Deck 1: Introducing Social Psychology

Question 1

Spinoza (1663) proposed the idea that when you love someone whom you used to hate, you

A) love him or her more strongly than if hatred had not preceded the love.
B) love him or her less strongly because hatred preceded the love.
C) cannot ever love that person fully.
D) will always question the love.

Answer 1

love him or her more strongly than if hatred had not preceded the love.

Question 2

From across the room, J.T. sees his mother sigh, and he approaches to give her a hug in the hopes of cheering her up. In this case, J.T.'s behavior is an example of a(n) ________ social influence attempt.

A) direct
B) ineffective
C) indirect
D) unintended

Answer 2

direct

Question 3

Juan thinks that the idea "birds of a feather flock together" has more merit than "opposites attract." So he designs an experiment to test his hypothesis. Juan is most likely a

A) personality psychologist.
B) social psychologist.
C) sociologist.
D) journalist.

Answer 3

social psychologist.

Question 4

Jamal was confused by his sister's relationship with her boyfriend. They just didn't seem to have anything in common. "Oh well," Jamal figured, "I guess opposites really do attract." Jamal's explanation is an example of

A) folk wisdom.
B) philosophy.
C) sociology.
D) social psychology.

Question 5

Justin isn't sure if he wants to date Mary, with whom he shares many similarities, or Emma, who is very different from him. His friend says, "Opposites attract," and advises him to date Emma. But his brother says, "Birds of a feather flock together," and suggests that he pursue Mary. This best exemplifies that

A) folk wisdom is often full of contradictions.
B) folk wisdom is usually wrong.
C) folk wisdom oversimplifies complex situations.
D) common sense is an individual difference.

Question 6

All of the following are examples of social influence except

A) a bully intimidates another child on the school yard.
B) a child refrains from stealing ten dollars from his mother's purse when he imagines her anger at him.
C) you cover your nose when you sneeze because you don't want to spread germs.
D) you perceive the bathwater as hot when you first get in, but don't notice the heat ten minutes later.

Question 7

How do social psychologists differ from those who rely on common sense or folk wisdom in answering questions about human nature? Social psychologists

A) seldom disagree with one another.
B) ignore the notion of human consciousness.
C) use science to test hypotheses about the social world.
D) rely primarily on insight.

Question 8

Aya is eight months old, and her mother pretends her baby food is a train in order to convince her to eat it. Aya's mother is using a rather creative form of

A) social influence.
B) explicit values.
C) social cognition.
D) implicit values.

Question 9

What is the role of folk wisdom in social psychology?

A) It is unrelated.
B) It provides many ideas or hypotheses for scientific investigation.
C) It has been completely disproven by scientific research.
D) It tends to be more accurate and useful than social psychological research.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of social influence?

A) You feel guilty because you lied to your trusting professor about your assignment.
B) When you get hungry, you have trouble concentrating.
C) You didn't do well on the test because you stayed up all night cramming.
D) You almost fall asleep at the wheel, so you pull off the road to take a short nap.

Question 11

According to the authors of your text, when faced with a puzzling social question, it may be tempting to ask people why they behaved as they did. Why is this not always the best way to understand social behavior?

A) People almost always lie when they are interviewed.
B) People would feel defensive, even when asked benign questions.
C) People would not necessarily know why they behaved as they did.
D) People would simply answer randomly.

Question 12

When social psychologists do research, they seek to answer questions with experimentation and measurement. By doing so, they are asking _______ questions.

A) empirical
B) esteem
C) common sense
D) social influence

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a direct persuasion attempt?

A) A bully threatens Billy and steals his lunch money.
B) Ramona works hard in school to make her mother proud.
C) Marianne thinks of her ex-boyfriend and becomes sad.
D) Jason moves from New York to Atlanta and picks up a Southern accent.

Question 14

Jada gives William her dessert at lunch in the hopes that he will like her. Jada's behavior is an example of

A) social cognition.
B) a direct social influence attempt.
C) a construal.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 15

After the mass suicides related to the cults at Jonestown, people tended to blame the victims and accuse them of being psychologically unstable or deranged. Social psychologists are more likely to explain these mass suicides as being due to

A) individual differences, such as antisocial personality.
B) mental illness in most of the cult members.
C) the social influence of cult leaders.
D) the imagined presence of an all-powerful deity.

Question 16

Not all social influence is direct or deliberate. Which of the following is the best example of more indirect or subtle social influence?

