Deck 19: A--The Peripheral Endocrine Glands

Question 1

Which is not true about Grave's disease?

A) It may produce exophthalmos.
B) It is an autoimmune disease.
C) It produces a goiter.
D) It causes an elevated basal metabolic rate.
E) It is the most common form of hyperthyroidism.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following would not decrease thyroid hormone production?

A) a decrease in TSH production
B) an iodine deficient diet
C) an increase in TRH production
D) inhibition of the iodine pump
E) removal of the pituitary

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is not a characteristic of thyroid hormone?

A) It increases the overall metabolic rate.
B) It exerts a calorigenic effect.
C) It binds to receptors on the surface of all body cells.
D) It enhances glycogenolysis and lipolysis.
E) It causes a proliferation of specific catecholamine target-cell receptors.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Hormones produced by the thyroid include

A) calcitonin
B) thyroxine
C) PTH
D) all of these
E) calcitonin and thyroxine

Question 5

Which hormone below targets osteoclasts when blood calcium levels are too low, thus causing an increase in the concentration of calcium in the blood?

A) aldosterone
B) thyroid hormone
C) cortisol
D) parathyroid hormone
E) calcitonin

Question 6

The "iodine pump" refers to the

A) mechanism whereby target cells extract iodine-containing thyroid hormone from the blood
B) active transport mechanism that concentrates iodine in the thyroid
C) mechanism whereby T₃ and T₄ are released from thyroglobulin and pumped into the circulation
D) protein binding process whereby T₃ and T₄ are pumped throughout the body bound to plasma proteins
E) mechanism whereby ingested iodine is absorbed by the small intestine

Question 7

Which biochemical event does not take place during thyroid hormone synthesis?

A) One monoiodotyrosine molecule combines with one diiodotyrosine molecule to form one triiodothyronine molecule.
B) Two iodine molecules combine with one tyrosine molecule to form one diiodotyrosine molecule.
C) Two diiodotyrosine molecules combine to form one molecule of thyroxine.
D) Four iodine molecules combine with one tyrosine molecule to form one tetraiodothyronine molecule.
E) All of these.

Question 8

With regards to thyroid hormone secretion,

A) The anterior pituitary controls daily regulation while the hypothalamus controls long-term patterns of secretion.
B) TSH causes TRH to be secreted, which in turn stimulates T₃ and T₄ release.
C) Thyroid hormone sends negative feedback to the hypothalamus.
D) Control is primarily neural.
E) All of these.

Question 9

What happens to most of the secreted T₄?

A) It is phagocytized by target tissues.
B) It is converted into T₃ after being peripherally stripped of one of its iodine atoms.
C) It is the major biologically active form of thyroid hormone at the cellular level.
D) It is split to form two DIT molecules, which are excreted in the urine.
E) It is permitted to exert its full biological effect as a result of epinephrine's permissive actions.

Question 10

Hyperthyroidism can be due to all of the following except

A) too much TRH
B) too much TSH
C) lack of iodine
D) too much T₄ or T₃
E) thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin

Question 11

TSH

A) is stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
B) is inhibited by T₃ and T₄
C) increases the rate of thyroid hormone secretion
D) promotes hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid cells
E) all of these

Question 12

Which of the following are plasma proteins to which thyroid hormone is bound in circulation?

A) albumin
B) gamma globulin
C) thyroxine-binding globulin
D) albumin and gamma globulin
E) albumin and thyroxine-binding globulin

Question 13

Thyroxine (T₄)

A) is formed by coupling one MIT and one DIT within the colloid
B) is produced by the C cells of the thyroid gland
C) exerts a calorigenic effect
D) inhibits thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin in negative-feedback fashion
E) is more potent than triiodothyronine

Question 14

Which statement is incorrect?

A) The "iodine pump" of the follicular cells is important for thyroid hormone production.
B) Thyroid hormones are formed within a much larger molecule called thyroglobulin.
C) Thyroid hormone synthesis is greatly stimulated by the presence of TSH.
D) A one- to two-hour supply of thyroid hormone is stored within the colloid in the lumen of the follicle.
E) The coupling of two DIT molecules yields thyroxine.

