Deck 13: Prejudice: Causes and Cures

Question 1

Shane believes that women are more dependent, more nurturing, more intuitive, and less rational than men. These are examples of Shane's ________ women.

A) prejudice toward
B) stereotypes about
C) discrimination against
D) negative affect toward

Answer 1

stereotypes about

Question 2

Which of the following statements about prejudice is false?

A) Everyone, no matter their origin, is a potential target of prejudice.
B) While our enemies regard us in distorted fashion, our allies perceive us without prejudice.
C) Prejudices exist for nationalities, gender, sexual orientation, religion, and aspects of appearance and health.
D) Prejudices tend to "cut both ways"; if we have prejudice about one group, they will have prejudices about us.

Answer 2

While our enemies regard us in distorted fashion, our allies perceive us without prejudice.

Question 3

________ is to affect as ________ is to cognition.

A) Stereotype; prejudice
B) Discrimination; stereotype
C) Prejudice; discrimination
D) Prejudice; stereotype

Answer 3

Prejudice; stereotype

Question 4

Stereotypes are perpetuated in a culture. Thus, members of a culture may not believe the stereotypes, but most

A) will subscribe to them as adults.
B) will be aware of what the stereotypes are.
C) will use them to judge others.
D) have experiences that are in line with the stereotype.

Question 5

________ refers to an attitude toward a distinguishable group of people based solely on their group membership.

A) Discrimination
B) Stereotypes
C) Racism
D) Prejudice

Question 6

According to the authors, one nearly inevitable consequence of being the target of relentless prejudice is

A) genocide.
B) discrimination.
C) lower self-esteem.
D) rebellion.

Question 7

One reason why logical arguments often fail to change stereotypes is that they are emotion-based arguments. The other reason is that

A) attitudes are organized such that schema-consistent information is given more attention.
B) stereotypes are perpetuated so strongly in the news media.
C) people who are prejudiced tend to also have lower I.Q.s.
D) stereotypes are usually ingrained since birth.

Question 8

When Gordon Allport (1954) described stereotyping as "the law of least effort," he was suggesting that stereotypes arise

A) from personal experience.
B) to help us conserve cognitive energy.
C) at the service of the ego.
D) to justify objectionable actions quickly and easily.

Question 9

Which of the following best exemplifies the concept "prejudice" as used by social psychologists?

A) At parties, Lynne tends to seek out people who, like her, are psychology majors.
B) Kevin feels mistrustful of and uncomfortable around people from the Middle East.
C) Maria seldom hangs out with people who are not Catholic.
D) Barbara believes that women are smarter than men.

Question 10

Prejudice against ethnic minorities is well-known. Which of the following is true about the limits of who experiences prejudice?

A) Only ethnic minorities experience prejudice and discrimination.
B) Only ethnic minorities and women experience prejudice.
C) Any group can experience prejudice.
D) Prejudice is a thing of the past; no groups experience it anymore.

Question 11

According to your text, prejudice can be considered a(n)

A) attitude.
B) cognition.
C) belief.
D) estimation.

Question 12

The term ________ was coined by journalist Walter Lippman (1922), who referred to these phenomena as "the little pictures we carry around in our heads."

A) generalization
B) heuristics
C) prejudgments
D) stereotype

Question 13

Although psychologists usually refer to stereotypes only in a ________ sense, it is possible for a person to have a ________ stereotype about a particular group.

A) benign; destructive
B) positive; negative
C) negative; positive
D) specific; diffuse

Question 14

When asked to imagine someone who fits the description "construction worker," many people picture a man in a hard hat and work clothes. Such mental images of a group of people are examples of

A) prejudices.
B) stereotypes.
C) evaluations.
D) scripts.

Question 15

Which of the following examples best captures the social-psychological concept of a stereotype?

A) Arlene refuses to enter an elevator in which men are riding.
B) Mitch believes that women are seductive, duplicitous, and not to be trusted.
C) Aaron becomes uncomfortable when a man sits too close to him.
D) Nicole avoids homeless people on the street.

Question 16

________ are generalizations about a group of people in which identical characteristics are ascribed to all members of the group, regardless of within-group variations.

A) Schemas
B) Stereotypes
C) In-group biases
D) Negative stereotypes

Question 17

Stereotypes are the ________ component of a negative attitude toward a group of people.

A) denotative
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) affective

Question 18

Kevin only buys clothes made in America. He never buys clothes made in India or Pakistan. This demonstrates the ________ component of his attitude.

