Deck 7: Social Determinants and Inequities in Health

Question 1

Which of the following determinants of health were outlined in the Lalonde Report?

A) Biological factors
B) Social inequality
C) Health care
D) b and c
E) a and c

Answer 1

a and c

Question 2

While the separation of the determinants of health into categories is a useful heuristic in the Lalonde Report, there is much overlap and cross over between categories of health determinants.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The deterioration of the healthy immigrant effect over time has been principally attributed to what causes)?

A) Cultural changes in lifestyle behaviours
B) Cultural changes in values and beliefs
C) New province or territory of residence
D) Systemic discrimination

Answer 3

Systemic discrimination

Question 4

Which health field in the 1974 Lalonde Report on the health of Canadians has received criticism for "blaming the victim"?

A) Human biology
B) Environment
C) Lifestyle
D) Health care organization

Question 5

Which of the following findings were reported in the Black Report:

A) Individuals from the lowest occupational groupings in Britain were two and half times more likely to die before retirement than those from the highest occupational groupings.
B) Women's mortality rates were nearly double of that of men.
C) There were no differences in morbidity rates across gender or occupational groupings.
D) There were measurement artifacts that influenced the findings of the report.

Question 6

Which of the following was not one of the different factors identified to influence the long-term health of children health by Hertzman 2000)?

A) Indirect effects
B) Latent effects
C) Pathway effects
D) Cumulative effects

Question 7

The findings of the Manitoba Mincome experiment in the 1970s showed that:

A) Guaranteed income proved to be a disincentive to work for many who received it.
B) High school graduation rates dropped among those receiving a guaranteed income as many young women left school due to pregnancy and caring for young children.
C) Hospital visits dropped significantly among those receiving a guaranteed income.
D) The cost-benefit evaluation of a guaranteed income plan showed that no significant savings for health care.

Question 8

Among Canadian women, which of the following was listed as the top leading cause of death in 2009?

A) Malignant neoplasms cancer)
B) Diseases of the heart heart disease)
C) Cerebrovascular diseases stroke)
D) Mental illness including Alzheimer disease

Question 9

After excluding pregnancy and childbirth, overall hospitalization rates among Canadian women are still higher than hospitalization rates among Canadian men.

Question 10

The ParticipACTION campaign in the early 1970s compared the health of a 30 year old Canadian to the health of a:

A) 50 year old Swede
B) 60 year old Swede
C) 70 year old Swede
D) 50 year old Norwegian

Question 11

The relationship between socio-economic status SES) and mortality is much stronger for men than for women.

Question 12

Which of the following explanations discussed in the 1980 Black Report entitled Inequalities in Health was found to be the most pertinent to explain the persistent and widening class differences in health in the United Kingdom.

A) Measurement artifact
B) Social selection
C) Cultural/behavioural differences
D) Materialist causes
E) Both C and D

Question 13

One of the top tips for health from a Social Determinants Perspective is to:

A) Stop smoking
B) Be physically active
C) Eat a balanced diet
D) Own a car

Question 14

Which of the following is listed as a top 10 leading cause of death for men but not for women in 2009 in Canada?

A) Suicides
B) Accidents unintentional injuries)
C) Diseases of the heart heart disease)
D) Cerebrovascular diseases strokes)

Question 15

Which of the following was not one of the five strategic frameworks for action in the 1986 WHO Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion?

A) Advocate for and build healthy public policies, because of how these policies shape how resources are dedicated and distributed at a societal level which, in turn, affect the determinants of health.
B) Create supportive environments and effective action by enhancing our knowledge base and building stronger alliances.
C) Strengthen communities and community-level action as these are the space, identities, interests and concerns that people share in common.
D) Develop healthy lifestyles and personal skills.

Question 16

Which of the following health conditions/diseases reported in 2003 does not have a higher prevalence rate among adult First Nations on-reserve compared to the general Canadian population

A) Cancer
B) Emphysema
C) Heart disease
D) High blood pressure

Question 17

Which of the following factors was not identified as an important health field in the 1974 Lalonde Report on the health of Canadians?

A) Human biology
B) Environment
C) Lifestyle
D) Education

Question 18

The Lalonde report had very little impact on health care in Canada or the rest of the world because most western countries had already adopted the principles outlined in that document.

Question 19

Prior to modern hospital medicine, women had a longer average life expectancy than men.

Question 20

Which factor was emphasized the strongest predictor of health inequality across the different occupational classifications in the Whitehall Studies.

A) Genetic make-up
B) Lifestyle factors
C) Decision-making responsibility
D) Gender

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT one of the main explanations for racial differences in health and health status in Canada?

A) Biological differences among racial groups
B) Variations in cultural and lifestyle behaviours
C) Systemic structural inequality of racism
D) Lack of access to housing and safe drinking water among Aboriginals living on-reserve

Question 22

Describe the social gradient of health and how it relates to the social determinants of health.

Question 23

According to the Fundamental Causes of Disease framework, which of the following interventions would have a more equitable impact on health status among persons from all socio-economic status groups?

A) Implementation of community health centres CHCs)
B) Increased affordability of fresh foods and produce
C) Increased taxes on tobacco and alcohol
D) Legalization of marijuana
Essay and Short-Answer Questions

Question 24

Discuss what is meant by the phrase "the cause of the causes of health" in relation to the social distribution of disease.

Question 25

According to the Fundamental Causes of Disease framework, which of the following interventions would have a more equitable impact on health status among persons from all socio-economic status groups?

A) Community water fluoridation
B) Increased availability of fresh foods and produce
C) Increased taxes on tobacco and alcohol
D) Legalization of marijuana

Question 26

Persistent differences in disease and mortality rates among First Nations people living on-reserve compared to the general Canadian population can best be explained by which of the following?

A) Biological differences
B) Healthy immigrant effect
C) The high rates of diabetes among First Nations peoples
D) Historical legacies including colonialism

Question 27

One of the top tips for health from a social determinants perspective is to:

A) Take up cancer screening opportunities
B) Keep physically active
C) Afford to go on a foreign holiday
D) Manage stress

Question 28

Discuss the potential effects of a social policy based on the Manitoba Mincome Experiment on health status.