Deck 6: The Principles of Pleasure: Understanding Positive Affect, Positive Emotions, Happiness, and Well-Being

Question 1

What is emotion a more specific version of?

A) feeling
B) disposition
C) mood
D) affect

Answer 1

mood

Question 2

Whether an event is perceived as painful or pleasurable refers to its ______.

A) saliency
B) affect
C) trajectory
D) valence

Answer 2

valence

Question 3

What is the relationship between pleasant and unpleasant affects?

A) They are physiologically the same.
B) They are independent of each other.
C) They are polar opposites.
D) They are strongly and inversely related.

Answer 3

They are independent of each other.

Question 4

A combination of positive affect, general life satisfaction, and the absence of negative affect is the definition of which term?

A) joy
B) happiness
C) subjective well-being
D) contentment

Question 5

How are affect and emotion related?

A) They are experienced periodically.
B) Affect is a component of emotion.
C) They are synonymous with mood.
D) Emotion is a component of affect.

Question 6

Considering the research of Alice Isen, which of the following describes an action that people are more likely to take when experiencing positive affect?

A) engaging in conflict with others
B) indulging in substances like alcohol
C) ignore problems that need to be solved
D) someone being willing to consider multiple perspectives

Question 7

What do specific action tendencies suggest?

A) one specific pathway to achieve a goal
B) a broad range of possible behavioral options
C) multiple pathways to achieve a goal
D) a restricted range of possible behavioral options

Question 8

In the study by Estrada, Isen, and Young, how did the group of physicians who received the candy differ from the group who did not receive candy?

A) They displayed superior reasoning and decision-making.
B) They behaved more altruistically.
C) They displayed more optimism that their patients would recover.
D) They came up with fewer possible diagnoses.

Question 9

Which term is used synonymously with happiness in psychology literature?

A) emotion
B) subjective well-being
C) life-satisfaction
D) affect

Question 10

Which of the following ethnic groups is most likely to feel and think dialectically?

A) French
B) Canadian
C) Portuguese
D) Chinese

Question 11

According to the PANAS-X, negative affect states are described best as ______.

A) general distress
B) anxiety
C) arousal
D) irritability

Question 12

In his research on the effects of prolonged exposure to fear and anger, what did Hans Selye conclude?

A) Physical stress only serves to harm the body and does not provide any adaptive function.
B) Exercise can serve to undo the harm that physical stress causes the body.
C) There is a direct relationship between amount of physical stress experienced and length of life.
D) While physical stress harms the body it also has a survival value for humans.

Question 13

According to research by Xing and Sun, which of the following people would be happier?

A) Someone who is financially conservative and invests in successful businesses.
B) Someone who takes calculated risks while also having a safety net.
C) Someone who takes greater risks by buying stock from failing companies.
D) Someone who takes medium risks by investing in small businesses.

Question 14

Which of the following summarizes the implication of research done by Xing and Sun on taking financial risks?

A) People who take risks are unhappy and are attempting to put themselves in a positive situation.
B) People who take risks are generally happier due to higher psychological resilience.
C) People who take risks do not experience more happiness unless the risk is high.
D) People who take risks can do so because of their stable life circumstances.

Question 15

What is affect considered to be a component of?

A) emotion
B) disposition
C) feeling
D) mood

Question 16

What basic question was the PANAS-X designed to answer?

A) Do we experience positive affect more saliently than negative affect?
B) Are positive and negative affect the identical constructs?
C) Can we experience positive and negative affect simultaneously?
D) Do we experience negative affect more saliently than positive affect?

Question 17

The ability to think in more than one direction, or from more than one point of view is referred to as ______.

A) dialectical thinking
B) divergent thinking
C) symmetrical thinking
D) convergent thinking

Question 18

What two dimensions of affect does the PANAS-X assess?

A) attraction and aversion
B) stability and pervasiveness
C) valence and content
D) flexibility and strength

Question 19

Why does happiness have little consensus on its meaning?

A) Everyone subjectively defines it.
B) It is a misnomer.
C) Research does not support its existence.
D) There are too few definitions for it.

Question 20

In an experiment by Isen, how did induced positive affect through the finding of a coin affect human behavior?

A) Those who found the coin behaved more selfishly.
B) Those who found the coin were more likely to help someone in need.
C) Those who found the coin were ambivalent to the person in need.
D) Those who found the coin acted more aggressively.

Question 21

Which of the following is a behavior identified by Armenta, Fritz, and Lyubomirsky that can help increase engagement in activities that lead to improving one's life?

A) religious activities such as prayer
B) mindfulness meditation
C) volunteer work
D) expressing gratitude

Question 22

Which theory of happiness would be consistent with the statement "we are happy because we have reached a desired outcome?"

A) subjective well-being theories
B) genetic/personality predisposition theories
C) process/activity theories
D) need/goal satisfaction theories

Question 23

Which term is defined as human flourishing that is a result of living a virtuous life?

A) pandemonium
B) morality
C) eudemonia
D) scrupulous

Question 24

The study by Frederickson and Joiner demonstrated that initial levels of positive emotions predicted ______.