Question 15

Thyroid hormones

A) regulate basal metabolic rate
B) are released from the thyroid gland immediately after synthesis
C) contain chromium and zinc as structural cofactors
D) are tropic
E) none of these

Question 16

Which of the following is not an effect of thyroid hormone?

A) increased metabolic rate
B) increased tissue responsiveness to catecholamines
C) increased absorption of iodine from the digestive tract into the blood
D) normal growth
E) normal development of the nervous system

Question 17

Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin

A) stimulates T₃ and T₄ secretion by the thyroid
B) is inhibited by T₃ and T₄ in a negative-feedback fashion
C) is found in all people but is present in excessive amounts in people with Grave's disease
D) stimulates T₃ and T₄ secretion by the thyroid, and is found in all people but is present in excessive amounts in people with Grave's disease
E) stimulates T₃ and T₄ secretion by the thyroid and is inhibited by T₃ and T₄ in a negative-feedback fashion

Question 18

Thyroid hormones are

A) derivatives of an amino acid
B) produced from tyrosine
C) stored on thyroglobulin within the follicular colloid
D) all of these
E) derivatives of an amino acid and stored on thyroglobulin within the follicular colloid

Question 19

The endocrine gland that secretes hormones containing iodine is the

A) adrenal cortex
B) adrenal medulla
C) pancreas
D) thyroid
E) thymus.

Question 20

During thyroid hormone secretion

A) The follicular cells phagocytize a piece of colloid.
B) T₄ and T₃ are removed from thyroglobulin by lysosomal enzymes in the follicular cell; then they diffuse out of the cell and into the blood.
C) T₄ and T₃ are secreted by exocytosis of the colloid that has been internalized by the follicular cells.
D) The follicular cells phagocytize a piece of colloid, and T₄ and T₃ are removed from thyroglobulin by lysosomal enzymes in the follicular cell; then they diffuse out of the cell and into the blood.
E) The follicular cells phagocytize a piece of colloid, and T₄ and T₃ are secreted by exocytosis of the colloid that has been internalized by the follicular cells.

Question 21

Plasma sodium levels are high in a patient, but his plasma potassium levels are low. As an underlying cause of this condition, you might expect to find

A) decreased plasma aldosterone levels
B) decreased plasma parathyroid hormone levels
C) increased plasma aldosterone levels
D) increased plasma parathyroid hormone levels
E) decreased insulin levels

Question 22

Which of the following is associated with hyperthyroidism?

A) poor resistance to cold
B) myxedema
C) weight gain
D) slow speech, poor memory
E) exophthalmos

Question 23

The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex secretes

A) aldosterone
B) cortisol
C) androgens and estrogens
D) cortisol, androgens, and estrogens
E) all of these

Question 24

The precursor to testosterone is

A) aldosterone
B) cortisol
C) dehydroepiandrosterone
D) estradiol
E) testosterone

Question 25

A man is found to have the following symptoms: a large goiter, muscle weakness, excessively emotional and irritable disposition, extreme weight loss, a constant feeling of being too warm in normal-temperature rooms, and bulging eyes. The probable diagnosis is

A) myxedema
B) Cushing's disease
C) Conn's syndrome
D) Grave's disease
E) Addison's disease

Question 26

Which of the following statements concerning adrenocortical hormones is incorrect?

A) The glucocorticoids are examples.
B) Some are steroids.
C) Their release is controlled directly by CRH.
D) They are secreted from the outer layer of the adrenal gland.
E) Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid.

Question 27

Hypothyroidism may

A) occur secondarily to anterior pituitary failure
B) occur due to inadequate dietary supply of iodine
C) be due to failure of the thyroid gland itself
D) occur due to inadequate dietary supply of iodine and be due to failure of the thyroid gland itself
E) all of these

Question 28

Aldosterone

A) causes conservation of sodium
B) facilitates lipolysis
C) promotes gluconeogenesis
D) is regulated by ACTH
E) is secreted by the adrenal medulla

Question 29

Aldosterone

A) enhances the ability of the kidneys to eliminate excess K⁺
B) directly promotes H₂O conservation by the kidneys
C) secretion is encouraged by angiotensin II
D) is nonsteroidal
E) is produced in the adrenal medulla

Question 30

Which of the following is not a cause of hypothyroidism?

