Deck 13: Balanced Conceptualizations of Mental Health and Behavior

Question 1

What additional determinant of the abnormal label did Becker (1963) identify?

A) the effect of a powerful person ostracizing an action
B) the effect of a powerful person performing an action
C) the effect of the community supporting an action
D) the effect of the community ignoring an action

Answer 1

the effect of a powerful person ostracizing an action

Question 2

What is the underlying fascination that students have in asking the question "what is normal?"

A) Most have prurient interest in the material.
B) It is part of a healthy attempt to make sense out of the world.
C) most are uncertain about their own mental health status.
D) It is motivated by a desire to make them feel better about themselves.

Answer 2

It is part of a healthy attempt to make sense out of the world.

Question 3

What is the primary human goal, beyond survival, according to Chickering?

A) achieving material wealth
B) maintaining physical health
C) producing healthy offspring
D) establishment of an identity

Answer 3

establishment of an identity

Question 4

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A) the tendency to include situational factors when explaining other people's behavior but ignore situational factors when explaining our own behavior
B) the tendency to attribute every error we make to the people with whom we are interacting
C) the tendency to include situational factors when explaining our own behavior but ignore situational factors when explaining other's behavior
D) the tendency to believe that the fundamental reason for errors is the superficial nature of our society

Question 5

Which of the following is a reason why work on optimal human functioning has fallen behind the work of focusing on the negative traits of mental illness?

A) The attainment of positive mental health is an active process.
B) Understanding optimal human functioning requires unknown resources.
C) Mental illness has only recently been studied.
D) The alleviation of suffering warrants greater attention.

Question 6

Which three aspects of a behavior are relevant to the fundamental negative bias?

A) saliency, frequency, and context
B) context, form, and value
C) frequency, form, and value
D) context, value, and saliency

Question 7

What is demonstrated in the case of Michael when the author asked him about coping, strengths, and weaknesses?

A) the use of a balanced approach when treating a client
B) conservative questioning of clients as an effective approach
C) how to avoid resistance from a client
D) asking questions or using prompts in a timely manner

Question 8

What question do developmental theories often fail to address when conceptualizing behavior?

A) "Why do people develop bad habits?"
B) "What happens when bad things happen to good people?"
C) "How can people avoid negative consequences?"
D) "When do people understand positive and negative behaviors?"

Question 9

Which of the following best illustrates the fundamental attribution error?

A) Someone who is a terrible procrastinator takes responsibility for not starting class project sooner.
B) A person is cutoff by another driver without warning and assumes that the driver is a bad person.
C) An individual is frustrated because her math class is too hard.
D) Someone was dismayed when their significant other cancelled their date because they had to work.

Question 10

What is the purpose of the four-front approach to conceptualization of behavior?

A) to identify the four major problems in the client's life
B) to provide a balanced representation of the client's situation
C) to provide excuses for the four biggest failures of the client's life
D) to identify the four major strengths of the client

Question 11

How does fundamental attribution error differ from fundamental negative bias?

A) Fundamental attribution error takes perceived internal characteristics into account.
B) Fundamental attribution error only occurs in public settings.
C) Fundamental attribution error involves overly positive conceptualizations of behaviors.
D) Fundamental attribution error is experienced by people who are predisposed to anger.

Question 12

Which of the following fronts of behavior does the four-front approach assess?

A) the person's personality
B) how well the person does academically
C) the person's capacity for forming relationships
D) environmental factors hindering healthy functioning

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true about how we judge behavior when we have only a small amount of information?

A) The positive or negative value of a behavior will determine the reactions to that behavior.
B) A behavior stands out more when it is positive.
C) A behavior stands out more when it is negative.
D) The positive or negative saliency of a behavior will determine the reactions to that behavior.

Question 14

What three criteria are commonly used to identify abnormal behavior?

A) frequency, saliency, and personality
B) personality, frequency, and function
C) function, effects, and frequency
D) personality, effects, and context

Question 15

What important lesson concerning abnormal behavior can be learned from the example of a grown woman kissing the tarmac at an airport?

A) Most of what people do is abnormal.
B) Culture must be considered when evaluating abnormality.
C) Kissing the ground is always an abnormal behavior because it is so uncommon.
D) Temporal context must be considered when evaluating abnormality.

Question 16

Which of the following issues needs to be addressed by clinicians as part of mental health care?

A) Environmental influences on behavior are not adequately addressed.
B) Clinicians need to do more to promote humanism and less to promote behaviorism.
C) Therapeutic sessions need to increase in length to accommodate the complexity of human behavior
D) the overemphasizing of engaging in normal behaviors

Question 17

What have developmental psychopathology scholars discovered during the past 25 years?

A) Events during childhood have no effect on the development of mental disorders.
B) Events during childhood are the primary cause for the development of mental disorders.
C) Some of the reasons why some people and not others develop certain disorders.
D) The development of mental disorders is completely determined by genetic factors.

Question 18

Which psychologist explored the 'sane society' in which mental health was defined as 'the ability to love and to create?'

A) Fromm
B) Freud
C) Jahoda
D) Frankl

Question 19

Which of the following is one of the characteristics of the mentally healthy person identified by Marie Jahoda?

