Deck 6: Sensation and Perception

Question 1

Milgram's studies explored _____; Asch's studies explored _____.

A) obedience; conformity
B) conformity; norm formation
C) obedience; norm formation
D) conformity; obedience

Answer 1

obedience; conformity

Question 2

Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing, is called

A) obedience.
B) acceptance.
C) cohesiveness.
D) compliance.

Answer 2

compliance.

Question 3

In the context of conformity, Asch's experiments lacked _____ but did possess _____.

A) experimental realism; mundane realism
B) mundane realism; experimental realism
C) validity; reliability
D) reliability; validity

Answer 3

mundane realism; experimental realism

Question 4

When our behavior is a result of our boss telling us to do something, it is a form of

A) obedience.
B) cohesiveness.
C) progression.
D) reactance.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a reason we yawn?

A) calmness
B) tension release
C) sleepiness
D) see others yawn

Question 6

While control participants were correct about line-length judgments more than 99 percent of the time in Asch's conformity study, his naive participants conformed to the incorrect judgments of others ___ percent of the time.

A) 12
B) 37
C) 65
D) 87

Question 7

According to Tanya Chartrand and John Bargh, mimicking someone else's behavior is known as _____.

A) the chameleon effect
B) the looking-glass self-effect
C) the false consensus effect
D) the false uniqueness effect

Question 8

Acting in accord with a direct order or command is called

A) obedience.
B) cohesiveness.
C) progression.
D) reactance.

Question 9

Suggestibility to problems that spreads throughout a large group of people is known as

A) collective narcissism.
B) social influence.
C) groupthink.
D) mass hysteria.

Question 10

A classmate across the room yawns and then several other students yawn. This is an example of

A) informational influence.
B) the false consensus effect.
C) group cohesion.
D) the chameleon effect.

Question 11

If you clean your room only because your parents order you to, your behavior is most likely a form of

A) obedience.
B) cohesiveness.
C) progression.
D) conciliation.

Question 12

After hearing a great deal about the benefits of soy products from your friends, you decide to drink soy milk instead of cow's milk. Your behavior is an example of

A) obedience.
B) acceptance.
C) progression.
D) commonality.

Question 13

A change in behavior or belief to accord with others is called

A) conciliation.
B) commonality.
C) conformity.
D) deindividuation.

Question 14

Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure is called

A) obedience.
B) acceptance.
C) reactance.
D) compliance.

Question 15

A year after his original study, Sherif's participants were retested alone and gave answers that supported the original group's norm. This suggests that the process involved

A) progression.
B) compliance.
C) obedience.
D) acceptance.

Question 16

After hearing so much about the dangers of smoking cigarettes from the media and seeing numbers of people who quit the habit, Jacob finally realizes that smoking is dangerous and therefore he quits. His behavior is an example of

A) obedience.
B) acceptance.
C) reactance.
D) compliance.

Question 17

Sherif is to the study of _____ as Asch is to the study of _____.

A) conformity; compliance
B) compliance; conformity
C) group pressure; norm formation
D) norm formation; group pressure

Question 18

In 2006, a character on a Portuguese TV show popular with teenagers suffered from a mysterious illness involving a rash, dizziness, and difficulty breathing. Soon after the episode aired students at 14 schools reported the same symptoms. This is an example of

A) the false uniqueness effect.
B) mass hysteria.
C) psychological reactance.
D) attitude polarization.

Question 19

Chartrand and Bargh (1999) found that participants in an experiment who worked alongside another person who occasionally rubbed her face were unwittingly more likely to rub their face. They called this

A) the chameleon effect.
B) mood linkage.
C) the false consensus effect.
D) automatic processing.

Question 20

In Western individualistic societies, the word "conformity" carries

A) a positive connotation.
B) a negative connotation.
C) a neutral connotation.
D) both positive and negative connotations.

Question 21

In a variation of the Milgram study, the learner was in the same room as the teacher. Under these conditions

A) there was no change in resulting shocks.
B) there was a decrease in compliance to shock.
C) there was an increase in compliance to shock.
D) there were less complaints from the victims.

Question 22

In a study by Hofling and his colleagues (1966), 22 hospital nurses were telephoned by an unknown physician and ordered to administer an obvious drug overdose. Results showed that

A) most would not act on the order unless the caller named a familiar physician as a reference.
B) most nurses refused to comply unless given the order in writing.
C) less experienced nurses complied but more experienced ones challenged the order.
D) all but one proceeded to comply without delay.

Question 23

In one variation of his original experiment, Milgram arranged for a second confederate (posing as a fellow participant) to assume command in the experimenter's absence. As a result of this manipulation,

A) most teachers agreed to comply with the orders of their fellow group member.
B) the teachers competed with him and with each other for the role of leader.
C) participants became more positive about their roles in this cohesive group, and some even became enthusiastic.
D) 80 percent of the teachers refused to comply fully.