A) affective
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) disabling

Question 19

Stereotyping is a way of ________ the complex information around us, and thus is sometimes ________.

A) coding; destructive
B) simplifying; adaptive
C) justifying; reassuring
D) judging; decisive

Question 20

Lucas reads an article in the newspaper about a man recently arrested for polygamy. "Yuck! That lifestyle disgusts me!" Lucas says with disdain. Lucas is expressing his ________ about polygamy.

A) stereotypes
B) beliefs
C) prejudice
D) politically correct opinion

Question 21

You don't know very many people with visible tattoos, but you happen to observe that when fights break out, they seem to involve people with tattoos. You draw the conclusion that there must be an association between having tattoos and being prone to aggression. This conclusion reflects a(n)

A) subliminal prime of stereotypic information.
B) automatic activation of your stereotype.
C) artificial association.
D) illusory correlation.

Question 22

A cashier at the store assumes that because his next customer is elderly, she will take a long time to pay. The cashier is using his stereotypes about the elderly and not taking the time or energy to carefully consider each customer in his line as an individual. His use of stereotypes best exemplifies Allport's idea of

A) the contact hypothesis.
B) the law of least effort.
C) scapegoating.
D) natural prejudice.

Question 23

Some would argue that the stereotype that African Americans are athletic is flattering. Which of the following is one reason why it is abusive?

A) It is a gross overgeneralization.
B) It is denying Caucasian children the opportunity to play sports.
C) It implies that African Americans are built for hard labor.
D) It is a means of scapegoating.

Question 24

You don't know very many people with blue hair, but you happen to observe that when fights break out, they seem to involve people with blue hair. You draw the conclusion that people with blue hair are particularly violent, even though they are not. This conclusion reflects a(n)

A) subliminal prime of stereotypic information.
B) automatic activation of a stereotype.
C) artificial association.
D) illusory correlation.

Question 25

A(n) ________ refers to the tendency to see relations between objects or events that are not actually related.

A) artificial association
B) incidental inference
C) illusory correlation
D) bogus association

Question 26

One common stereotype about women that your text discusses is that they tend to be

A) aggressive.
B) better than men at throwing long distances.
C) more nurturing.
D) good at math.

Question 27

Stereotypes are beneficial to the extent that they

A) are selectively applied.
B) simplify a complex social world.
C) are reserved for ambiguous situations.
D) minimize differences within a group of people.

Question 28

Researchers exposed participants to a twenty-minute audiotape of a college basketball game. In this research, "Mark Flick" was rated by participants as more athletic if the participants thought he was

A) Japanese.
B) Caucasian .
C) African American.
D) Hispanic.

Question 29

Which of the following is out of place?

A) hostile
B) nurturing
C) cowardly
D) incompetent

Question 30

If someone from Texas and someone from Massachusetts were asked about their stereotypes of Hollywood actors, they would probably have remarkably similar stereotypes. This is because stereotypes are perpetuated in a culture on a large scale through

A) heredity.
B) religion.
C) the media.
D) politicians.

Question 31

Stereotypes are harmful to the extent they

A) exist.
B) are overgeneralized to members of a group.
C) are based on experience.
D) reduce cognitive effort.

Question 32

You have seen few people with nose rings, and few car accidents in your life. You happen to observe several car accidents involving people with nose rings, and come to the conclusion that people with nose rings drive badly. You have just created a(n)

A) illusory correlation.
B) plausible judgment.
C) incidental inference.
D) artifactual connection.

Question 33

In the past, journalists would routinely report the race of an alleged criminal when he or she was black, but not when he or she was white. This media practice was likely to confirm in some readers' minds the tendency of African Americans to commit criminal behavior. This phenomenon illustrates

A) a liberal media bias.
B) automatic activation of stereotypes.
C) an illusory correlation.
D) cognitive busyness.

Question 34

Keep in mind Gordon Allport's (1954) description of stereotyping as "the law of least effort." From Allport's perspective, people are often

A) motivated tacticians.
B) cognitive misers.
C) prone to scapegoating.
D) lay scientists.

Question 35

Researchers exposed participants to a twenty-minute audiotape of a college basketball game. Half of the participants were led to believe that one player, Mark Flick, was African American, and the other half were led to believe that Mark Flick was Caucasian. When participants were asked to rate Mark Flick's performance,

A) they rated the "white" Mark Flick as a uniformly better player.
B) white participants and black participants demonstrated a "same race" bias.
C) they rated the "African American" Mark Flick as more athletic.
D) they did not rate the "African-American" and "white" Mark Flick differently.