A) An advertising campaign is launched to promote a new soft drink.
B) A senatorial candidate delivers a speech to convince voters that she is not really liberal.
C) A parent disciplines his child by taking away her favorite toy.
D) A child sees other kids wearing their sweatshirts inside out and starts wearing his the same way.

Question 17

Social psychology is set apart from other ways of interpreting social behavior such as folk wisdom or literature because it is

A) based on observations of human nature.
B) an experimental science.
C) a theoretical approach.
D) reliant on objective measurement.

Question 18

In the introduction to Chapter 1, you read about a number of social phenomena: a young man broadcast his suicide live online; a father and son disagreed on the attractiveness of the same fraternity; and more than 800 people committed mass suicide in Jonestown, Guyana. What do these examples have in common? They

A) defy explanation.
B) describe socially deviant behavior.
C) reveal the power of social influence.
D) reflect the operation of deliberate persuasion attempts.

Question 19

The scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people is the definition of

A) psychology.
B) personality psychology.
C) social psychology.
D) sociology.

Question 20

According to the definition of social psychology presented in your text, social psychology is the study of how ________ affect the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of humans.

A) live social interactions with other humans
B) the presence of real or imagined others
C) other living things
D) perceptions of the social world

Question 21

Social psychologists tend to be more focused on ________, and personality psychologists tend to focus more on ________.

A) global issues; mental health
B) societal problems; therapies for psychological disorders
C) how people are unique; how people are similar
D) the influence of the situation; individual differences

Question 22

Assil has an educated guess about the social behavior of teenagers when their high school team wins the football game. That means that she has a(n) ______ about how the teens behave.

A) construal
B) hypothesis
C) Gestalt
D) explicit value

Question 23

Although the fields of sociology and social psychology are related, what distinguishes social psychology from the other?

A) It uses rigorous scientific methods; the other does not.
B) It examines how social situations impact individual's lives, whereas the other examines only the individual.
C) It examines the individual in the situation, whereas the other examines broader societal issues.
D) It examines social situations, but not the individuals in them.

Question 24

How would a personality psychologist most likely explain the mass suicide in Jonestown?

A) An increasingly complex and mobile society creates confusion and the need to belong to a group at any cost.
B) People who have traits of being unstable are more likely to join cults.
C) She wouldn't try to explain it; personality psychologists are not interested in suicide.
D) The leader's control over his followers increased slowly over time.

Question 25

Social and personality psychologists share which common goal?

A) understanding individual differences
B) understanding how the presence of others influences people
C) understanding people who are mentally ill
D) understanding causes of human behavior

Question 26

Like social psychologists, personality psychologists focus on

A) individuals rather than collectives or institutions.
B) the cultural context.
C) individual differences.
D) the power of construals to shape human behavior.

Question 27

Sometimes when we encounter behavior that is unpleasant or unexpected, we assume that something about the person-and not the situation-caused the behavior. In this sense, lay people are most like

A) sociologists.
B) personality psychologists.
C) social psychologists.
D) philosophers.

Question 28

"Are some people just better leaders than others?" Such a question about human nature is most likely to be asked by a

A) personality psychologist.
B) social psychologist.
C) philosopher.
D) sociologist.

Question 29

A personality psychologist would probably explain the suicides at Jonestown by focusing on the

A) conformist personality of the cult members.
B) power of the leader's charismatic techniques.
C) impact of living in a strange culture.
D) situational pressures to conform in the compound.

Question 30

Rahid's server in the restaurant just can't seem to get his order right. If Rahid has just read Chapter 1 on social influence and is thinking more like a social psychologist than before, what would he be most likely to think?

A) "This person is a chronic dolt."
B) "Our educational system is failing us."
C) "This person must have had a bad morning."
D) "Human beings are inherently lazy."

Question 31

Which of the following questions is most likely to be asked by a social psychologist?

A) Are some kinds of people more susceptible to recruitment into cults?
B) Do some types of people make better leaders than others?
C) Are some characteristics genetically determined?
D) What situations cause people to behave rudely?

Question 32

Although the fields of personality psychology and social psychology are related, what distinguishes social psychology from the other?

A) It uses rigorous scientific methods; the other does not.
B) It examines how social situations impact individual's lives, whereas the other examines only the individual.
C) It examines the individual, whereas the other examines broader societal issues.
D) It examines social situations, but not the individuals in them.

Question 33

Amber and Jules are friends but differ in how neat they keep their rooms. According to personality psychologists, the distinction between the friends can be referred to as a(n)

A) hypothesis.
B) social influence.
C) direct persuasion attempt.
D) individual difference.

