Deck 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach: Relevant Research

Question 1

All of the following statements are reasons why the most preferable partners in romantic relationships are feminine or androgynous people except one. Which one?

A) They are more affectionate.
B) They are more controlled and quiet.
C) They are more willing to take risks required to make things happen.
D) They are more compassionate.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Male and female participants in one study were left alone to engage in a short conversation. The researchers found the least active and least enjoyable conversations took place when the couple consisted of

A) a masculine male and a feminine female.
B) two feminine people.
C) two masculine people.
D) two androgynous people.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A person who takes a gender-role scale and is typed as masculine is

A) high on the androgyny scale and low on femininity.
B) low on masculinity and high on androgyny.
C) high on masculinity and low on femininity.
D) low on masculinity and high on congruence.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Operant conditioning affects gender-role behavior

A) in early childhood.
B) only after children have begun going to school.
C) primarily after children reach puberty.
D) primarily during the late teens and into emerging adulthood.

Question 5

Marius takes a gender-role scale that is based on the androgyny model of gender type. The results will place in in one of__________ different groups.

A) two
B) four
C) six
D) eight

Question 6

Imagine you present a gender-role inventory to a group of freshmen and discover that one participant scored low on both the masculine and feminine scales. Under which category does this participant belong?

A) Feminine
B) Masculine
C) Androgynous
D) Undifferentiated

Question 7

Researchers investigating the observational learning of gender-role behaviors find that boys imitate male models instead of female models

A) as soon as they develop an identity as a male.
B) after they noticed that a certain behavior is performed more by one gender than the other.
C) more often than girls imitate female models.
D) but that the opposite is not found for girls.

Question 8

The early masculinity femininity model for describing individual differences in gender-role behavior was based on the assumption that

A) gender-role behavior is learned through operant conditioning and observational learning but not through classical conditioning.
B) masculinity and femininity represent two extreme positions on a single continuum.
C) it is better to be masculine than feminine because of the demands of society.
D) masculinity and femininity are independent dimensions of personality that have no true intersection.

Question 9

Femininity is associated with happiness in relationships. Researchers explain this finding in terms of each of the following except one. Which one?

A) Feminine people are better able than masculine people to express their romantic needs.
B) Feminine people are more sensitive to others' needs than masculine people.
C) Feminine people are more aware of romantic needs than masculine people.
D) Feminine people assert themselves in relationships more often than masculine people.

Question 10

According to the androgyny model, both women and men will have the highest level of well-being when they are

A) high in masculinity but low in femininity.
B) low in femininity and low in masculinity.
C) high in femininity and high in masculinity.
D) high in femininity and low in masculinity.

Question 11

People high in unmitigated agency often

A) focus only on themselves.
B) perform acts of altruism.
C) have low scores on self-efficacy measures.
D) perform random acts of kindness.

Question 12

According to Bandura's model, children can learn aggressive behaviors even when they

A) do not pay attention to the model's behavior.
B) do not remember the model's behavior.
C) are not directly rewarded for engaging in the behavior.
D) do not notice the model's behavior.

Question 13

Which of the following is the most accurate pairing of terms?

A) communion; masculinity
B) agency; femininity
C) agency; masculinity
D) communion; androgyny

Question 14

Research finds that happiness with one's relationship is related to having a partner who is

A) masculine or androgynous.
B) feminine or androgynous.
C) masculine if a male, feminine if a female.
D) masculine if you are masculine, feminine if you are feminine.

Question 15

Children in one study were given an opportunity to imitate an aggressive model after watching a videotape of the model. The researchers found that the aggressive behavior was most likely to be imitated when the

A) experimenter was out of the room.
B) children had not been frustrated earlier.
C) aggression was performed with a toy the child liked.
D) model was a male.

Question 16

The four interrelated processes involved in observational learning of aggression are

A) attend, remember, enact, and expect.
B) enact, expect, remember, and imitate.
C) attend, enact, reinforce, and expect.
D) repress, enable, expect, and reinforce.

Question 17

Which of the following inventories is among the more popular assessment tools for gender-role research?