A) overall increases in creative problem-solving
B) marked increases in cognition
C) no difference in relationship forming
D) decreases in attention

Question 25

What implication comes from the study on positive affect and better cross-race facial recognition?

A) It shows that positive affect has few connections to facial recognition.
B) It can lead to greater positivity in interracial relations.
C) It explains that positive affect influences how mixed-race individuals fare in this task.
D) It has the potential to explain how positive affect works in other areas of race relations.

Question 26

The increased likelihood of behaving positively toward other people and developing more positive relationships are the benefits of what positive emotion?

A) pleasure
B) contentment
C) happiness
D) joy

Question 27

Who believed that eudemonia was the key to the good life?

A) Aristotle
B) Plato
C) Socrates
D) Democritus

Question 28

Based on Frederickson's research, what effect would the emotion of joy tend to have on people?

A) They are likely to be content with staying where they are.
B) They are likely to initiate activities.
C) They are likely to act selfishly.
D) They are likely to be less judgmental of others.

Question 29

Considering the review done by Lyubomirsky, King, and Diener, which of the following best describes someone likely to experience beneficial life outcomes such as success?

A) A person who is regarded as wise.
B) A person who is showing happiness.
C) A person who is altruistic.
D) A person who is courageous.

Question 30

How might joy and contentment have an "undoing" potential for negative emotions?

A) They change our cognitions and thus the way we perceive the world.
B) They increase our sense of hope.
C) They enhance our subjective well-being.
D) They act as antidotes to negative emotions.

Question 31

According to Fredrickson, people's reactions to positive emotions tend to be cognitive. Reactions to negative emotions tend to be ______.

A) physical
B) logical
C) fearful
D) apathetic

Question 32

Which theoretical framework did Frederickson develop?

A) the pleasure principle
B) the affect-emotion model of cognition
C) the broaden-and-build model of positive emotions
D) the mood regulation archetype

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true about the Cohen study of emotional style and health?

A) Negative or positive emotions did not affect how many symptoms people reported.
B) Those with higher positive emotions reported fewer symptoms of illness.
C) People with negative emotional styles were more likely to report them.
D) Those with lower positive emotions reported fewer symptoms of illness.

Question 34

What are the benefits of juvenile play?

A) It promotes higher levels of creativity.
B) It allows us to reenact our unresolved issues.
C) It is a proven treatment for childhood depression.
D) It promotes altruism and flexibility in problem-solving.

Question 35

According to the original calculations of Fredrickson and Losada, what is the mean ratio of positive emotions that predicts human flourishing?

A) 2:9
B) 1:1
C) 10:1
D) 5:7

Question 36

What do need/goal satisfaction theories of happiness state?

A) Happiness is closely related to certain personality traits.
B) The reduction of tension or the satisfaction of needs lead to happiness.
C) Engaging in altruistic activities generates happiness.
D) We are happy only when we are in a state of "flow."

Question 37

What are the benefits of play in young adults?

A) It promotes higher levels of creativity and influences brain development.
B) It allows us to reenact our unresolved issues and childhood traumas.
C) It promotes better coping with the stresses of life.
D) It promotes altruism and flexibility in problem-solving.

Question 38

How is playfulness similar between juveniles and young adults?

A) It tends to detract them from more important life tasks unless it is regulated.
B) It is brought on by joy and is important for evolutionary adaptation.
C) It can be experienced if their relationships and lifestyle are stable.
D) It can take away from life satisfaction if not regulated well enough.

Question 39

Which of the following brain functions has been shown to be enhanced by an increased positive mood?

A) emotion management
B) speech production
C) working memory
D) neurotransmission

Question 40

What physiological phenomenon has research demonstrated can be alleviated by positive affect?

A) encephalitis
B) gastroenteritis
C) chronic and acute pain
D) nausea

Question 41

A combination of positive affect (in the absence of negative affect) and general life satisfaction is the definition of what term?

A) joy
B) subjective well-being
C) happiness
D) complete mental health

Question 42

Which personality factors were found to be related to happiness?

A) introversion and openness
B) perceiving and conscientiousness
C) intuition and agreeableness
D) extraversion and neuroticism

Question 43

According to Diener, what is most important to happiness?

A) people's objective circumstances
B) our ability to play
C) building connections with others
D) someone's perceptions of the world

Question 44

Which of the following statements about the relationship between income and happiness is true?

A) Higher income is associated with greater happiness in affluent nations.
B) Median income is associated with lower happiness in poor nations.
C) Lower income is associated with greater happiness no matter the conditions of the country.
D) People in poor countries are generally happier than people in first world countries.

Question 45

Who proposed the theory of flow?

A) Diener
B) Seligman
C) Csikszentmihalyi
D) Fredrickson

Question 46

Which of the following is a way that someone would demonstrate mastery of one of the three components of complete mental health?

A) They have good, healthy relationships with others and have a strong sense of purpose in their life.
B) They are continuing to work on self-acceptance and personal growth.
C) They are beginning to understand what they need to work on to feel as though they are satisfied with life.
D) They have integrated with and contributed to their community while attempting to handle depression.

Question 47

Research shows that people who spent more money on time-saving services, such as having someone help cook or clean, reported greater ______.