A) pursuing what they are guaranteed to be successful at
B) comfort in being confrontational to achieve goals
C) mastering of the environment and the enjoying of love, work, and play
D) the ability to express negative emotions in all contexts

Question 20

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the mental health focus of the latter half of the 20th century?

A) exclusive focus on the positive aspects of mental health
B) primarily focusing on negative aspects with little attention paid to the positive
C) equal focus on the positive and negative aspects of mental health
D) primarily focusing on the positive aspects with little attention paid to the negative

Question 21

Which of the following goals can be met by someone who wants to develop clear and humanizing values?

A) establishing identity
B) managing emotions
C) developing integrity
D) developing purpose

Question 22

The different views of overcoming obstacles by people in differing socioeconomic situations exemplifies the difference in ______.

A) education
B) cultural values
C) lifestyle
D) narrative

Question 23

Which group would view hopelessness and suffering as natural workings of the world?

A) European Jews
B) Catholics
C) Evangelists
D) Buddhists

Question 24

In the case of Michael, how does his relationship with a new case manager demonstrate the necessity for understanding how culture counts?

A) The new case manager was from a culture that Michael did not have any awareness of, which made connecting difficult.
B) The new case manager did not consider that Michael would see another mental health professional, which is uncommon.
C) The new case manager failed to account for Michael's sexual orientation when guiding him to attend church, making Michael frustrated.
D) The new case manager is not strict on timeliness, which irritated Michael because their meeting started late.

Question 25

In the Ivey system, what is fundamental for conceptualizing a client's behavior?

A) the collection of background information
B) finding case studies about similar behaviors
C) testing the client at the start to understand their behavior
D) establishing a diagnosis by the end of the first session

Question 26

What does the example of Cajuns placing crosses in their homes to ward off evil teach us regarding the importance of culture?

A) Cultural values provide the context to determine normality.
B) Religion is the most important aspect of nearly every culture on earth.
C) Cajun culture frowns upon expressions of religious faith.
D) Explicit demonstrations of religious faith are considered abnormal in all cultures.

Question 27

For a person from a marginalized group, which environmental factor would affect their behaviors?

A) social injustices faced regularly
B) the places that they can afford to go to
C) ability to engage with similar individuals
D) knowing who among them can share resources

Question 28

Which of the following is best for providing context for determining whether thoughts or behaviors are considered normal or abnormal?

A) guidebooks
B) friendship dynamics
C) cultural values
D) self-report surveys

Question 29

What conclusion have multicultural psychologists made regarding the universality assumption?

A) Research indicates that the universality assumption is a common belief but is not accurate.
B) Research has definitively proven that the universality assumption is accurate.
C) There is not enough research currently to determine the validity of the universality assumption.
D) The universality assumption is true for cultures in the northern hemisphere but not for cultures in the southern hemisphere.

Question 30

Based on the differences in higher rates of disorders in minority groups, what is lacking in the DSM-IV-TR?

A) emphasis on gender differences
B) emphasis on underlying contributing medical issues
C) emphasis on contributing cultural and social variables psychopathology
D) emphasis on dichotomizing neurosis and psychosis

Question 31

In Ivey and Ivey's developmental counseling and therapy approach, how are pathological behaviors conceptualized?

A) indications of personal weakness
B) logical responses to life events
C) problems in the family system
D) representations of cultural conflicts

Question 32

Zalaquett, Fuerth, Stein, Ivey, and Ivey criticized the DSM-IV-TR for its lack of consideration for ______.

A) how educational settings affect disorders
B) using altruistic behaviors as part of treatment modalities
C) explaining the terms in a way that nonprofessionals could understand
D) social and cultural factors in defining psychiatric disorders

Question 33

What is implied by Chang's findings about the differences in the conceptualization and manifestation of constructs such as problem-solving, optimism, and pessimism?

A) The concepts are remarkably similar across cultures.
B) There can be a wide range of results in therapeutic interventions across cultures.
C) Certain constructs are universal, but only in countries that are not impoverished.
D) Although the concepts can differ between cultures, the manifestation is often similar.

Question 34

According to Chickering, which of the following is a primary developmental driver for young people?

A) development of competence
B) development of emotions
C) development of purpose
D) development of integrity

Question 35

In the case of Michael, which of the following characteristics does the author use to describe Michael's perseverance?

A) resilience
B) vital courage
C) fortitude
D) self-efficacy

Question 36

What is the universality assumption?

A) Language is the only important difference when comparing different cultures.
B) Cultural differences do not exist in the context of positive psychology because of the similarities of constructs across cultures.
C) Every group of people in this universe has a unique way of behaving that should be understood and appreciated.
D) What is deemed true for one group may be considered true for other groups, irrespective of cultural differences.

Question 37

What did Oatley and Jenkins determine when examining "normal" and "abnormal" emotional experiences?

A) Abnormal emotional experiences are very common.
B) Abnormal emotional experiences are extremely rare.
C) It is easy to distinguish between normal and abnormal experiences.
D) They are not discretely classified.

Question 38

According to Ivey and Ivey, which of the following helps a person navigate interpersonal relationships and is linked to psychological well-being?