Question 34

When a psychologist discusses individual differences, she is discussing

A) genetic variation.
B) differences in how people respond in different situations.
C) aspects of personality that make people differ from one another.
D) differences within a person in how to behave publicly versus privately.

Question 35

Shanika is an executive, and asked her assistant repeatedly to make some copies for her. The assistant repeatedly failed to successfully complete the assignment. If Shanika is thinking like a social psychologist about this situation, what is she most likely to think about her assistant?

A) "My assistant is incompetent and I should fire him immediately."
B) "All of my subordinates are incompetent."
C) "I am the only intelligent person in this office."
D) "Perhaps my assistant is under stress from something else."

Question 36

Dr. Levowitz researches the question, "Are some people more aggressive than others?" This type of question is most closely in the realm of

A) social psychology.
B) social influence.
C) personality psychology.
D) philosophy.

Question 37

A personality psychologist and social psychologist are having a discussion. The personality psychologist is more likely to be talking about

A) aspects of people that make them different from each other.
B) the influence of the situation on a person's behavior.
C) how different perspectives can change behavior.
D) the roles of perception and interpretation in behavior.

Question 38

Why is a scientific approach preferable to reliance on folk wisdom and common sense?

A) Common sense approaches focus on the situation and not on personality.
B) Nothing useful can be learned from journalists, philosophers, or social critics.
C) Science has tested and debunked most folk wisdom.
D) Folk wisdom and common sense are filled with contradictions.

Question 39

Professor Takahami is a personality psychologist interested in divorce. Which question is she most likely to investigate?

A) Have the changing roles of women contributed to divorce?
B) How does relationship satisfaction relate to divorce?
C) Are some types of people more likely to divorce than others?
D) Do children reduce the odds of divorce?

Question 40

Compared to social psychologists, personality psychologists are more likely to focus their attention on

A) subjective construals.
B) positive behaviors.
C) individual differences.
D) rewards and punishments.

Question 41

Consider the following research question: "Have no-fault divorce laws increased the rate of divorce in the United States?" This question is most likely to be asked by a

A) personality psychologist.
B) sociologist.
C) social psychologist.
D) philosopher.

Question 42

The major difference between sociology and social psychology is the

A) kinds of topics studied.
B) level of analysis used.
C) methods of research used.
D) ability to apply knowledge to address social problems.

Question 43

Which of the following is most likely to be studied by a social psychologist?

A) differences in nonverbal behavior between members of different cultures
B) the effects of social class on religious beliefs
C) the effects of occupational segregation on income
D) sex differences in self-concepts

Question 44

Which of the following is false with regard to cross-cultural research in social psychology? Social psychologists

A) find cross-cultural studies of social behavior valuable because these provide a test of the universality of laws of human behavior.
B) have only recently expanded their research beyond the United States.
C) find cross-cultural studies of social behavior valuable because these allow the use of research methods deemed unethical in the United States.
D) find cross-cultural studies of social behavior valuable because these allow the discovery of additional variables that enable more accurate prediction.

Question 45

Dr. Diehl and Dr. Jzreck both study aggression. However, Dr. Diehl studies the topic from the standpoint of society at large; Dr. Jrzeck studies it from the standpoint of the individual. Who is most likely to be the social psychologist?

A) Dr. Diehl, because she studies a societal problem.
B) Dr. Jzreck, because he studies individuals as his focus.
C) They could both be social psychologists, since they both study aggression.
D) Neither one is a social psychologist.

Question 46

Both social psychologists and sociologists are interested in aggression. Compared to sociologists, which of the following questions is a social psychologist most likely to ask?

A) What is the effect of handgun laws on homicide rates in different states?
B) When does anger lead to aggression?
C) Are homicide rates higher among members of the lower socioeconomic class?
D) Do prisons deter homicide?

Question 47

Which question about romantic relationships is a sociologist most likely to ask?

A) Why does absence make the heart grow fonder?
B) Do outgoing people make better romantic partners?
C) Is the capacity to love one of humanity's greatest achievements?
D) Why are marriage rates decreasing in the lower socioeconomic classes?

Question 48

Thomas is scrupulously honest when it comes to not cheating on his tests and papers, but when a cashier accidentally gives him back too much change, he is likely to keep the extra money. A social psychologist would most likely say that Thomas's behavior

A) reflects an immaturity because of its inconsistency.
B) must be responding to factors in the situation that affect his honesty.
C) is chaotic and unpredictable.
D) reflects his true immoral nature.