Question 24

Asch's conformity experiments showed that most people

A) go along with others' decisions.
B) conform even when wrong.
C) tell the truth even when others do not.
D) become confused when confronted.

Question 25

Consistent with what is known about personalization, Lydon and Dunkel-Schetter (1994) found that expectant women expressed more _____ to their pregnancies after seeing an ultrasound photo of the fetus.

A) apathy
B) resentment
C) commitment
D) hostility

Question 26

A psychiatrist who interviewed 40 of Milgram's participants a year after their participation concluded that

A) none had been harmed.
B) many were suspicious of all authorities.
C) a minority of them had lowered self-esteem.
D) most regretted having served in Milgram's study.

Question 27

As an example of the liberating effects of group influence, _____ percent of the participants in a variation of Milgram's study conformed to the confederate's behavior when the confederates defied the experimenter.

A) 90
B) 45
C) 20
D) 10

Question 28

Several restaurant managers complied with orders from a telephone caller, posing as a police officer, to strip search a customer or employee. This is an example of the power of _____ on compliance.

A) group influence
B) personality factors
C) the closeness of authority
D) the legitimacy of authority

Question 29

The results of both the Sherif and Asch studies are startling because their studies did not employ any

A) judgments about ambiguous stimuli.
B) groups larger than four persons.
C) experimental realism.
D) open, obvious pressure to conform.

Question 30

In Milgram's research, when the experimenter gave the commands by telephone instead of in person, full obedience

A) dropped to zero.
B) dropped to 21 percent.
C) dropped to 50 percent.
D) increased to 73 percent.

Question 31

In light of the Milgram studies, which of the following is NOT one of the factors that determined obedience?

A) the victim's similarity to the teacher
B) the victim's emotional distance
C) the authority's closeness and legitimacy
D) whether or not the authority was institutionalized

Question 32

When we learn about a person's death on the news, we tend to feel more sadness especially when the person's photograph is displayed on the television many times. This is primarily

A) due to the false uniqueness effect.
B) because of personalization of the victim.
C) due to the victims' physical distance.
D) because of the false consensus effect.

Question 33

When Milgram asked 110 psychiatrists, college students, and middle-class adults to predict the results of his experiment, the respondents said that they thought _____.

A) they themselves would never begin to administer the shocks
B) they themselves would disobey by about 135 volts
C) other people would disobey by about 210 volts
D) other people would go all the way to 450 volts

Question 34

The most famous, or infamous, experiments in scientific psychology were conducted by

A) Sherif.
B) Milgram.
C) Asch.
D) Watson.

Question 35

In follow-up experiments to his initial study, Milgram made the learner's protests more compelling by having him complain of a heart condition, then scream and plead for release, and finally refuse to answer. With this added condition,

A) the majority of participants still fully obeyed the experimenter's demands.
B) teachers were more reluctant to deliver initial shocks.
C) learners became more real and personal to the teacher.
D) fewer participants went to 450 volts.

Question 36

In a variation of the Milgram study, teachers were required to force the learner's hand into contact with a shock plate. Under these conditions,

A) there was no change in resulting shocks.
B) there was a decrease in compliance to shock.
C) there was an increase in compliance to shock.
D) there were less complaints from the victims.

Question 37

When participants in Milgram's experiments wanted to quit, they were given

A) shocks to keep them going.
B) money as an incentive to keep going.
C) up to four verbal prods to keep them going.
D) a reward for being one of the few to disobey.

Question 38

When Milgram's experimental series was reenacted in Bridgeport, Connecticut, far from the prestige and authority of Yale University, the proportion of participants who fully complied with orders to shock the learner _____ compared to the Yale rate.

A) remained unchanged
B) decreased
C) doubled
D) increased moderately

Question 39

The experimenter in Milgram's study used all EXCEPT which of the following verbal prods to encourage participants to continue?

A) "It is absolutely essential that you continue."
B) "You will be penalized if you refuse to go on."
C) "You have no other choice; you must go on."
D) "The experiment requires that you continue."

Question 40

When Milgram conducted his first series of experiments with a sample of 20- to 50-year-old men, he found that over 60 percent of them

A) refused to deliver shocks beyond 150 volts.
B) refused to deliver shocks past the 300-volt level.
C) went all the way to 450 volts.
D) asked to be released from the experiment by 135 volts.

Question 41

When we go along with the crowd to avoid rejection, or to gain their approval, we are conforming because of

A) false consensus.
B) impact bias.
C) normative influence.
D) informational influence.