A) well-being
B) competence
C) life satisfaction
D) joyfulness

Question 48

Which of the emotion-related determinants of happiness has the greatest degree of genetic contribution?

A) positive emotionality
B) emotional intelligence
C) negative emotionality
D) neutral emotionality

Question 49

What does the author implicate as a possible reason that collectivist individuals appear to have lower well-being?

A) numerous years of economic issues that put a strain on people's well-being
B) the lack of construct equivalence between cultures for well-being
C) the large difference in population, which interferes with the results of well-being research
D) an inability to understand well-being in the first place, which produces inconsistent results

Question 50

According to Ryff and Keyes, emotional well-being, social well-being, and psychological well-being are the three components that make up what?

A) subjective well-being
B) happiness
C) life satisfaction
D) complete mental health

Question 51

How does marital status influence subjective well-being?

A) Individuals who are not married report lower subjective well-being than individuals who are married.
B) Marriage influences reported levels of subjective well-being for women only.
C) Individuals who are married report higher subjective well-being than individuals who are not married.
D) Whether or not an individual is married does not influence subjective well-being.

Question 52

Based on the numerous studies on well-being, who is likely to exhibit more happiness through increasing social connectedness?

A) Someone who is Muslim.
B) Someone who is Asian American.
C) Someone who is English.
D) Someone who is Peruvian.

Question 53

In what type of nation are you most likely to find that financial status is highly correlated with satisfaction for students?

A) a wealthy nation, such as the United States
B) a monarchic nation, such as Saudi Arabia
C) a democratic nation, such as France
D) an impoverished nation, such as Somalia

Question 54

According to Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, and Schkade, about 50% of the population variance for happiness is based on ______.

A) ethnicity
B) personality
C) sociability
D) genetics

Question 55

How do genetic/personality predisposition theorists explain the experience emotion?

A) It is related to certain personality traits.
B) It is inherited from the maternal side.
C) It is experienced while engaging in personally satisfying activities.
D) It is modeled or learned from the environment.

Question 56

With consideration to research by Lu and Gilmour, what is similar about the way in which students from China and the United States viewed the construct of happiness?

A) Including the present in their description of their views on what factors influence happiness.
B) The socioeconomic factors that are at the center of their perspectives of happiness.
C) Healthy social ties with family members, friends, and authority figures.
D) The ability to maintain adequate physical and mental health.

Question 57

How do process/activity theories explain happiness?

A) Engaging in particular life activities generates happiness.
B) The reduction of tension or the satisfaction of needs lead to happiness.
C) Happiness is closely related to certain personality traits.
D) Happiness continuously changes with our differing life conditions.

Question 58

African-American individuals who report greater life satisfaction are likely to have strong ______.

A) financial stability
B) relationships with family members
C) ethnic identity and religious commitment
D) friendships with people from their community

Question 59

What two qualities or characteristics consistently emerge in the lives of the happiest young adults?

A) financial stability and marriage at a young age
B) good mental health and good social relationships
C) low socioeconomic status and healthy parental relationships
D) good academic grades and adequate physical health

Question 60

Paul Meehl coined the term "joy-juice" to refer to ______.

A) the positive benefits of a healthy diet on our emotions
B) anything that induces pleasant emotional experiences
C) the intoxicating feeling we get when we are high on life
D) the way we feel when we are helpful to other people

Question 61

Buddha is credited with defining the term eudaimonia.

Question 62

Create an example of an individual whose happiness is affected by their cultural settings while relating it to the research on cultural differences in the manifestation and views of happiness.

Question 63

Flow can be described as someone's engagement in activities that match or challenge task-related skills.

Question 64

Create a description of someone who is experiencing positive emotions and is seeing this manifested in two life tasks that they are engaged in. Along with the description, explain how positive emotions help enhance the tasks.

Question 65

Well-being can be established and maintained if someone has their basic needs met.

Question 66

Scientific studies emphasize the use of the term happiness because of widespread agreement on its meaning.

Question 67

How does the concept of flow fit in with process/activity theories of happiness?

Question 68

Well-being is a goal that is limited to attainment by individuals in Western cultures

Question 69

The benefits of play fail to show significance past childhood.

Question 70

Research has shown that openness and conscientiousness are related to characteristics of happiness.

Question 71

Describe the underlying factors that explain how financial status influences happiness.

Question 72

The PANAS and other measures of affect are designed to help understand whether people can experience positive and negative affect at the same time.

Question 73

Cohen's research upholds the myth that positive emotions have no influence on resisting the common cold.

Question 74

Emotion is an underlying component of affect.

Question 75

Explain how experiencing positive affect influences cognitive processes, along with how this can assist with improving cross-race relations.

Question 76

An aversion to happiness exists in some groups from non-Western cultures.

Question 77

The pleasure principle, as described by Freud, is the demand for a need to be satisfied despite the consequences.

Question 78

Greater happiness is an indicator of being less willing to take risks.

Question 79

Experiencing positive emotions has been shown to assist with problem-solving and decision-making.

Question 80

Research shows that positive emotions can offset the effects of negative emotions.