Deck 12: Body Defenses

Question 1

Which of the following is part of the inflammatory response?

A) migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the involved area
B) localized vasodilation
C) formation of interstitial-fluid clots in the injured region
D) both migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the involved area, and localized vasodilation
E) all of these

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which of the following is not a component of innate immunity?

A) inflammation
B) antibody production
C) interferon
D) natural killer cells
E) the complement system

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is not a means by which viruses can lead to cellular damage or death?

A) release by the virus of enzymes or toxins that physically injure or disrupt affected cells
B) depletion of essential cellular components by the virus
C) cellular production of substances toxic to the cell under the dictatorship of the virus
D) transformation of normal host cells into cancer cells
E) incorporation of the virus into the cell so that the body's own defense mechanisms no longer recognize the cell as part of "normal self" and destroy it

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which does not apply to neutrophils?

A) are produced only in lymph nodes
B) can perform phagocytosis
C) can perform diapedesis
D) can exhibit amoeboid movement
E) are attracted by chemotaxis

Question 5

Neutrophils engulf foreign particles by

A) opsonization
B) diapedesis
C) chemotaxis
D) phagocytosis
E) agglutination

Question 6

Interferon is a

A) family of proteins that defends against viruses
B) natural killer cell
C) specific bacterial surface receptor
D) specialized type of white blood cell
E) vasodilator agent

Question 7

Which of the following is not accomplished by a chemical released from activated phagocytes?

A) decreasing plasma iron so that it is unavailable for bacterial multiplication
B) stimulating histamine release from mast cells
C) stimulating the synthesis of viral-blocking enzymes
D) inducing the development of fever
E) stimulating granulopoiesis

Question 8

Specific immune responses

A) require helper T-cell activation
B) are under control of the adaptive immune system
C) could not occur if the thymus gland did not develop
D) require recognition of antigens by receptors
E) all of these

Question 9

Leukocytes

A) are responsible for the body's various immune defense strategies
B) spend most of their time circulating in the blood
C) are all produced in the lymph nodes
D) are responsible for the body's various immune defense strategies and spend most of their time circulating in the blood
E) all of these

Question 10

Which of the following are lymphoid tissues?

A) lymph nodes
B) spleen
C) bone marrow
D) both lymph nodes and spleen
E) all of these

Question 11

Bacterial multiplication depends on the availability of high concentrations of ____.

A) potassium
B) calcium
C) iron
D) sodium
E) glucose

Question 12

Localized vasodilation in an inflamed area is brought about by the release of ____ from ____.

A) histamine; mast cells
B) opsonins; B lymphocytes
C) interleukin 1; mast cells
D) leukocyte mediator; phagocytes
E) prostaglandins; phagocytes

Question 13

Which of the following is not part of the inflammatory response?

A) localized vasodilation
B) migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the site of injury
C) kinin activation
D) interferon inhibition of viral replication
E) formation of interstitial-fluid clots that wall off bacterial invaders

Question 14

Which of the following is not attributable to the immune defense system?

A) defends against pathogenic microorganisms
B) converts foreign chemicals into compounds that can be more readily eliminated in the urine
C) removes worn-out cells and tissue debris
D) identifies and destroys abnormal or mutant cells
E) can inappropriately induce allergic responses and autoimmune disease

Question 15

Which of the following is not attributable to complement activity?

A) acting as opsonins
B) walling-off the inflamed area
C) serving as chemotaxins
D) stimulating the release of histamine
E) forming a membrane attack complex

Question 16

Which kind of white blood cells secretes chemicals that destroy parasitic worms?

A) basophil
B) eosinophil
C) lymphocyte
D) monocyte
E) neutrophil

Question 17

What type of cells do natural killer cells destroy?

A) antibody marked cells
B) bacteria and virus-infected cells
C) bacteria and cancerous cells
D) cancerous cells and virus-infected cells
E) none of these

Question 18

Which occurrence is not characteristic of the inflammation response?

A) increased capillary permeability
B) increased macrophage activity
C) localized vasodilation
D) localized edema
E) decreased phagocytic activity

Question 19

Nonspecific immune responses

A) come into play whether or not there has been prior experience with the offending agent
B) are triggered by invasion of infectious microorganisms, chemical injury, mechanical trauma, or burns
C) are mediated by lymphocytes
D) come into play whether or not there has been prior experience with the offending agent and are triggered by invasion of infectious microorganisms, chemical injury, mechanical trauma, or burns
E) all of these

Question 20

Viruses

A) are single-celled microorganisms
B) consist only of nucleic acids enclosed by a protein coat
C) must invade a host cell in order to carry out metabolism and reproduce
D) are single-celled microorganisms and must invade a host cell in order to carry out metabolism and reproduce
E) consist only of nucleic acids enclosed by a protein coat and must invade a host cell in order to carry out metabolism and reproduce

Question 21

Select the incorrect statement about the glucocorticoids.

