Deck 20: A--The Reproductive System

Question 1

Testosterone

A) is secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes
B) exerts a general protein catabolic effect
C) causes enlargement of the larynx and thickening of the vocal cords
D) is secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes and causes enlargement of the larynx and thickening of the vocal cords
E) all of these

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following secretes male sex hormone?

A) seminal vesicles
B) prostate gland
C) Sertoli cells
D) bulbourethral glands
E) interstitial cells

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is responsible for the development and maintenance of the secondary sexual characteristics?

A) testosterone
B) estrogen
C) progesterone
D) testosterone and estrogen
E) all of these

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The factor responsible for differentiating the embryonic gonads into testes is

A) the sex-determining region of the X chromosome
B) the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome
C) autosomal chromosomes
D) male gonadal-determining factor
E) the Sertoli cells

Question 5

Which of the following is not stimulated by testosterone?

A) masculinization of the developing reproductive tract and external genitalia
B) descent of the testes into the scrotum
C) spermatid remodeling
D) development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics
E) libido

Question 6

Which of the following is a female accessory sex organ?

A) bulbourethral gland
B) clitoris
C) prostate gland
D) seminal vesicle
E) ovary

Question 7

Which statement is incorrect?

A) The Y chromosome stimulates production of SRY protein by primitive gonadal cells.
B) Ovaries must be present for feminization of the reproductive tract and external genitalia to occur.
C) H-Y antigen directs differentiation of the primitive gonads into testes.
D) Secretion of testosterone and Müllerian inhibiting factor by the fetal testes induces development of the reproductive tract and external genitalia along male lines.
E) Early in development, embryos of both sexes have the same indifferent reproductive tissues capable of differentiating into either a male or female reproductive system depending respectively on the presence or absence of masculinizing factors.

Question 8

Testosterone

A) is responsible for the male secondary sexual characteristics
B) stimulates spermatogenesis
C) acts in negative-feedback fashion on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
D) secretion is stimulated by LH
E) all of these

Question 9

Which is not a function of the primary sex organs?

A) production of estrogen
B) production of testosterone
C) production of progesterone
D) production of seminal fluids
E) gametogenesis

Question 10

The embryonic genital tubercle develops into the ____ in males and the ____ in females.

A) scrotum; labia majora
B) glans penis; clitoris
C) penis; labia minora
D) Wolffian ducts; Müllerian ducts
E) penis; vagina

Question 11

The testes are located outside of the abdominal cavity in the scrotal sac, and this

A) permits spermatogenesis
B) protect the gonads against injury
C) permits testosterone secretion
D) maintains the testes at a higher than normal body temperature for normal testicular function
E) permits capacitation of sperm

Question 12

The gonads

A) consist of a pair of testes in males and ovaries in females
B) produce gametes and secrete sex hormones
C) refer to the externally visible genitalia in both sexes
D) all of these
E) consist of a pair of testes in males and ovaries in females, and produce gametes and secrete sex hormones

Question 13

The Wolffian ducts

A) do not degenerate in females
B) develop into a male reproductive tract under the influence of testosterone
C) develop into male external genitalia under the influence of dihydrotestosterone
D) do not degenerate in females and develop into a male reproductive tract under the influence of testosterone
E) do not degenerate in females and develop into male external genitalia under the influence of dihydrotestosterone

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct order in which the glands add seminal fluid to migrating sperm cells in the male reproductive tract?

A) bulbourethral glands, prostate, seminal vesicles
B) bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles, prostate
C) prostate, bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles
D) prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands
E) seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands

Question 15

The primary reproductive organs in the male include the

A) testes
B) prostate gland
C) seminal vesicles
D) bulbourethral glands
E) all of these

Question 16

Sperm cells are stored for maturation in the

A) anterior pituitary
B) ductus deferens
C) epididymis
D) Leydig cells
E) urethra

Question 17

Which statement about testosterone is incorrect?

A) Its secretion is stimulated by LH.
B) It is secreted from the seminiferous tubules.
C) It stimulates spermatogenesis.
D) It promotes closure of the epiphyseal plate.
E) It stimulates protein synthesis and promotes bone growth.

Question 18

Which statement is correct?