Question 49

Nanami and April were playing in the den when April's mother entered the room and scolded them for making a mess. Nanami decided then and there that April's mother was a grouch. Nanami's inference is an example of

A) the fundamental attribution error.
B) availability.
C) automatic thinking.
D) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 50

Sheila shows up for a blind date with her hair disheveled and her clothes a mess. Her date, Jamal, thinks, "She must be a total slob!" Jamal's thought about Sheila is an example of

A) individual differences.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) a strong social situation.
D) gender differences in perception.

Question 51

Which of the following statements most reflects a social psychological point of view?

A) I'll hire Justin to house-sit because he seems like a trustworthy type.
B) Sara won the competition because she is a hard-working person.
C) Fred offered to help because there was a certain someone watching whom he wanted to impress.
D) Janet's love for Jessica is an unconscious reflection of her childhood idealization of her mother.

Question 52

Social psychologists are interested in cross-cultural research because it

A) helps to understand the differences between societies.
B) demonstrates which aspects of human behavior are universal.
C) provides information about individual differences.
D) ultimately will lead to a better understanding of the causes of mental illness.

Question 53

The tendency most people have to discount situational explanations of behavior in favor of personality characteristics or traits is called the

A) character bias.
B) discounting effect.
C) fundamental attribution error.
D) blame assignment bias.

Question 54

Which of the following is the best definition of the fundamental attribution error?

A) people's strong need to see themselves as reasonably good, competent, and decent
B) the subjective way in which an object appears in people's minds
C) the influence of the real or imagined presence of others
D) the tendency to underestimate the power of social influence

Question 55

Which of the following social phenomena would be of interest to both social psychologists and sociologists?

A) the variation of homicide rates in China versus the U.S.
B) the role of competition between groups in increasing aggression
C) the relation between murder and social class
D) teaching frustrated people alternatives to aggression

Question 56

Professor Hume has spent the last ten years studying the effects of people's levels of self-esteem on their tendency to discriminate against others. She is most likely to be a

A) social psychologist.
B) sociologist.
C) personality psychologist.
D) political scientist.

Question 57

Social psychologists differ from sociologists in that social psychologists

A) are interested in how people are influenced by their social environments.
B) are concerned with people's perspectives of their social environments.
C) advocate the use of common sense.
D) are reliant on the insights of philosophers.

Question 58

By degree of their level of analysis, which of the following reflects the narrowest to broadest focus?

A) personality psychology, social psychology, sociology
B) personality psychology, sociology, social psychology
C) sociology, personality psychology, social psychology
D) social psychology, sociology, personality psychology

Question 59

One common goal of sociology and social psychology is to understand

A) how individuals function in modern society.
B) the processes of society at large.
C) how individuals are influenced by other people.
D) the influence of social factors on human behavior.

Question 60

Consider the following research question: "How has new computer technology changed the U.S. educational system?" This question is most likely to be asked by a(n)

A) social psychologist.
B) personality psychologist.
C) sociologist.
D) anthropologist.

Question 61

Ross and colleagues (2004) found that people playing the "Wall Street Game" were ________ competitive than people playing the "Community Game," ________ of individual differences in competitiveness and cooperativeness.

A) more; because
B) more; regardless
C) less; because
D) less; regardless

Question 62

Which of the following questions is a behaviorist most likely to ask?

A) How does the person construe this situation?
B) Are some types of people more likely to find praise reinforcing?
C) Why is a smile perceived as a reward?
D) What are the external rewards in this situation?

Question 63

Which of the following is a consequence of underestimating the power of social influence?

A) We perceive people as more inconsistent and variable than they really are.
B) We overestimate our vulnerability to social situations.
C) We tend to over-complicate simple situations.
D) We tend to oversimplify complex situations.

Question 64

When Monique plays checkers with her younger sister, she lets her sister win. When she plays with her older brother, she does everything she can to beat him. A social psychologist would suggest that

A) Monique's personality is unstable.
B) Monique is ambivalent in how she feels about her siblings.
C) Monique is responding to different social situations.
D) Monique is blindly obedient to the rules of the game.

Question 65

When we commit the fundamental attribution error, we ________ the power of ________.

A) overestimate; the situation
B) overestimate; personal influence
C) underestimate; personality characteristics
D) underestimate; personal motivations

Question 66

Ross and colleagues (2004) randomly assigned participants previously identified as either competitive or cooperative to one of two games: the "Wall Street Game" or the "Community Game." They found that two-thirds of the players in the "Wall Street Game" behaved competitively compared to one-third of people who played the "Community Game" who behaved competitively What do these findings suggest?