Question 36

Research on the illusory correlation indicates that a correlation is found between minority status and negative events because minority status is

A) informative.
B) powerless.
C) distinctive.
D) poor.

Question 37

Alan just met Tina who is from a small rural town in the South. Alan believes that people from the South are narrow-minded, conservatively religious, and prudish. Tina, however, is none of these. What will Alan think?

A) His stereotype about southerners is incorrect.
B) Tina is an exception to his stereotype about southerners.
C) His stereotype needs revision.
D) His emotions about Tina aren't appropriate.

Question 38

A benevolent sexist would endorse which of the following statements?

A) "Women are just not capable of doing good science."
B) "Women should not serve in the military because they aren't as brave as men."
C) "Women should stay home because they are too precious and sweet to waste on the working world."
D) "Women shouldn't teach men because they aren't very intelligent."

Question 39

Because we live in a ________ society, many men have feelings of ________ towards women.

A) patriarchal; ambivalence
B) patriarchal; hatred
C) modern; pleasure
D) modern; fear

Question 40

Julius is an African American and Mike is a Caucasian; both are basketball players for high-school teams. They both score same number of baskets and have similar records of assists, rebounds, and free throws. According to information from your text, who would be viewed as having more athletic ability and as having played a better game overall?

A) Mike
B) Julius
C) It depends on the ethnicity of the person you ask.
D) They would be view equally.

Question 41

Both benevolent sexism and hostile sexism are alike in that they

A) put women on a pedestal.
B) idealize women romantically.
C) have uniformly negative views of women.
D) view women as the weaker sex.

Question 42

Which of the following groups of people is not protected by national laws banning discrimination in the workplace?

A) women
B) homosexuals
C) ethnic minorities
D) people with disabilities

Question 43

Men who are "benevolent sexists" have positive feelings about women as a group, but

A) while their views may be old-fashioned, there is no harm in them.
B) unconsciously have a strong underlying hatred of women.
C) are not inclined to put women on a pedestal or idealize them romantically.
D) their views also serve to justify relegating women to traditional, stereotyped roles.

Question 44

According to some research, the degree of ________ prejudice has declined, but the degree of ________ prejudice keeps it alive under the surface.

A) implicit; explicit
B) explicit; implicit
C) benevolent; hostile
D) hostile; benevolent

Question 45

Tara's boss always calls her "Miss," but refers to his other employees by name. He also goes out of his way to hold open a door for her, and has asked her a number of times to bring in some of her fabulous cookies for the office. Tara is experiencing ________ sexism from her boss.

A) hostile
B) puerile
C) benign
D) benevolent

Question 46

Jessica isn't invited to a Super Bowl party her coworkers are throwing because she's a woman. Jessica is experiencing ________ from her coworkers.

A) discrimination
B) prejudice
C) hostile sexism
D) race-based exclusion

Question 47

Which of the following is not a microaggression?

A) seating an African American couple in the terrible seats near the kitchen door
B) speaking loudly and slowly to the blind guy on the project team
C) locking the car door when getting out at home
D) telling the Asian man at the grocery that his English is not too bad

Question 48

Ken needs help with his algebra homework. He looks around the room at his new roommates and blurts out, "Hiro, you're good at math, right? You can help me with my homework." Because Hiro is Japanese American, Ken assumes he's good at math. This represents a(n)

A) microaggression
B) prejudice
C) discrimination
D) scapegoat

Question 49

Based on the results of a field study on employers' reactions to homosexual job applicants, which of the following interactions is most likely to occur?

A) When Jarvis, who is gay, responds to an ad for a salesperson, the employer is open and friendly, but indicates that the job has already been filled (even though the ad just appeared that morning).
B) When Stacia, who is a lesbian, responds to an ad for a waitress, the restaurant owner calls her back for a second interview but is not very talkative and does not make eye contact with her.
C) When Marvin, who is gay, responds to an ad for a bank teller, the interviewer is verbally abrupt and does not even allow him to fill out an application.
D) When Holly, who is a lesbian, responds to an ad for a receptionist, the boss is verbally very friendly and calls her back for a second interview.

Question 50

Modern racism is ________ than "traditional" prejudice.

A) more blatant
B) more indirect
C) more explicit
D) less serious

Question 51

Which of the following is an example of discrimination?

A) Luke thinks all women are manipulative.
B) Ryan feels mistrustful of Jews.
C) Laura scoots over a few feet when an African American sits next to her in a waiting room.
D) Jenny believes that all Hispanics are fluent in Spanish and can cook terrific Tex-Mex food.