A) California Personality Inventory
B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
C) Rotter Androgyny Scale
D) All of these are very popular gender-role inventories

Question 18

Your friend's grandmother is very sweet and energetic for her age at 72 years. But your friend says her grandmother never takes care of herself: she is always driving other seniors to their doctor's appointments or visiting sick friends. Your friend is becoming worried because her grandmother's arthritis is getting worse and she is becoming depressed. The grandmother appears to be

A) high in communion.
B) low in communion.
C) high in unmitigated communion.
D) high in unmitigated agency.

Question 19

Who among the following is likely high in unmitigated communion?

A) Belinda, a surgeon who sacrifices her own needs and interests to care for all her patients.
B) Matilda, who sees her personal value in terms of how well others think she takes care of her family.
C) Bernard, who cancels the cruise he's been planning for 3 months because his secretary really wants to see her son's school play and cannot find anyone to cover for her at work.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 20

From your study of the textbook, with which of the following concepts is Rotter associated?

A) Learned helplessness
B) Observational learning of aggression
C) Classical conditioning
D) Locus of control

Question 21

Which of the following is not a reason why increased aggression is of particular concern from playing violent video games?

A) Players actively engage in practicing violent acts.
B) The increased aggressiveness lasts for several minutes after playing.
C) Players are rewarded for participating in violent acts.
D) Players pay particular attention to weapons, outfitting, and ammunition types.

Question 22

Controlled laboratory research on observational learning of aggression typically requires participants to __________and then receive the opportunity to act aggressively.

A) receive an aversive or painful stimulus
B) complete a questionnaire
C) engage in a group discussion
D) watch a violent or nonviolent program

Question 23

According to the learned helplessness model, one way to treat depression is to

A) give the depressed person a successful experience at controlling an important event.
B) explain to the depressed person that he or she cannot control everything.
C) give the depressed person a series of pleasant experiences.
D) pair the unpleasant feelings with a pleasant experience.

Question 24

The neurotransmitter__________ has been found to play a role in both learned helplessness and depression.

A) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) adrenalin

Question 25

Todd is having difficulty at work and has failed to please his boss on each of the last three projects he has been assigned. He begins to feel as if there is nothing he can do to turn things around. Soon, he starts to feel there is also nothing he can do about some of the difficulties he has been having with members of his family. He starts to act withdrawn and unmotivated most of the time. Todd seems to be suffering from

A) anxiety.
B) low self-esteem.
C) low achievement motivation.
D) learned helplessness.

Question 26

In one study, policies and procedures were changed for some elderly residents. Which change seemed to have the most beneficial effects on the residents?

A) Having the staff do many of the residents' daily chores and responsibilities for them
B) Explaining to the residents how the staff would now take care of their problems
C) Explaining to the residents that they have earned their rest and should enjoy it
D) Emphasizing a sense of increased control and responsibility to the residents

Question 27

A large number of studies have examined the relationship between watching aggressive television and acting aggressively. Although there are some exceptions, most of this research finds

A) there is little evidence that watching aggressive television increases aggression.
B) watching aggressive television increases the likelihood of acting aggressively, at least under some circumstances.
C) watching aggressive television is related to aggressive behavior, but this is because aggressive people tend to watch aggression on television.
D) watching aggressive television increases the likelihood of acting aggressively but only in children.

Question 28

The original learned helplessness experiments placed dogs in a harness where they were exposed to electric shocks. Later, the dogs were placed in a shuttle-box where they experienced more shocks. The dogs that exhibited learned helplessness

A) quickly learned to escape the shocks in a shuttle-box.
B) failed to escape the shocks in the shuttle-box.
C) escaped the shocks in the shuttle-box but only after several trials.
D) escaped the shuttle-box shocks but then showed signs of helplessness.

Question 29

According to the original learned helplessness model, depression begins when people

A) fail at some important task.
B) experience an inability to control important events in their lives.
C) have a series of aversive experiences.
D) lose their motivation to work.

Question 30

Researchers in one study found that residents in an old-age home were more active and healthier when they were given additional control over the events in their daily lives. This finding is consistent with theory and research on

A) self-efficacy.
B) locus of control.
C) behavior therapy.
D) learned helplessness.