A) Cortisol is a glucocorticoid.
B) They are used to treat undesirable immune responses.
C) They stimulate lymphocyte production.
D) They reduce the body's ability to resist infection.
E) They suppress the inflammatory response.

Question 22

The thymus

A) is the site of maturational processing for T lymphocytes
B) secretes a collection of hormones important in maintaining the T-cell lineage
C) gradually atrophies and becomes less important as an individual matures
D) is a lymphoid organ
E) all of these

Question 23

Opsonins

A) enhance phagocytosis by linking the foreign cell to a phagocytic cell
B) include antibodies
C) include a certain complement protein
D) include antibodies and a certain complement protein
E) all of these

Question 24

Chemotaxins

A) are specialized antibodies
B) attract migrating phagocytic cells
C) destroy histamine and other vasodilators
D) engulf foreign particles
E) stimulate white cell production

Question 25

Which of the following statements concerning an endogenous pyrogen is incorrect?

A) It is an acute-phase protein produced by the liver.
B) It is secreted by phagocytes at a site of inflammation.
C) It induces the development of fever.
D) It is the same as or closely related to leukocyte endogenous mediator and interleukin 1.
E) It is believed to cause the local release of prostaglandins within the hypothalamus.

Question 26

Which type of leukocyte has a derivative known as the plasma cell?

A) neutrophil
B) B lymphocyte
C) T lymphocyte
D) macrophage
E) basophil

Question 27

B lymphocytes

A) are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity
B) are activated by thymosin
C) mature and differentiate into macrophages
D) bind with foreign antigen in association with self-antigen
E) are attacked by AIDS virus

Question 28

Monocytes

A) are the first phagocytes to exit the blood and arrive at an injured or invaded area
B) swell and mature into macrophages after exiting the blood
C) act as opsonins.
D) all of these
E) are the first phagocytes to exit the blood and arrive at an injured or invaded area, and swell and mature into macrophages after exiting the blood

Question 29

Diapedesis

A) refers to the process of white blood cells engulfing and destroying invading organisms
B) refers to the process of leukocytes squeezing through pores of the capillary wall into the surrounding interstitial fluid
C) refers to the attraction of white blood cells to areas of injury, inflammation, and bacterial invasion
D) is a feature exhibited by platelets
E) refers to the linking together of a foreign cell and a phagocytic cell

Question 30

The complement system

A) consists of plasma proteins produced by the liver that circulate in the blood in inactive form
B) is the primary mechanism activated by antibodies to kill foreign cells
C) can be activated nonspecifically and specifically
D) consists of plasma proteins produced by the liver that circulate in the blood in inactive form and can be activated nonspecifically and specifically
E) all of these

Question 31

The primary purpose of the vascular changes in an invaded or injured area is to

A) produce swelling, redness, heat, and pain
B) bring to the affected area phagocytes and plasma proteins that defend against the offending agent
C) produce pus
D) exert an anti-inflammatory effect to protect against damage by potentially over-reactive defense mechanisms
E) trigger specific immune responses

Question 32

T lymphocytes

A) produce thymosin
B) secrete antibodies
C) are converted into plasma cells
D) mature ad differentiate within the bone marrow.
E) none of these

Question 33

Which of the following is not accomplished by interferon?

A) It directly breaks down viral messenger RNA and inhibits protein synthesis, both of which are essential for viral replication.
B) It enhances macrophage phagocytic activity.
C) It stimulates antibody production.
D) It stimulates the activity of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells.
E) It slows cell division and suppresses tumor growth.

Question 34

Interferon

A) is released from viruses
B) triggers the production of viral-blocking enzymes by cells that have not yet been invaded by viruses
C) directly breaks down viral messenger RNA
D) inhibits protein synthesis, both of which are essential for viral replication
E) triggers the production of viral-blocking enzymes by cells that have not yet been invaded by viruses and inhibits protein synthesis, both of which are essential for viral replication

Question 35

Interferon

A) forms a membrane-attack complex
B) causes lysis of invading microbes
C) nonspecifically defends against viruses
D) stimulates histamine release from mast cells
E) is secreted by lymphoid tissues

Question 36

Viral-blocking enzymes are

A) produced by cells invaded by virus
B) produced by cells in response to binding with interferon
C) may be produced by cells not yet invaded by a virus
D) all of these
E) produced by cells invaded by virus and may be produced by cells not yet invaded by a virus

Question 37

Which is not an outcome of complement activation?