Question 52

Discrimination is the ________ component of negative attitudes toward a group of people.

A) cognitive
B) pejorative
C) affective
D) behavioral

Question 53

Findings in research (Dovidio & Gaertner, 2008) on prejudice suggest that for many people, prejudice

A) lurks just below the surface.
B) does not exist.
C) is consciously active all of the time.
D) leads to aggression

Question 54

John, who is gay, goes on a job interview. His interviewers give him very good reviews, but seemed aloof and didn't make a lot of small talk or eye contact with him. In this example, John was the target of

A) prejudice.
B) formal discrimination.
C) homophilia.
D) interpersonal discrimination.

Question 55

The definition of ________ is "unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because of his or her membership in that group."

A) affirmative action
B) prejudice
C) discrimination
D) racism

Question 56

Tina's dad is a benevolent sexist. He's most likely to approve of which of the following as Tina's choice of major?

A) Law. He's looking forward to her becoming a defense attorney.
B) Art. He wants her to continue making the world beautiful.
C) Chemistry. He would like for her to use her talents to make an incredible amount of money.
D) Criminal justice. He wants her to be the first female chief of police of their town.

Question 57

At work, Julie is often told, "Get out of the way, this is man's work, little woman." Her coworkers will often belittle her when she makes a tiny mistake, but let it slide when another man makes a similar mistake. Julie is experiencing ________ sexism.

A) hostile
B) puerile
C) malignant
D) benevolent

Question 58

According to research presented in your text, homosexuals are more likely to encounter ________ discrimination and less likely to encounter ________ discrimination.

A) formal; informal
B) interpersonal; formal
C) formal; interpersonal
D) informal; violent

Question 59

Results of a field study on how homosexuals are treated when they apply for jobs indicate that there was

A) no evidence of any kind of discrimination against homosexual applicants.
B) significant formal discrimination against homosexual applicants (e.g., employers being less likely to indicate that jobs were still available), but no informal discrimination (e.g., less eye contact).
C) no formal discrimination against homosexual applicants (e.g., employers being less likely to indicate that jobs were still available), but there was significant informal discrimination (e.g., less eye contact).
D) both formal discrimination against homosexual applicants (e.g., employers being less likely to indicate that jobs were still available) and informal discrimination (e.g., less eye contact).

Question 60

According to some research, the degree of explicit prejudice has declined, but because of implicit prejudice it has

A) gone underground and become more overt.
B) gone underground and become more covert..
C) become a thing of the past.
D) become irrelevant to the lives of students today.

Question 61

According to social-psychological research, someone who would score high on modern racism

A) is prejudiced at the automatic level but not the controlled level.
B) is prejudiced at the controlled level but not the automatic level.
C) is prejudiced at both the automatic level and controlled level.
D) always exhibits racist behaviors even though he or she means well.

Question 62

As the only African American in his class, LaMonte tends to worry about committing errors because he does not want his white counterparts to think that all African Americans are intellectually inferior. LaMonte is experiencing

A) class anxiety.
B) stereotype threat.
C) group hostility.
D) attribution error.

Question 63

In a series of experiments, Steele and Aronson (1995) had both African-American and Anglo-American students at Stanford University take a verbal test. In one condition, the test was described as a valid measure of intelligence, and in the other condition, the test was described as neither a reliable nor valid measure of intelligence. In the former condition, African Americans performed more poorly than did Anglo Americans because

A) African Americans were overwhelmed by a fear of success.
B) African Americans experienced stereotype threat.
C) Anglo Americans were determined that African Americans would not "outscore" them.
D) African Americans shared the cultural stereotype.

Question 64

Critics of the Implicit Association Test propose that the best way to measure implicit prejudice is to observe people then they are

A) spending money.
B) stressed or angry.
C) happy.
D) talking with friends.

Question 65

The underlying reason why stereotype threat can undermine the performance of members of a group with respect to some ability is that the experience of stereotype threat fosters

A) depression and low self-esteem.
B) anger and aggression.
C) evaluation apprehension.
D) the self-verification motive.

Question 66

Researchers had participants look at photos of African American and white young men holding various objects in their hand. The participants' job was to determine if the object in the hand was a gun or not, and to press a button labeled "shoot" if the object was a gun. This research demonstrated a greater likelihood to

A) press the button and "shoot" the black young men, regardless of what they were holding.
B) press the button and "shoot" the white young men, regardless of what they were holding.
C) not press the button at all and thereby be shot themselves.
D) press the button for every young man they saw.