A) An XY combination of sex chromosomes is a genetic male.
B) The secretion of testosterone by the fetal gonads induces the development of male external genitalia and reproductive tract.
C) The secretion of estrogen by the fetal gonads induces the development of female external genitalia and reproductive tract.
D) An XY combination of sex chromosomes is a genetic male, and the secretion of testosterone by the fetal gonads induces the development of male external genitalia and reproductive tract.
E) All of these.

Question 19

Which of the following is not associated with sex determination and differentiation in a male?

A) degeneration of Wolffian ducts
B) differentiation of indifferent gonadal tissue into testes under the influence of the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome
C) production of H-Y antigen
D) secretion of Müllerian inhibiting factor
E) secretion of testosterone

Question 20

Select the structure that serves as a common passageway for two tracts in the male.

A) anterior pituitary
B) ductus deferens
C) ejaculatory duct
D) ureter
E) urethra

Question 21

Which of the following is not a function of the Sertoli cells?

A) secreting seminiferous tubule fluid
B) phagocytizing cytoplasm extruded from developing sperm and destroying defective sperm
C) secreting melatonin
D) secreting inhibin
E) providing nourishment for developing sperm

Question 22

The seminal vesicles

A) store sperm prior to ejaculation
B) supply fructose to be utilized by the sperm for energy
C) secrete FSH
D) store sperm prior to ejaculation and supply fructose to be utilized by the sperm for energy
E) none of these

Question 23

The prostate gland

A) secretes an alkaline solution that neutralizes the acidic vaginal secretions
B) secretes mucus for lubrication
C) provides a site for final maturation for fertility and motility for the spermatozoa
D) contains portions of the ductus deferens
E) supplies fructose utilized by the sperm for energy

Question 24

Which of the following is not a function of Sertoli cells?

A) providing a blood-testes barrier
B) phagocytizing cytoplasm extruded from sperm during their development
C) secreting testosterone
D) secreting androgen-binding protein
E) providing nourishment for developing sperm

Question 25

Spermatogenesis

A) occurs in the epididymis
B) begins with a spermatozoan
C) is controlled by both testosterone and FSH
D) all of these
E) none of these

Question 26

Which of the following is not a function of the seminal vesicles?

A) supplying fructose, which serves as the primary energy source for ejaculated sperm
B) secreting prostaglandins
C) secreting fibrinogen
D) secreting an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic vaginal secretions
E) providing more than half the seminal fluid

Question 27

Inhibin

A) is produced by the Leydig cells
B) is produced by the developing sperm cells
C) signals the interstitial cells
D) is produced by the Leydig cells and signals the interstitial cells
E) none of these

Question 28

Select the structure with the diploid chromosome number.

A) primary spermatocyte
B) secondary oocyte
C) secondary spermatocyte
D) spermatid
E) spermatozoan

Question 29

During spermatogenesis, the first meiotic division yields two ____, and the second meiotic division yields four ____.

A) primary spermatocytes; secondary spermatocytes
B) secondary spermatocytes; spermatids
C) spermatids; spermatozoa
D) spermatogonia; primary spermatocytes
E) none of these

Question 30

In the male, the structure inferior to the bladder is the

A) kidney
B) epididymis and vas deferens
C) seminal vesicles
D) prostate gland
E) penis

Question 31

Spermatogenesis is directly controlled by

A) LH
B) FSH
C) prostaglandins
D) LH and prostaglandins
E) FSH and prostaglandins

Question 32

Prostaglandins

A) are produced by most body tissues
B) are derivatives of arachidonic acid
C) act locally within or near their site of production
D) promote sperm transport by stimulating smooth muscle contractions
E) all of these

Question 33

During spermatogenesis:

A) FSH is required for spermatid remodeling.
B) LH is required for spermatid remodeling.
C) Testosterone is essential for both mitosis and meiosis in the germ cells.
D) FSH is required for spermatid remodeling, and testosterone is essential for both mitosis and meiosis in the germ cells.
E) LH is required for spermatid remodeling, and testosterone is essential for both mitosis and meiosis in the germ cells.

Question 34

During spermatogenesis, one spermatogonium containing

A) 46 chromosomes yields 16 spermatozoa, each containing 23 chromosomes
B) 46 chromosomes yields 1 spermatozoon containing 23 chromosomes and a polar body containing the other 23 chromosomes
C) 46 chromosomes yields 2 spermatozoa, each containing 23 chromosomes
D) 46 chromosomes yields 1 spermatozoon containing 46 chromosomes
E) 23 chromosomes yields 1 spermatozoon containing 23 chromosomes

Question 35

A reduction in the secretion of ____ may serve as the trigger for the onset of puberty.