Question 42

In experiments, people have been found to conform more when they must _____ than when they must _____.

A) respond publicly; write down their responses in private
B) commit themselves in writing; announce their responses in public
C) think before acting; react spontaneously
D) explain their responses; keep silent

Question 43

Which of following statements is FALSE about the research findings on conformity and obedience?

A) Behavior and attitudes are mutually reinforced.
B) Small acts of evil can foster an attitude that leads to larger acts of evil.
C) Situations can be powerful and can influence acts of heroism.
D) When external influences override inner convictions, attitudes tend to determine behavior.

Question 44

A concern for _____ produces normative influence, while a concern for _____ produces informational influence.

A) social image; being correct
B) being correct; social image
C) being correct; gaining status
D) social roles; authority figures

Question 45

During the 1970s, the military junta in power in Greece initially selected candidates for officers based on their submission to authority. The candidates were first asked to guard prisoners, then to observe torture, and then to eventually practice torture. This process demonstrates how _____ can breed _____.

A) obedience; conformity
B) conformity; obedience
C) compliance; acceptance
D) acceptance; compliance

Question 46

Mullen and her colleagues (1990) found that the average baseline jaywalking rate decreases in the presence of a non-jaywalking confederate, especially if the non-jaywalker is well dressed. This is an example of the power of _____ on conformity.

A) unanimity
B) status
C) cohesiveness
D) co-morbidity

Question 47

When appeals for the unborn, for the hungry, or for animal rights are personalized with a compelling photograph or description, which of the following factors of obedience is most likely influencing a viewer's compassion towards the victim?

A) victim's distance
B) victim's authority
C) victim's gender
D) victim's ethnicity

Question 48

Normative influence leads to compliance, especially for those

A) who find themselves in ambiguous situations.
B) who are comfortable in their roles.
C) who are seeking to climb a status ladder.
D) who are in positions of authority.

Question 49

In the context of group size and conformity, Asch and other researchers found that that there is more conformity with

A) 1 to 2 people than 3 to 5.
B) 3 to 5 people than 1 to 2.
C) more than 5 people than 3 to 5.
D) 15 or more people (which really increases the conformity).

Question 50

After President Bush announced his position regarding a possible war with Iraq, he was unlikely to change his mind. This most likely reflects the

A) attitude polarization between the political parties.
B) fact that prior commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence.
C) fact that the high status of the office elicits a need for uniqueness.
D) fact that higher-status people are more susceptible to psychological reactance.

Question 51

Bearman and Bruckner (2001) found that teens who made a public virginity-till-marriage pledge became _____ likely to remain sexually abstinent than similar teens who do not make the pledge.

A) somewhat less
B) somewhat more
C) extremely less
D) extremely more

Question 52

Bearman and Bruckner (2001) found that teens who made a public virginity-till-marriage pledge became somewhat more likely to remain sexually abstinent than similar teens who do not make the pledge. This is an example of how

A) status produces psychological reactance.
B) there is cohesion in a group.
C) teens seek to maintain emotional distance from would-be sexual partners.
D) prior commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence.

Question 53

In calling sports decisions, umpires and referees rarely change their decisions as a result of a player's objection. This may be an example of how

A) status produces psychological reactance.
B) people conform more in their public responses than in their private opinions.
C) the umpire or referee seeks to maintain emotional distance from players.
D) prior commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence.

Question 54

Conformity is greater when people respond publicly before a group. This pattern reflects

A) impact bias.
B) collective narcissism.
C) normative influence.
D) informational influence.

Question 55

According to conformity research, a group's social power is deflated when

A) someone disagrees with the majority.
B) there is absence of any minor in-groups.
C) no one differs from the majority.
D) there is homogeneity in the group.

Question 56

Mullen and her colleagues (1990) found that the average baseline jaywalking rate _____ in the presence of a non-jaywalking confederate.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) stays the same
D) increases, then gradually decreases

Question 57

According to conformity research, a group's social power is deflated when it loses its

A) agenda.
B) anonymity.
C) unanimity.
D) heterogeneity.

Question 58

Conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain their acceptance, is called

A) social ostracism.
B) false consensus.
C) normative influence.
D) informational influence.

Question 59

Although he made a promise to himself to not take illegal drugs, Tom gave into peer pressure at a party to smoke marijuana because he did not want to be rejected by the others. Tom's conformity is a result of

A) impact bias.
B) collective narcissism.
C) normative influence.
D) informational influence.

Question 60

The extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction to one another, is called

A) group polarization.
B) cohesiveness.
C) compliance.
D) altruism.

Question 61

Identify the true statement about the relationship between personality and conformity.