Question 67

Which of the following people is most likely to experience stereotype threats?

A) an African-American student who believes that he is about to take a test that measures intellectual ability
B) an African-American student who believes that her performance on the test will not reveal anything about her actual intellectual ability
C) a white student who believes that he is about to take a test that measures intellectual ability
D) a white student who believes that his performance on the test will not reveal anything about his actual intellectual ability

Question 68

Gabriella is driving during rush hour through a neighborhood where most of the people are African American. Her children in the backseat are arguing and she's trying to remember a list of items she needs to retrieve from the grocery. Even though she is ________ in prejudice, she finds herself locking her car doors because she has ________ cognitive resources with which to examine and change her behavior.

A) high; ample
B) low; ample
C) low; few
D) high; few

Question 69

John says he is against the practice of bussing, but it turns out that he has no objections when his own children are bussed to a school in an all-white neighborhood. This suggests that John's attitude towards bussing is a result of

A) cognitive dissonance reduction.
B) realistic conflict.
C) overt racism.
D) modern racism.

Question 70

Arnold is taking a test which measures his reaction time to faces paired with words. When he responds more slowly to black faces paired with positive words it means he has a

A) negative implicit prejudice.
B) positive implicit prejudice.
C) negative explicit prejudice.
D) positive explicit prejudice.

Question 71

________ refers to the apprehension among minority group members that they might confirm to existing cultural stereotypes.

A) Performance ambivalence
B) Stereotype threat
C) Stereotypic anxiety
D) Evaluation apprehension

Question 72

Even non-prejudiced participants in research by Devine (1989) can recognize such negative stereotypes as "Jews are materialistic" or "African Americans are hostile." Still, non-prejudiced participants do not endorse those stereotypes. This is because the activation of stereotypes is ________, whereas the refutation of stereotypes is ________.

A) automatic; controlled
B) controlled; automatic
C) difficult; effortless
D) distressing; a relief

Question 73

The bogus pipeline is an instrument that was developed to measure attitudes that are otherwise difficult to measure because

A) of motivations to give a socially desirable response.
B) the attitudes in question are negative rather than positive.
C) the attitudes in question are weak and not clearly developed.
D) participants feel ambivalent about the issue in question.

Question 74

Devine's (1989) research indicates that both low-prejudiced and high-prejudiced people's stereotypes are ________, but low-prejudiced people want to ________ their stereotypes.

A) suspended; activate
B) accessible; suspend
C) known; reveal
D) common; use

Question 75

When we have unwittingly caused our stereotypic expectations to be confirmed by an out-group member's behavior, we have actually created a(n)

A) self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) minimal group bias.
D) expectations relapse.

Question 76

Researchers (Word, Zanna, & Cooper, 1974) tested the self-fulfilling prophecy as it relates to prejudice. They observed the differential behaviors of Anglo-American interviewers who interviewed either African-American or Anglo-American job candidates. They then trained other interviewers to manifest these two different interview styles. When the new interviewers later interviewed Anglo-American job applicants, the applicants who were treated as African Americans in the first study

A) confronted the interviewers and terminated the conversation.
B) actually behaved in less effective and comfortable ways.
C) experienced a loss of self-esteem.
D) became more convinced that their initial negative expectations were confirmed.

Question 77

In contemporary stereotyping research such as that conducted by Devine (1989), out-group stereotypes are typically activated by

A) asking participants to interpret stories of in-group and out-group members.
B) exposing participants to "subliminal" cues associated with out-group members.
C) asking participants to generate as many out-group stereotypes as they can.
D) providing participants with out-group stereotypes and having participants refute them.

Question 78

________ refers to the idea that because people have learned to hide prejudiced attitudes to avoid allegations of racism, they reveal their prejudice in more subtle and indirect ways.

A) Realistic conflict theory
B) Scapegoating
C) Modern racism
D) Displacement

Question 79

Devine (1989) argues that even though we all hold ________ stereotypes, ________ can influence whether we believe and act on them.

A) negative; experience
B) automatically activated; conscious processing
C) simple; complex contradictory information
D) gender; interacting with others

Question 80

Researchers (Rogers & Prentice-Dunn, 1981) conducted a Milgram study with in which participants believed they were either shocking a Caucasian or an African-American "learner." The pattern of the results for African-American learners can be best described as:

A) Caucasians used lower levels of shock.
B) Caucasians used higher levels of shock.
C) Caucasians used lower levels of shock initially, then higher levels after being insulted.
D) Caucasians used higher levels of shock initially, then lower levels after being insulted.