A) inhibin
B) melatonin
C) adrenal androgens
D) gonadotropin-releasing hormone
E) pituitary gonadotropic hormones

Question 36

The prostate gland

A) secretes prostaglandins
B) supplies fructose, which is utilized by the sperm for energy production
C) secretes an alkaline medium that is important to neutralize acidic vaginal secretions
D) secretes prostaglandins and an alkaline medium that is important to neutralize acidic vaginal secretions
E) all of these

Question 37

Which female structure has a similar tissue composition as the penis?

A) cervical canal
B) clitoris
C) fallopian tube
D) labia majora
E) myometrium

Question 38

The acrosome of the spermatozoon

A) contains the sperm's genetic information
B) contains mitochondria for energy production
C) is a fructose-filled vesicle that provides energy for the spermatozoa
D) contains enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate the ovum
E) contains microtubules that slide past each other to provide the sperm with motility

Question 39

GnRH

A) stimulates both FSH and LH secretion
B) is inhibited by testosterone
C) has low-level activity during the prepubertal period
D) both stimulates FSH and LH secretion and is inhibited by testosterone
E) all of these

Question 40

A secondary spermatocyte

A) is haploid with nonreplicated chromosomes
B) is haploid with replicated chromosomes
C) is diploid with nonreplicated chromosomes
D) is diploid with repliecated chromosomes.
E) none of these

Question 41

GnRH is secreted from the ____ and stimulates ____ secretion.

A) anterior pituitary; FSH
B) anterior pituitary; ADH
C) posterior pituitary; FSH
D) posterior pituitary; LH
E) testis; testosterone

Question 42

Which of the following occurs in the female sexual response cycle?

A) erection
B) tightening of the outer third of the vagina
C) "tenting" of the upper two-thirds of the vagina
D) tightening of the outer third of the vagina and "tenting" of the upper two-thirds of the vagina
E) all of these

Question 43

Erection

A) involves dilation of the arterioles supplying the sponge-like vascular spaces of the penis
B) results from cGMP production induced by nitric oxide
C) occurs when the seminiferous tubules of the penis become engorged with sperm
D) occurs in response to sympathetic nervous stimulation of the penis
E) involves dilation of the arterioles supplying the sponge-like vascular spaces of the penis, and results from cGMP production induced by nitric oxide

Question 44

The corpus luteum

A) develops from the polar body after ovulation
B) develops from the fertilized ovum through a process of division and differentiation
C) develops from the ruptured follicle after ovulation
D) of pregnancy is stimulated by estrogen and progesterone secretion from the placenta
E) is sloughed during menstruation if fertilization does not occur

Question 45

Which layer of the uterus is shed each month with menstruation?

A) endometrium
B) myometrium
C) perimetrium
D) mucous
E) none of these

Question 46

What is the advantage of having polar bodies formed in oogenesis?

A) to produce four gametes, each with adequate amounts of nutrients
B) to produce one functional gamete with maximal nutrient content
C) to dispose of extra chromosomes
D) to produce four gametes, each with adequate amounts of nutrients, and one functional gamete with maximal nutrient content
E) to produce four gametes, each with adequate amounts of nutrients, and to dispose of extra chromosomes

Question 47

LH is responsible for

A) reinitiating meiosis in the oocytes of developing follicles
B) halting estrogen synthesis by the follicular cells
C) triggering ovulation
D) formation of the corpus luteum
E) all of these

Question 48

FSH is

A) an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates antrum formation in developing ovarian follicles
B) produced by developing ovarian follicles
C) sometimes referred to as PRL in males
D) an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates antrum formation in developing ovarian follicles, and is sometimes referred to as PRL in males
E) produced by developing ovarian follicles, and is sometimes referred to as PRL in males

Question 49

Ovulation occurs with peak concentrations of ____ secreted into the blood.

A) estrogen
B) FSH
C) LH
D) progesterone
E) prostaglandins

Question 50

Which of the following is the proper sequence of phases in the sexual response cycle?

A) plateau, excitement, orgasmic, resolution
B) excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution
C) plateau, orgasmic, excitement, resolution
D) resolution, plateau, orgasmic, excitement
E) excitement, orgasmic, resolution, plateau

Question 51

One primary spermatocyte containing ____ chromosomes yields ____ spermatozoa containing ____ chromosomes, whereas one primary oocyte containing ____ chromosomes yields ____ ova (ovum) containing ____ chromosomes.