A) promotion of localized vasodilation
B) formation of a membrane-attack complex
C) activation of kinins
D) stimulation of interferon production
E) stimulation of local mast cell activity

Question 38

The molecules that can cause the body to produce antibodies are called

A) complements
B) antibodies
C) antigens
D) haptens
E) interferons

Question 39

Select the most abundant immunoglobulin in the blood.

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgG
E) IgM

Question 40

Which of the following is not attributable to components of the complement system?

A) formation of a membrane-attack complex
B) walling-off of the inflamed area
C) serving as chemotaxins
D) acting as opsonins
E) enhancing local vascular changes

Question 41

Passive immunity is accomplished by transfer of ____ antibodies.

A) IgA
B) IgE
C) IgG
D) IgM
E) all of these

Question 42

Lymphocytes respond only to antigens that have been processed and presented to them by

A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) macrophages
D) helper T cells
E) interleukin 2

Question 43

Which statement does not apply to macrophages?

A) They participate in inflammation.
B) They process and present antigens to lymphocytes.
C) They secrete antibodies.
D) They secrete interleukin 1.
E) They participate in immune surveillance against cancer.

Question 44

Which of the following is not secreted by helper T cells?

A) interleukin 2
B) perforin
C) macrophage-migration inhibition factor
D) B-cell growth factor
E) T-cell growth factor

Question 45

____ T cells release perforin.

A) Cytotoxic
B) Helper
C) Suppressor
D) Regulatory
E) Inhibitory

Question 46

The antigen-binding fragments (Fab) of antibodies are

A) located in the arm tips of the antibody molecule
B) located in the tail portion of the antibody molecule
C) unique for each antibody so that each antibody can interact only with an antigen that specifically matches it
D) located in the arm tips of the antibody molecule, and are unique for each antibody so that each antibody can interact only with an antigen that specifically matches it
E) located in the tail portion of the antibody molecule, and are unique for each antibody so that each antibody can interact only with an antigen that specifically matches it

Question 47

A secondary response to an invading microorganism that has invaded a previous time is

A) launched by memory cells
B) slower and weaker than the primary response
C) more rapid, more potent, and longer-lasting than the primary response
D) launched by memory cells and slower and weaker than the primary response
E) launched by memory cells and more rapid, more potent, and longer-lasting than the primary response

Question 48

Dendritic cells

A) are neurons
B) participate in the inflammation response
C) are specialized for phagocytosis of worms
D) are specialized antigen-presenting cells
E) none of these

Question 49

Chemicals other than antibodies secreted by lymphocytes are collectively known as

A) cytokines
B) antigens
C) opsonins
D) complement factors
E) lymphogenous mediators

Question 50

Which statement is incorrect?

A) Cytotoxic T cells release chemicals that destroy targeted cells.
B) Helper T cells enhance the activity of other T cells and B cells.
C) Suppressor T cells are believed to play an important role in tolerance to self-antigens.
D) Helper T cells can combine only with host cells bearing both foreign antigen and class I MHC-encoded self-antigens on their surface.
E) The majority of T cells are helper T cells.

Question 51

Active immunity

A) is self-generated upon exposure to antigen
B) can be produced only as a result of a person actually having the disease
C) involves administration of preformed antibodies
D) is shorter in duration than passive immunity
E) is acquired in the newborn as a result of the transfer of antibodies across the placenta during intrauterine development

Question 52

A large, complex molecule that triggers a specific immune response against itself when it gains entry into the body is known as

A) interferon
B) an antigen
C) an antibody
D) a complement
E) an opsonin

Question 53

Which one of the ABO blood groups has both antibodies for this group?

A) A
B) AB
C) B
D) O
E) OB

Question 54

Plasma cells

A) are not derived from B cells
B) have an expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) do not secrete antibodies but remain dormant and expand the clone specific for the invading antigen
D) are not derived from B cells and have an expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum
E) all of these

Question 55

IgM immunoglobulin

A) serves as the B-cell surface receptor for antigen attachment
B) is found in milk and tears
C) mediates common allergies such as hay fever, asthma, and hives
D) is the most abundant antibody produced by plasma cells
E) is specific for viral invaders

Question 56

T cells

A) bind with free extracellular antigen
B) bind with MHC molecules only when they are in association with a foreign antigen
C) are responsible for cell-mediated immunity
D) bind with free extracellular antigen and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity
E) bind with MHC molecules only when they are in association with a foreign antigen, and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity

Question 57

Cytotoxic T cells

A) are not the most numerous of the T cells
B) secrete B-cell growth factor and T-cell growth factor
C) confer greater phagocytic properties on macrophages, converting them into angry macrophages
D) release antigens
E) bind with class II MHC glycoproteins

Question 58

The first human vaccination developed by Jenner

A) was for smallpox
B) was for anthrax
C) used inoculum from sheep
D) was for smallpox and used inoculum from sheep
E) was for anthrax and used inoculum from sheep

Question 59

What type of immune defense cell is selectively invaded by AIDS virus?