A) lack of TRH
B) iodine-deficient diet
C) Grave's disease
D) lack of an enzyme necessary for one of the steps in the synthesis and release of thyroid hormone
E) all of these

Question 31

Which of the following regulates aldosterone secretion?

A) ACTH
B) renin-angiotensin system
C) plasma K⁺ concentration
D) renin-angiotensin system and plasma K⁺ concentration
E) none of these

Question 32

Both ____ and ____ are produced from the same large precursor molecule, pro-opiomelanocortin.

A) aldosterone; cortisol
B) cortisol; androgen
C) cortisol; MSH
D) aldosterone; androgen
E) aldosterone; MSH

Question 33

Mineralocorticoids

A) stimulate gluconeogenesis
B) stimulate protein degradation
C) act at the kidneys to promote sodium retention and enhance potassium elimination
D) contribute to the pubertal growth spurt
E) are important in maintaining proper plasma calcium levels

Question 34

The most abundant and physiologically important adrenal sex hormone is

A) aldosterone
B) cortisol
C) dehydroepiandrosterone
D) estradiol
E) testosterone

Question 35

Which of the following is not an action of cortisol?

A) increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose
B) stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver
C) increases protein degradation
D) mobilizes fat from adipose tissue
E) exerts permissive actions

Question 36

A goiter

A) is an enlarged thyroid
B) always accompanies hypothyroidism
C) is present only with iodine-deficient diets
D) occurs only when TSH levels are elevated
E) is an enlarged thyroid and occurs only when TSH levels are elevated

Question 37

Which of the following symptoms is not associated with hyperthyroidism?

A) elevated basal metabolic rate
B) myxedema
C) weakness
D) excessive perspiration
E) palpitations

Question 38

Select the hormone that decreases the concentration of calcium in the blood.

A) thyroxine
B) tri-iodothyronine
C) calcitonin
D) thyroxine and triiodothyronine
E) all of these

Question 39

A goiter

A) may occur with hyper- and hypothyroidism
B) refers to cancerous tumor in the thyroid gland
C) occurs only in the presence of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin
D) may occur with hyper- and hypothyroidism and refers to a cancerous tumor in the thyroid gland
E) refers to a cancerous tumor in the thyroid gland and occurs only in the presence of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin

Question 40

A drop in blood pressure would likely lead to

A) increased plasma aldosterone levels
B) increased glucocorticoid levels
C) decreased plasma aldosterone levels
D) decreased glucocorticoid levels
E) decreased mineralocorticoid levels

Question 41

Adrenal androgens are

A) normally secreted only in males, whereas adrenal estrogens are secreted in females
B) normally secreted in both males and females, but in insufficient amounts to cause masculinization
C) responsible for the female sex drive
D) normally secreted in both males and females, but in insufficient amounts to cause masculinization, and are responsible for the female sex drive
E) normally secreted only in males, whereas adrenal estrogens are secreted in females, and normally secreted in both males and females, but in insufficient amounts to cause masculinization

Question 42

Diurnal variation in secretion

A) occurs with glucocorticoids
B) is related to the sleep-awake cycle
C) occurs as a result of stress
D) occurs with glucocorticoids and is related to the sleep-awake cycle
E) all of these

Question 43

A student experiencing psychological and emotional stress

A) will secrete CRH at higher levels
B) will secrete ACTH at higher levels
C) will secrete cortisol at higher levels
D) may experience a greater risk of infections due to immune system suppression
E) all of these

Question 44

The actions of glucocorticoids include

A) increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
B) increased fat mobilization
C) increased breakdown of muscle proteins
D) anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects at pharmacological levels
E) all of these

Question 45

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A) is a tropic hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex
B) stimulates the production of androgens by the testes
C) is controlled in part by CRH from the hypothalamus
D) is a tropic hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex and stimulates the production of androgens by the testes
E) is a tropic hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex and is controlled in part by CRH from the hypothalamus

Question 46

Which of the following is not seen in Addison's disease?

A) marked Na⁺ loss in the urine
B) lowered blood glucose levels
C) K⁺ retention
D) protein mobilization
E) poor response to stress

Question 47

The major factor that promotes increased secretion of CRH is

A) low Na⁺ concentration in the extracellular fluid
B) stress
C) angiotensin II
D) increased blood amino acid concentration
E) increased blood glucose concentration

Question 48

Select the incorrect effect of epinephrine.

