, there is a difference between the manifest content and the latent content of our dreams because

A) one is controlled by the id and one by the ego and superego.
B) many of our unconscious thoughts and desires would be difficult for us to face upon waking.
C) we can only recall the manifest content after waking up.
D) one is conscious and the other unconscious.

Question 51

Freud identified each of the stages of development according to

A) the primary erogenous zone during that stage.
B) how much energy is fixated at the stage.
C) the extent to which the ego and superego are able to influence the child's behavior.
D) the extent to which id impulses are repressed by the ego.

Question 52

According to Freud, fixation results in

A) adult personality characteristics related to the stage at which the fixation occurred.
B) an increase in the amount of psychic energy available to the adult ego.
C) either castration anxiety or penis envy, depending on the gender of the child.
D) an increase in Freudian slips.

Question 53

Which of the following is the most important (and potentially most traumatic) developmental task of Freud's anal stage of psychosexual development?

A) Overcoming the Oedipus complex
B) Discovering masturbation
C) Weaning from breastfeeding
D) Toilet training

Question 54

Which of the following is the best way to think of fixation?

A) It occurs when we use defense mechanisms to deal with unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses.
B) In development, it occurs when children leave behind some psychic energy tied up in resolving a crisis.
C) In development, the rewards in the environment take control of our behaviors.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 55

According to Freud, the conflicts that arise during the Oedipus conflict are pushed out of awareness by the use of a defense mechanism called ____________.

A) repression
B) sublimation
C) displacement
D) projection

Question 56

The use of ____________requires an individual to respond to ambiguous stimuli.

A) free association
B) dream analysis
C) projective tests
D) hypnosis

Question 57

In psychoanalysis, patients are asked to lie on a couch while the therapist sits out of sight. This arrangement is designed to create a space where the client can say whatever comes to mind. This is called

A) dream interpretation.
B) free association.
C) projection.
D) transference.

Question 58

Little Timmy is extremely jealous whenever his mommy and daddy kiss or show affection. Timmy wants to get kisses from his mommy. Little Timmy is in which stage of psychosexual development?

A) Oral
B) Anal
C) Phallic
D) Genital

Question 59

Which of the following is correct about Freud's description of the Oedipus complex that occurs during the phallic stage of psychosexual development?

A) Resolution of the Oedipus complex leads to the development of the superego.
B) During this stage, girls wish they had male genitals and boys wish they had female genitals.
C) Resolution of the Oedipus complex sends children into a stage in which they are physically attracted to members of the opposite sex but not their parents.
D) It takes place during the end of the oral stage.

Question 60

In Freud's view of castration anxiety, what would be a healthy result for males?

A) Identifying with the same-sex parent
B) Repression of sexual desires for opposite sex people
C) Strong moral anxiety
D) A powerful superego

Question 61

The defense mechanism upon which the whole structure of psychoanalysis rests is the one known as repression.

Question 62

When a patient declares to his or her therapist that the therapy isn't helping and he or she wants to stop treatment, the patient is developing a necessary part of therapy called transference.

Question 63

A patient in psychoanalysis suddenly begins to miss his regularly scheduled therapy appointment. When he does make his appointment, he complains that the therapy is not making progress and should be brought to an end. Freud might have made each of the following statements about this behavior except one. Which one?

A) The patient is engaging in resistance.
B) The therapist is off track and should explore new directions in trying to uncover the source of the patient's problem.
C) The therapist is on the right track and a significant breakthrough may be at hand.
D) The patient consciously believes therapy is not making progress.

Question 64

When Freud was invited to give lectures on psychoanalysis at Clark University in 1909, his work was generally accepted by academic psychologists.

Question 65

Which of the following is true about projective tests?

A) Test-takers are presented with ambiguous stimuli.
B) Test-givers are trained to recognize correct and incorrect answers.
C) Projective tests are typically used to determine where a person lies on a particular personality trait dimension.
D) Although once popular, projective tests are rarely used by psychologists today.

Question 66

Users of the Rorschach inkblot test point out that projective tests must be used because there are no objective criteria to assess the kinds of unconscious thoughts that projective tests measure. They make this point when arguing against the criticism that there is little evidence for

A) the reliability of the test.
B) the internal consistency of the test.
C) the validity of the test.
D) interjudge agreement on what responses mean.

Question 67

One defense mechanism that is successful, productive, and adaptive is reaction formation.

Question 68

In the interpretation of dreams, Freud called what the dreamer sees and remembers the latent content of the dream.

Question 69

Three parts of the personality that differ in terms of their level of awareness make up the structural model in Freudian theory.

Question 70

Describe Freud's collaboration with Joseph Breuer, noting their work with Anna O. and identifying the treatment techniques that emerged from that famous case.

Question 71

Clients in therapy who claim they forgot a regular appointment with their therapist could be displaying a form of

A) resistance.
B) reaction formation.
C) symbolic behavior.
D) denial.

Question 72

The techniques the ego uses to deal with unwanted thoughts and desires are collectively known as defense mechanisms.

Question 73

The primary job of the ego is to satisfy id impulses in a manner that does not upset the moral needs of the superego.

Question 74

Which of the following is correct about research with the Rorschach inkblot test?

A) Researchers find consistently strong evidence for high reliability and validity.
B) Relatively few studies have been conducted to examine the validity of the test.
C) Researchers find virtually no evidence for the validity of the test.
D) Researchers disagree on how to interpret the evidence for the validity of the test.

Question 75

Make a list of the defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. For each mechanism, give an example from your own life or someone you know who has used the defense mechanism to reduce or avoid anxiety.

Question 76

Which of the following, which describes the case where a therapist displaces their own feelings toward other individuals onto a client, is not a step in successful psychoanalysis?

A) Resistance
B) Transference
C) Countertransference
D) Dream interpretation

Question 77

Describe each stage of psychosexual development in order, giving the approximate age when it takes place and an example of a fixation during the stage. Include in your description which structures emerge and when, according to Freud.

Question 78

Discuss how Freud discovered the unconscious, including his use of hypnosis and free association to get at unconscious material. Describe the relationship between the topographical model and the structural model Freud proposed.

Question 79

Critics argue that if one of Freud's patients said "I love my father," Freud would take this as evidence of a reaction formation, yet if the same patient said "I hate my father," he would see this as a breakthrough and confirmation of his hypothesis. Critics use this example to try to make which point?

A) Freud relied too heavily on case study data.
B) Most of the information we have about Freud's case studies was subject to Freud's interpretation.
C) Freud's patients may not be representative of the average person.
D) Many of the hypotheses generated from Freud's theory are not testable.

Question 80

Sandy is given a set of cards by her therapist on which ambiguous pictures of people are displayed. Sandy is asked to tell a story about what is happening in each picture. To understand and treat her psychological problems, Sandy's therapist is using the

A) Rorschach inkblot test.
B) Thematic Apperception Test.
C) free association test.
D) Human Figure Drawing Test.