Question 31

Learned helplessness in the elderly often takes the form of

A) a lack of motivation and activity.
B) depression and suicide attempts.
C) extreme agitation.
D) none of these are correct.

Question 32

Dogs exposed to aversive stimuli from which they could not escape were found to

A) learn through observation how to be helpless.
B) avoid the stimulus on every trial.
C) stop moving when placed in a shuttle-box situation.
D) suffer from neurological damage.

Question 33

In the original learned helplessness model, people were said to experience learned helplessness when they

A) encountered obstacles they could not overcome.
B) encountered aversive events.
C) generalized their inability to control one unpleasant situation to another situation, even if the second situation was within their control.
D) gave up trying after they realized they could not do anything about an aversive situation.

Question 34

Children in one study were given an opportunity to imitate an aggressive model after watching a videotape of the model. The researchers found that the aggressive behavior was most likely to be imitated when the model used a toy. How did they describe this effect?

A) These acts were consistent with a child's locus of control.
B) Because it was easier for the child to remember.
C) Playing with a toy matched the child's scripts for public behaviors.
D) The child felt angry that they were deprived of a toy so they imitated the action to reduce that emotional state.

Question 35

Jeff enjoys playing video games on a regular basis, and the more realistic the violence in the combat video games he plays, the more he enjoys it. Because the games in which he is actively engaged are so realistic, you predict that Jeff will

A) act more aggressively for several hours after playing.
B) commit acts of violence toward his friends that match the violence in the games he plays.
C) act more aggressively after playing, but only for a short time frame.
D) not act more aggressively than he did before playing his games.

Question 36

Which of the following accounts for the longer duration of depression relative to the duration of learned helplessness effects?

A) There are many causes for depression in addition to learned helplessness.
B) Depressed people think about and then re-experience the helplessness-inducing events.
C) Reminders of the initial helplessness event can reactivate depression.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 37

Investigations of the impact of exposure to violence have shown the amount and kind of __________predicts how aggressive they are later.

A) sports children participate in
B) environment in which children grew up
C) school children attend
D) television children watch

Question 38

From research on violence, we can say__________ are more likely to turn to violence themselves.

A) children exposed to a violent environment
B) when children are punished randomly, they
C) children who frequently model punishing acts
D) nothing about the personalities of children who

Question 39

Under which of the following circumstances would we expect children to be least likely to imitate an aggressive model?

A) When the model is declared a hero and rewarded.
B) When they see the model engage in justified aggression.
C) When the model is punished for aggressive behavior.
D) When the child sees a behavior the child likes.

Question 40

Researchers have found that the basic psychological mechanisms of learned helplessness are similar to the same processes associated with which psychological disorder?

A) Anxiety
B) Depression
C) Schizophrenia
D) Obsessive-Compulsive disorder

Question 41

Research on individual differences in locus of control originated from the theorizing of

A) B. F. Skinner.
B) Albert Bandura.
C) Julian Rotter.
D) Henry Murray.

Question 42

When suicidal patients were asked to relive the events that took place before an attempted suicide, they

A) had a peak experience.
B) described themselves in terms of an internal locus of control.
C) described themselves in terms of an external locus of control.
D) had no memory because the events had been repressed.

Question 43

According to studies of achievement and locus of control, someone who has a higher external locus in college is likely to have

A) better grades than internals in college.
B) received lower scores on achievement tests in high school.
C) performed better on academic tests in elementary school than high school.
D) all of these are correct.

Question 44

Research on locus of control was developed out of Rotter's concept of generalized expectancies.

Question 45

Although there are exceptions, researchers looking at locus of control and depression typically find

A) those with higher internal scores are more susceptible to depression because they tend to blame themselves for things outside of their control.
B) those with higher external scores are more susceptible to depression, consistent with research on learned helplessness.
C) people on either extreme of the internal external continuum are more susceptible to depression than those in the middle.
D) little or no relationship between locus of control and depression.