A) It constricts the respiratory airways.
B) It elevates the concentration of blood sugar.
C) It stimulates glycogenolysis in skeletal muscles.
D) It stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis.
E) It stimulates hepatic glycogenesis.

Question 49

Which of the following is not characteristic of Cushing's syndrome?

A) hypernatremia
B) hyperglycemia
C) muscle weakness and fatigue
D) poor wound healing
E) "moon-face" and "buffalo hump"

Question 50

An increase in plasma levels of ACTH leads to

A) increased plasma cortisol levels
B) increased plasma glucagon levels
C) increased plasma vasopressin levels
D) increased plasma parathyroid hormone levels
E) increased plasma epinephrine levels

Question 51

Which of the following is characteristic of the adrenogenital syndrome?

A) precocious pseudopuberty in prepubertal boys
B) development of male-type external genitalia in female fetuses
C) hirsutism in adult females
D) precocious pseudopuberty in prepubertal boys and hirsutism in adult females
E) all of these

Question 52

Cortisol

A) is the primary mineralocorticoid
B) excess is responsible for Cushing's syndrome
C) decreases blood glucose, blood fatty acid, and blood amino acid levels
D) excess is responsible for Cushing's syndrome and decreases blood glucose, blood fatty acid, and blood amino acid levels
E) all of these

Question 53

Which statement below is relevant to cortisol?

A) It has immunosuppressive effects.
B) It is an anti-inflammatory chemical.
C) It results in potassium excretion.
D) It has immunosuppressive effects and is an anti-inflammatory chemical.
E) It is an anti-inflammatory chemical and it results in potassium excretion.

Question 54

Catecholamines

A) are secreted by the adrenal cortex
B) reinforce the parasympathetic nervous system
C) are important in the maintenance of blood pressure
D) promote glycogen storage
E) are secreted in response to hypothalamic stimulation

Question 55

Dehydroepiandrosterone is

A) the most abundant adrenal androgen
B) responsible for the development and maintenance of the female sex drive
C) controlled by the gonadotropic hormones
D) the most abundant adrenal androgen and responsible for the development and maintenance of the female sex drive
E) none of these

Question 56

Glucocorticoids cause all of the following except

A) carbohydrate conservation
B) protein degradation
C) increased metabolic rate
D) mobilization of fats for energy
E) anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects at pharmacological levels

Question 57

Which of the following hormones exhibits a marked diurnal variation in secretion?

A) aldosterone
B) cortisol
C) thyroid hormone
D) epinephrine
E) calcitonin

Question 58

Which of the following is characteristic of Conn's syndrome?

A) K⁺ increase in the blood
B) Na⁺ depletion
C) hypertension
D) both K⁺ increase in the blood and hypertension
E) all of these

Question 59

Epinephrine

A) is secreted by the adrenal medulla
B) is secreted along with norepinephrine
C) reinforces sympathetic nervous system activity
D) mobilizes energy reserves
E) all of these

Question 60

Because aldosterone encourages K⁺ secretion into the urine, conditions in which excess aldosterone is secreted results in

A) hyponatremia
B) hypokalemia
C) hypotension
D) idiopathic atrophy
E) none of these

Question 61

Of the hormones secreted by the adrenal gland, those that promote an increase in the blood glucose level include

A) aldosterone
B) cortisol
C) epinephrine
D) cortisol and epinephrine
E) aldosterone and epinephrine

Question 62

Secretion of which of the following hormones is stimulated by an increase in blood glucose?

A) glucagon
B) cortisol
C) growth hormone
D) insulin
E) epinephrine

Question 63

Which statement is incorrect?

A) Somatostatin is produced by the hypothalamus.
B) Somatostatin is produced by the pancreatic D cells.
C) Somatostatin inhibits growth hormone secretion.
D) Somatostatin inhibits digestion of nutrients and decreases nutrient absorption.
E) Somatostatin is released in response to a fall in blood glucose and blood amino acids.