A) People higher in agreeableness and conscientiousness are less likely to conform.
B) Individuals who favor disagreements over smooth social experiences are more likely to conform.
C) People high in openness to experience-a personality trait connected to creativity and socially progressive thinking, are more likely to conform.
D) Novelty seekers, who leap into experiences seeking simulation, are less likely to conform.

Question 62

In the context of resisting social pressure, the high rate of underage drinking may be related to

A) the planning fallacy.
B) psychological reactance.
C) collective narcissism.
D) informational influences.

Question 63

The names we choose for our children often express our

A) spotlight effect.
B) desire for uniqueness.
C) planning fallacy.
D) reaction formation.

Question 64

Identify a situation in which conformity is the highest.

A) when the response is public and made without prior commitment
B) when a group has less than three people
C) when people are required to give their opinions privately
D) when a group lacks cohesiveness

Question 65

Which of the following instances of greater conformity does NOT reflect informational influence?

A) when participants feel incompetent
B) when the task is difficult
C) when subjects are bilingual
D) when people care about being right

Question 66

Compared to people in individualistic countries, those in collectivist countries are

A) more likely to express psychological reactance.
B) more likely to be conforming.
C) more susceptible to the fundamental attribution error.
D) more likely to be independent.

Question 67

Conformity is greater when people feel incompetent. This pattern reflects

A) immune neglect.
B) collective narcissism.
C) normative influence.
D) informational influence.

Question 68

The psychological reactance theory may help explain

A) why drinking on campus is heavier for underage drinkers than for legal-age drinkers.
B) why people refuse to exercise when it turns into a "must" or "should" activity.
C) why teens eat less fruit when they were told that others believed eating fruit was healthy.
D) all of the above.

Question 69

When Native American Regina returned to the U.S. after two years in Madagascar, she felt uncomfortable and out of place. She was most likely experiencing

A) normative social influence.
B) reentry distress.
C) psychological reactance.
D) major depression.

Question 70

In conformity research, Stephens (2007) found _____ people tend to prefer being similar to others, while _____ people strongly prefer to see themselves as unique.

A) working-class; middle-class
B) middle-class; working-class
C) upper-class; lower-class
D) lower-class; upper-class

Question 71

In the context of resisting social pressure, the motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom is known as

A) acceptance.
B) disobedience.
C) compliance.
D) reactance.

Question 72

Which of the following statements is true of conformity and obedience?

A) They are primarily collectivistic phenomena.
B) They are primarily individualistic phenomena.
C) They are universal phenomena that vary by culture.
D) They are universal phenomena that are uninfluenced by culture.

Question 73

Which statement related to roles and conformity is NOT true?

A) Social roles vary with culture, but the process of influencing behavior varies less.
B) Although countries define teen roles differently, all cultures have role expectations that guide conformity.
C) Role reversal is a form of temporary conformity.
D) Roles don't have any effect on conformity.

Question 74

In the context of personality, who among the following are least likely to conform?

A) individuals who doubt the existence of free will
B) individuals who are high in openness to experience
C) individuals who follow the rules
D) individuals who favor smooth social experiences over disagreements

Question 75

High school students Aisha and Jared have been dating each other casually. When Aisha's parents tell her to stop seeing Jared and ask her to go out with "nicer boys," Aisha announces that she and Jared are actually "in love" and have decided to go steady. Aisha's behavior most likely illustrates the effects of

A) impact bias.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) collective narcissism.
D) psychological reactance.

Question 76

In the context of personality, who among the following is most likely to conform?

A) an individual who favors disagreements over smooth social experiences
B) an individual who favors modern beliefs over traditional beliefs
C) an individual who repeatedly violates traffic rules
D) an individual who doubts the existence of free will

Question 77

Ahmed generally likes to go home to visit his family during vacation. However, after his father strictly tells him that he must be home during spring vacation, Ahmed decides to remain at college. Ahmed's behavior is best understood in terms of

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) regression.
C) psychological reactance.
D) self-serving bias.

Question 78

In the context of asserting uniqueness, a lone black female lawyer in a group of black and white male lawyers will be most conscious of being

A) black.
B) female.
C) a lawyer.
D) part of the group.

Question 79

In a study by Snyder (1980), students who were told that their personal attitudes were nearly identical to those of 10,000 other students _____ when they participated in a conformity experiment.

A) were judged most attractive by their fellow participants
B) were more willing to obey the experimenter's request to make a public commitment to a popular cause
C) took on additional attitudes as well as the mannerisms of the majority
D) asserted their individuality by being nonconformist

Question 80

A social role is

A) a cluster of norms.
B) separate from culture.
C) a weak influence on conformity.
D) one that curbs any freedom of interpretation.