A) cytotoxic T cells
B) helper T cells
C) suppressor T cells
D) macrophages
E) neutrophils

Question 60

Which of the following is not accomplished by antibodies?

A) neutralization of bacterial toxins
B) direct destruction of foreign cells
C) activation of the complement system
D) enhancement of phagocytosis
E) stimulation of killer (K) cells

Question 61

Which of the following does not help defend against cancer?

A) interferon
B) macrophages
C) natural killer cells
D) cytotoxic T cells
E) antibodies

Question 62

Which of the following is not a possible cause of autoimmune disease?

A) reduction in suppressor T cell activity
B) prolonged treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs
C) exposure of normally inaccessible self-antigens
D) modification of normal self-antigens
E) exposure of the immune system to a foreign antigen almost identical structurally to a self-antigen

Question 63

Immune surveillance refers to the body's ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign invaders.

Question 64

Keratinocytes

A) form the outer protective layer of the skin
B) secrete interleukin 1
C) present antigens to helper T cells
D) form the outer protective layer of the skin and secrete interleukin 1
E) none of these

Question 65

Diapedesis is the means by which a leukocyte reproduces.

Question 66

A host cell is the body cell of an infected individual.

Question 67

Specific immune responses are selectively targeted against particular foreign material to which the body has previously been exposed.

Question 68

Which cell type in the epidermis produces a pigment that absorbs ultraviolet light?

A) keratinocyte
B) melanocyte
C) Langerhans cell
D) Granstein cell
E) sebaceous cell

Question 69

The spleen clears the lymph that passes through it of bacteria and other foreign matter.

Question 70

Vasodilation of the blood vessels supplying a tissue increases the flow of blood to that area.

Question 71

Which of the following is not found in the epidermis?

A) blood vessels whose caliber can be adjusted as part of the temperature regulatory mechanisms
B) keratinocytes
C) melanocytes
D) Langerhans cells
E) Granstein cells

Question 72

Which of the following statements about cancer cells is incorrect?

A) They arise only when multiple independent mutations occur within the same cell.
B) They lack the ability to perform the specialized functions of the normal cell-type from which they mutated.
C) The body has no means by which to defend against them.
D) They usually do not adhere well to neighboring cells, so some of them may break away from the parent tumor.
E) They arise only when multiple independent mutations occur within the same cell, and they usually do not adhere well to neighboring cells, so some of them may break away from the parent tumor.

Question 73

Which of the following does not play a direct role in immune surveillance against cancer?

A) B cells
B) natural killer cells
C) macrophages
D) cytotoxic T cells
E) interferon

Question 74

Which chemical induces prolonged contraction of smooth muscle during allergic reactions?

A) basophil chemotactic factor
B) eosinophil chemotactic factor
C) histamine
D) SRS-A
E) TP-2

Question 75

Peyer's patches are located in the kidney.

Question 76

Which of the following does not characterize immediate hypersensitivity?

A) It is mediated by T cells.
B) It involves IgE antibodies.
C) It occurs within 20 minutes of exposure to the allergen.
D) It usually involves allergic responses to inhaled or ingested allergens.
E) It includes hay fever, asthma, and hives.

Question 77

With ____, the body fails to recognize and tolerate particular self-antigens.

A) delayed hypersensitivity
B) autoimmune disease
C) immune-complex disease
D) immediate hypersensitivity
E) inflammation

Question 78

Which of the following is not secreted by helper T cells?

A) B-cell growth factor
B) T-cell growth factor
C) interleukin 1
D) interleukin 2
E) macrophage migration inhibition factor

Question 79

The epidermis

A) has an outermost keratinized layer that is tough, airtight, and fairly waterproof
B) contains melanocytes, keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, Granstein cells, and transient T lymphocytes
C) has a richly vascularized inner layer
D) has an outermost keratinized layer that is tough, airtight, and fairly waterproof; and contains melanocytes, keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, Granstein cells, and transient T lymphocytes
E) none of these

Question 80

Pathogenic bacteria induce tissue damage and produce disease by invading host cells and taking over the cellular biochemical facilities for their own purposes.