A) True personality differences do not exist.
B) It is not important to study individual differences in personality.
C) Seemingly minor aspects of a social situation can override personality differences.
D) All the competitive people ended up playing the "Wall Street Game."

Question 67

Professor Srinivasan is a psychologist, yet does not study cognition, thoughts, or feelings because she claims that they are not rooted in observable behavior. Professor Srinivasan is most likely a

A) Gestalt psychologist.
B) personality psychologist.
C) clinician.
D) behaviorist.

Question 68

Professor Jaffrey believes that children learn to be polite when they are rewarded for saying things like "Please" and "Thank you." Professor Jaffrey is most likely a ________ psychologist.

A) Gestalt
B) personality
C) behavioral
D) cognitive

Question 69

Jake had a hypothesis about the outcome of the Ross and colleagues (2004) study about the "Wall Street Game" and the "Community Game." Jake hypothesized that the players would respond based on their personalities, not just the name of the game they played. His hypothesis is most likely based on which tendency?

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) construals
C) direct social influence
D) fundamental attribution error

Question 70

Linda tells her professor that her dog is very smart. Every time he hears the word "walkies," he runs to get his leash and stands in front of the door. Linda's professor tells her that her dog has learned to do this because in the past, pleasant walks always followed the word "walkies." Linda's professor is most likely endorsing a ________ explanation.

A) behaviorist
B) cognitive
C) Gestalt
D) comparative

Question 71

Which of the following relatively "famous" psychologists is a behaviorist?

A) Wolfgang Kohler
B) Lee Ross
C) B. F. Skinner
D) Kurt Lewin

Question 72

The behaviorist approach

A) has its historical roots in Gestalt psychology.
B) revolutionized psychology by introducing cognitive concepts.
C) claims that all learning occurs through reinforcement and punishment.
D) claims that although thinking and feeling cannot be directly observed, such concepts are essential for a complete understanding of human behavior.

Question 73

Which of the following is not a consequence of underestimating the power of social influence?

A) We become vulnerable to social influence because our guard is lowered.
B) We come to blame victims for their tragedies.
C) We become aware of the psychological processes that people have in common with one another.
D) We believe that tragedies we read about could not happen to us.

Question 74

In discussing the issue of parental discipline, which of the following professionals would be least likely to remind parents that it is important to consider how the child views being punished?

A) a behaviorist
B) a social psychologist
C) a philosopher
D) a journalist

Question 75

In explaining why so many people watching on the Internet failed to come to the aid of Abraham Biggs, who committed suicide, a behaviorist would most likely address the

A) viewers' interpretations of the video.
B) danger or inconvenience that faced anyone who intervened.
C) conflicting feelings of the viewers.
D) relationships between the viewers and Abraham.

Question 76

In trying to make sense of the mass suicide in Jonestown, a behaviorist would probably examine the

A) rewards and punishments that Jim Jones used to influence his followers.
B) prior mental health of the people who committed suicide.
C) attitudes and values of the people who committed suicide.
D) contents of the speeches that Jim Jones delivered to his followers.

Question 77

Which of the following people have fallen prey to the fundamental attribution error?

A) Cindy, who explains her poor exam performance by pointing out how hard the questions were.
B) Tim, who points to a person who fell down and says, "What a clumsy oaf!"
C) Guillermo, who explains his girlfriend's tears by saying, "She didn't get enough sleep last night."
D) Dien, who points to an erratic driver and says, "Look at that! The roads are slick tonight."

Question 78

Ross and colleagues (2004) randomly assigned participants previously identified as cooperative or competitive to play a game that was labeled either the "Wall Street Game" or the "Community Game." If their results had indicated that, no matter what the game, participants who were identified as competitive behaved more competitively in both groups than did participants who were identified as cooperative, these findings would have suggested that

A) seemingly minor aspects of a social situation can override personality differences.
B) cooperation and competition are based on personality characteristics that are consistent across social situations.
C) competitive participants in the "Wall Street Game" caused their partners to respond in kind.
D) cooperative participants in the "Community Game" caused their partners to respond in kind.

Question 79

To understand humans, one needs only to know about environmental rewards and punishments. This statement would most likely be endorsed by a strict

A) behaviorist.
B) Gestaltist.
C) environmental psychologist.
D) social psychologist.

Question 80

Behaviorists believe that all learning is a result of

A) reinforcement and punishment.
B) interpretation.
C) emotion.
D) Gestalt principles.