Question 64

Insulin

A) promotes the insertion of additional glucose transporters in the plasma membranes of insulin-dependent cells
B) stimulates glycogenesis and inhibits glycogenolysis
C) secretion is increased in response to a fall in blood glucose concentration
D) promotes the insertion of additional glucose transporters in the plasma membranes of insulin-dependent cells and stimulates glycogenesis and inhibits glycogenolysis
E) all of these

Question 65

Which of the following hormones is not secreted in response to stress?

A) cortisol
B) epinephrine
C) insulin
D) aldosterone
E) vasopressin

Question 66

Blood sugar levels

A) must remain within normal range because the brain needs a constant supply of sugar
B) decrease in response to glucagon secretion
C) decrease in response to gluconeogenic activity
D) must remain within normal range because the brain needs a constant supply of sugar, and decrease in response to glucagon secretion
E) none of these

Question 67

Select the pituitary hormone that increases the concentration of blood sugar.

A) glucagon
B) insulin
C) cortisol
D) epinephrine
E) growth hormone

Question 68

Which of the following is not an outcome of insulin secretion?

A) increases GLUT-4 mobilization
B) promotes glucose uptake by neural tissue
C) inhibits lipolysis
D) promotes glycogenesis
E) encourages protein synthesis

Question 69

Glycogenesis is

A) likely to occur when the body needs extra glucose for energy
B) stimulated by glucagon
C) stimulated by insulin
D) likely to occur when the body needs extra glucose for energy, and is stimulated by glucagon
E) likely to occur when the body needs extra glucose for energy, and is stimulated by insulin

Question 70

Select the site of glycogenesis.

A) liver
B) brain
C) working muscle
D) nonworking muscle
E) adipose tissue

Question 71

Which of the following is/are characteristic of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) mobilization of energy reserves
B) conservation of water and sodium
C) increased systemic vasoconstriction
D) all of these
E) none of these

Question 72

Which of the following does not stimulate insulin secretion?

A) elevated blood amino acid concentration
B) gastrointestinal hormones
C) a fast-food hamburger
D) starvation
E) elevated blood glucose concentration

Question 73

Which statement about adrenomedullary hormones is incorrect?

A) Epinephrine accounts for 80% of adrenomedullary catecholamine output.
B) Epinephrine and norepinephrine are stored within chromaffin granules in the adrenomedullary cells.
C) Epinephrine and norepinephrine have about equal affinities for all the adrenergic receptor types.
D) Epinephrine is at least 10 times more potent than norepinephrine at beta 2 receptors.
E) Epinephrine exerts metabolic effects, whereas norepinephrine has limited action in this regard.

Question 74

Excess circulating quantities of which of the following nutrient molecules can ultimately be stored in adipose tissue as triglycerides?

A) fatty acids
B) glucose
C) amino acids
D) fatty acids and glucose
E) all of these

Question 75

Glycosuria develops from a changing osmotic effect at the

A) working muscles
B) liver
C) brain
D) kidney
E) lungs

Question 76

During the absorptive state

A) Glycogenolysis is occurring.
B) Fats are the primary energy source.
C) Glucose is the main energy source.
D) Amino acid degradation is occurring.
E) Glucose sparing occurs.

Question 77

Insulin

A) facilitates the transport of glucose into the glucose-dependent brain cells
B) increases blood glucose levels to ensure adequate nourishment of the brain
C) promotes fat storage in the body
D) is stimulated by a lowered blood glucose
E) facilitates the transport of glucose into the glucose-dependent brain cells and promotes fat storage in the body

Question 78

Which of the following does not characterize the postabsorptive state?

A) There is a substantial reduction in blood glucose concentration compared to the absorptive state.
B) Gluconeogenesis occurs.
C) Glucose-sparing occurs.
D) Insulin secretion is reduced.
E) Glucagon secretion is increased.

Question 79

Gluconeogenesis

A) refers to the conversion of fatty acids into glucose
B) results in an increase in blood glucose
C) is stimulated by insulin and GH
D) refers to the conversion of fatty acids into glucose and results in an increase in blood glucose
E) results in an increase in blood glucose and is stimulated by insulin and GH

Question 80

Catecholamines are secreted from the adrenal medulla in response to

A) increased secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary
B) direct sympathetic nervous system stimulation
C) decreased androgen secretion from the adrenal cortex
D) a tropic hormone secreted by the pituitary
E) stimulation by chromaffin-releasing hormone