A) 46; 2; 23; 46; 2; 23
B) 46; 4; 23; 46; 1; 23
C) 46; 4; 23; 46; 4; 23
D) 23; 1; 23; 23; 1; 23
E) none of these

Question 52

An average human ejaculate contains about ____ sperm.

A) 20-30 million
B) 100-120 million
C) 100-120 thousand
D) 300-400 million
E) none of these

Question 53

An increase in the secretion of ____ initiates the beginning of the ovarian cycle.

A) estrogen
B) progesterone
C) LH
D) FSH
E) prolactin

Question 54

Prostaglandins

A) present in the semen are secreted by the prostate gland
B) are involved in sperm transport within both the male and female reproductive tracts
C) exert a powerful inhibitory effect on uterine musculature
D) are all derivatives of essential amino acids
E) exert influences only on the reproductive system

Question 55

Which statement is incorrect?

A) One primary spermatocyte or one primary oocyte containing 46 chromosomes respectively yields two spermatozoa or two ova, each containing 23 chromosomes.
B) There is a continual supply of spermatogonia through mitotic activity.
C) The first meiotic division involved in oogenesis is completed just prior to ovulation.
D) It takes anywhere from about 11 to 50 years for the process of oogenesis to be completed.
E) During oogenesis, there is unequal distribution of cytoplasm resulting in the production of polar bodies that disintegrate.

Question 56

Which of the following is not a component of the overall ejaculatory response?

A) Arterioles supplying the penis dilate, causing the erectile tissue to fill with blood and the penis to become erect.
B) The smooth muscles of the prostate, reproductive ducts, and seminal vesicles contract, resulting in emission.
C) The sphincter at the neck of the bladder tightly closes.
D) Semen is expelled from the penis by a series of rapid contractions of skeletal muscles at the base of the penis.
E) Rhythmical contractions and accompanying systemic responses are associated with a pleasant sensation known as orgasm.

Question 57

During oogenesis:

A) Thousands of primary oocytes are formed.
B) One primary oocyte yields 16 mature ova.
C) One primary oocyte yields one mature ovum.
D) Each ovum contains 46 chromosomes at the time of ovulation.
E) Sex hormones reach their lowest levels.

Question 58

The number of primary oocytes in a female

A) is decreased continually throughout her reproductive life from puberty to menopause
B) is maintained constant during her reproductive life because those that are lost are continuously replaced by an equal number of new primary oocytes
C) increases at the time of menopause
D) is decreased continually throughout her reproductive life from puberty to menopause and increases at the time of menopause
E) is maintained constant during her reproductive life because those that are lost are continuously replaced by an equal number of new primary oocytes, and increases at the time of menopause

Question 59

Which statement is correct?

A) The first meiotic division occurs just prior to ovulation, and the second meiotic division is triggered by fertilization.
B) Oogenesis is triggered by release of LH.
C) Oogonia proliferate mitotically throughout the reproductive life of a female.
D) The first meiotic division occurs just prior to ovulation, the second meiotic division is triggered by fertilization, and oogenesis is triggered by release of LH.
E) All of these.

Question 60

Which is the correct sequence of structures sperm travels through prior to ejaculation?

A) ductus deferens, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, urethra
B) urethra, ductus deferens, epididymis, ejaculatory duct
C) epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
D) epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra, ejaculatory duct
E) ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens, epididymis, urethra

Question 61

Which statement is incorrect?

A) Low levels of estrogen inhibit the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary in negative-feedback fashion.
B) Under the influence of estrogen from developing follicles, FSH and LH secretion both continue to decline throughout the follicular phase.
C) Both estrogen and progesterone are required to completely inhibit tonic LH secretion.
D) A high level of estrogen stimulates LH secretion and initiates the LH surge.
E) Progesterone powerfully inhibits both FSH and LH secretion.

Question 62

The proliferative phase of the menstrual (uterine) cycle

A) occurs when the ovarian cycle is in the follicular phase
B) lasts from menstruation to ovulation
C) occurs when the endometrium is repairing itself and thickening under the influence of estrogen
D) lasts from menstruation to ovulation and occurs when the endometrium is repairing itself and thickening under the influence of estrogen
E) all of these

Question 63

During the secretory phase, the corpus luteum secretes ____ levels of estrogen and ____ levels of progesterone.