Question 46

Studies of achievement have shown that those with a higher external locus of control

A) perform better on academic tests than internals in elementary school.
B) get better grades than internals in college.
C) receive lower scores on achievement tests in high school.
D) all of these are correct.

Question 47

Internals seem to do better in school because they see themselves as

A) smarter.
B) better test-takers.
C) responsible.
D) lucky.

Question 48

What might you expect to find when you compare the success rates of those with an internal versus external locus of control undergoing a stop-smoking treatment?

A) Those with an internal locus of control will do better.
B) Those with an external locus of control will do better.
C) Those with an internal locus of control will do better if allowed to feel they control the treatment.
D) Those with an internal locus of control will do better if they believe the therapist can do something to control their smoking for them.

Question 49

Vicki thinks that whether people make a lot of friends depends on the kind of job a person happens to get and the kinds of people who happen to move into the person's neighborhood. A personality researcher would probably classify Vicki as having a(n) __________locus of control.

A) internal
B) external
C) pessimist
D) introvert

Question 50

Denise and Carla both place a high value on good health. Denise is an internal and Carla is an external. We would predict that

A) Denise will probably be in better health than Carla.
B) Carla will probably be in better health than Denise.
C) both will probably be equally healthy and healthier than the average person their age.
D) both will probably be equally healthy and less healthy than the average person their age.

Question 51

Behaviorists and social learning theorists maintain gender differences are the result of a life-long process called identity formation.

Question 52

According to Rotter's original model, individual differences in locus of control are most likely to affect behavior when

A) the reinforcement values for all of the expected outcomes are about equal.
B) people have little information upon which to form specific expectancies for the situation.
C) success in the situation is largely up to the person rather than the situation.
D) there are important external forces controlling the situation.

Question 53

Which of the following is a similarity between animals exposed to inescapable shock and depressed humans?

A) They both have similar changes in neurotransmitters and receptors.
B) They both show evidence for internal locus of control.
C) They both become highly agitated and aggressive.
D) They both continue to try to escape adversity until exhaustion.

Question 54

According to recent research, being married to someone who has feminine characteristics is indicative of an unhappy marriage.

Question 55

Research supports the idea that masculinity and femininity are best conceived as independent traits.

Question 56

Which of the following has research found to be true of those with a higher internal locus of control?

A) They are more likely to complete their college degree than externals.
B) They are more ambitious than those who have a higher external locus of control.
C) They show higher levels of performance in the workplace.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 57

Research on academic achievement and locus of control typically finds

A) those with an internal locus of control perform better academically, but this difference does not surface until students reach college.
B) those with an external locus of control perform better academically, but this difference disappears when students reach college.
C) those with an internal locus of control perform better academically, and this seems to be true at all age levels.
D) those with an external locus of control perform better academically, and this seems to be true at all age levels.

Question 58

In the very first demonstrations of learned helplessness, dogs were subjected to food deprivation.

Question 59

Larry does not get a job he wanted. In the model of Julian Rotter, Larry would be described as an external. Which of the following reactions would you expect from Larry?

A) "I'll just have to try harder next time."
B) "I guess I did a poor job of selling myself during the interview."
C) "It's usually a matter of who you know that determines whether you get a job."
D) "I must not have had the right kind of background for this job."

Question 60

Researchers looking at the relation between locus of control and health sometimes fail to find the predicted results. Subsequent research determined that this may be because the researchers failed to consider the participants'

A) gender.
B) age.
C) health history.
D) reinforcement value for good health.

Question 61

Describe the circumstances under which people are more likely to imitate aggressive acts. Can it be said with some certainty that viewing aggression increases the likelihood of acting aggressively? For each research finding in support of this assertion, state one alternative explanation for the evidence.

Question 62

Define locus of control and distinguish between internals and externals. Discuss the relationship between locus of control and well-being and include evidence with regard to personal achievement and psychotherapy.

Question 63

Describe the general processes by which gender-role behaviors are acquired, including a definition of the masculinity-femininity construct. Describe the behavior of two people you know, one male and one female, who seem to cross traditional gender roles. Include examples of behavior that illustrate this reversal and give one explanation for it.