A) high; high
B) high; low
C) low; high
D) low; low

Question 64

Implantation normally occurs

A) in the oviduct
B) about three days after fertilization
C) during the secretory, or progestational, phase
D) about three days after fertilization and during the secretory, or progestational, phase
E) all of these

Question 65

During fertilization, sperm bind to specific receptor sites on the surface of the

A) zona pellucida
B) corona radiata
C) plasma membrane of the ovum
D) polar body
E) oviduct

Question 66

Implantation

A) is accomplished as the trophoblastic cells break down the myometrium tissue
B) occurs during the secretory, or progestational, phase of the menstrual cycle
C) occurs within 24 hours after ovulation
D) is accomplished as the trophoblastic cells break down the myometrium tissue, and during the secretory, or progestational, phase of the menstrual cycle
E) all of these

Question 67

In the blastocyst

A) the trophoblast is destined to become the fetus
B) the trophoblast is destined to become the fetal portion of the placenta
C) the trophoblast is destined to become the inner cell mass
D) the blastocoele serves the functions of the digestive system, lungs, and kidneys for the fetus
E) the blastocoele is destined to become the fetus

Question 68

During the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle

A) A new ovarian follicular phase is beginning.
B) Estrogen and progesterone levels reach their lowest concentration.
C) Vasoconstriction of the uterine vessels occurs in response to release of a uterine prostaglandin.
D) The corpus luteum degenerates.
E) All of these.

Question 69

Which statement is correct?

A) Implantation is accomplished by enzymatic activity of the trophoblastic layer of the ovum.
B) The endometrium at the site of implantation is converted into the nutrient-rich decidua.
C) Implantation occurs within 24 hours after fertilization.
D) Implantation is accomplished by enzymatic activity of the trophoblastic layer of the ovum, and the endometrium at the site of implantation is converted into the nutrient-rich decidua.
E) All of these.

Question 70

Which of the following is the proper sequence of the menstrual (uterine) cycle?

A) menstrual phase, secretory phase, proliferative phase, ovulation
B) menstrual phase, proliferative phase, ovulation, secretory phase
C) proliferative phase, menstrual phase, ovulation, progestational phase
D) ovulation, menstrual phase, proliferative phase, progestational phase
E) ovulation, proliferative phase, secretory phase, menstrual phase

Question 71

Which of the following does not occur during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A) the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle
B) the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle
C) estrogen secretion
D) progesterone secretion
E) FSH and LH secretion

Question 72

The normal site of fertilization is the

A) ovary
B) uterus
C) fallopian tube
D) vagina
E) fimbria

Question 73

Menstruation is initiated by a rapid

A) increase in estrogen levels
B) drop in estrogen levels
C) drop in progesterone levels
D) increase in estrogen levels and drop in progesterone levels
E) drop in estrogen levels and drop in progesterone levels

Question 74

Which of the following factors contributes to follicular development and estrogen secretion?

A) FSH
B) LH
C) estrogen.
D) all of these
E) FSH and LH

Question 75

What hormone(s) is/are secreted from the corpus luteum?

A) FSH
B) estrogen
C) progesterone
D) all of these
E) estrogen and progesterone

Question 76

An increase in the level of estrogen in the ovarian cycle feeds back to (increase/decrease) the secretion of FSH and to (increase/decrease) the secretion of LH.

A) decrease; decrease
B) decrease; increase
C) increase; decrease
D) increase; increase

Question 77

Fertilization is characterized by

A) a sperm's fertilin proteins binding to the follicle's integrin molecules
B) a block to polyspermy
C) multiple sperms penetrating the ovum
D) blastocyst formation
E) a block to polyspermy and blastocyst formation

Question 78

When is the secretion of progesterone at a low level?

A) menstrual phase
B) proliferative phase
C) secretory, or progestational, phase
D) menstrual and proliferative phase
E) proliferative phase and secretory, or progestational, phase

Question 79

Which ovarian hormone is secreted during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A) FSH
B) estrogen
C) progesterone
D) LH
E) GnRH

Question 80

What hormone causes the endometrial glands to fill with glycogen and endometrial blood vessels to become more numerous?

A) estrogen
B) progesterone
C) FSH
D) LH
E) chorionic gonadotropin