A) level of intelligence
B) amount of social support
C) cultural background
D) personality style

Question 39

What did factor analyses determine when examining personality characteristics of "normal" individuals and individuals with personality disorders?

A) Individuals with personality disorders do not fit within the concept of a normal personality.
B) Personalities in the two groups were more alike than different.
C) No study has ever compared the personalities of these two groups.
D) Personalities in the two groups had nothing in common.

Question 40

Which of the following has always been a core part of the developmental and counseling therapy model?

A) cathartic release
B) role-playing
C) social justice
D) intrinsic motivation

Question 41

The Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders includes criteria for ______.

A) pathological personality traits
B) comorbid disorders
C) maladaptive traits as described by the MBTI
D) genetic predisposition

Question 42

How would a clinician diagnose someone using the Oldham and Morris model of conceptualization of disorders?

A) the clinician would use a symptom checklist
B) the clinician would use ICD codes to see if there is a medical problem first
C) the clinician would get extensive information from family members
D) the clinician would look at the degrees of both dysfunction and use of positive resources

Question 43

What is the ultimate goal of any psychodiagnostic system?

A) to determine the cheapest method in which mental health problems can be addressed by clinicians
B) to understand the person's needs and resources and to facilitate the implementation of helpful therapeutic interventions
C) to help the psychologist determine which personality disorder a client has so that they know which medication should be prescribed
D) to provide the clinician with tools that will allow the efficient and accurate labeling of clients

Question 44

What unfortunate consequence can occur because of diagnostic labels' traditionally negative nature?

A) Clinicians may become depressed from concentrating on so much negative information.
B) Clinicians may not have enough labels to describe negative behavior.
C) Clinicians may ignore negative characteristics to focus on the positive characteristics.
D) Clinicians may ignore potentially positive characteristics of people.

Question 45

Research shows that measures of positive behaviors and negative behaviors have ______.

A) a strong negative correlation
B) a modest negative correlation
C) a modest positive correlation
D) no relationship

Question 46

Which of the following statements most accurately describes Oldham and Morris' dimensional approach to conceptualizing personality disorders?

A) Personality traits on the various dimensions are determined by our genetic makeup and do not change.
B) Personality disorders are included with mood disorders due to the ties to intense emotions.
C) Individual dimension and formulas are used to determine the presence of personality disorders.
D) Each personality disorder has its own continuum based on adaptability.

Question 47

Using the "Stresses and Supports" section of the Cultural Formulation Interview, how would a clinician gather information about a client's support system?

A) by finding the client's emergency contact information and asking the contact about other supportive people
B) by asking the client to use a social media app and identify people that they like
C) by instructing the client to call people during the session and take note of who answers
D) by asking if there are any kinds of support that can help make their problem better, such as family friends or acquaintances

Question 48

According to Oldham and Morris, what is true of personality disorders?

A) They have fluidity in their continuum, meaning that someone can be at any point on the continuum at any time.
B) They are always characterized by maladaptive behaviors.
C) They are the product of a classification system that emphasizes negative characteristics and overlooks positive characteristics.
D) They are not as dangerous as previously believed.

Question 49

Which of the following is a change in the way the DSM addresses mental health issues?

A) Information about the normal developmental course of a disorder has been added.
B) Sections relating to gender-based diagnoses have been eliminated.
C) The number of disorders has been reduced.
D) A list of potentially positive characteristics associated with the disorder have been included.

Question 50

In Oldham and Morris' conceptualization of personality disorders, which of the following personality styles may be associated with narcissistic personality disorder?

A) dramatic
B) conscientious
C) self-confident
D) idiosyncratic

Question 51

What advantage does the dimensional approach toward mental health have over current categorical systems?

A) It allows for the examination of individual differences of both negative and positive behaviors.
B) It provides a new and refreshing method of categorizing behaviors.
C) It allows psychologists to juxtapose 'good' and 'evil' on the same continuum.
D) It provides a more efficient means of classification that will make it easier for mental health professionals to get reimbursed.

Question 52

When determining normality or abnormality, what does almost every theoretical orientation to psychology have in common?

A) the belief that American society contains the most abnormal and dysfunctional behavior
B) the belief that culture is responsible for most abnormal behaviors
C) the belief that the degree of dysfunctional behavior is what primarily determines abnormality
D) the belief that it is impossible to distinguish between normal and abnormal behaviors

Question 53

In Oldham and Morris' conceptualization of personality disorders, which of the following personality styles may be associated with the obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

A) self-sufficient
B) conscientious
C) disorganized
D) extroverted

Question 54

What is the title of the new section of the DSM that assesses clients' cultural experiences?

A) the cultural experience battery
B) the Cultural Formulation Interview
C) the test of cultural phenomena
D) the culturally different analysis

Question 55

Which of the following did the authors learn from The Case of Michael in Chapter 13?

A) avoiding labeling until after an intake
B) how vital labels are to clinical work
C) the limitations of labels
D) diagnoses are commonly accurate

Question 56

When misusing a dimensional approach by focusing on good and evil behaviors, what might be the result?

A) Some behaviors might become glorified.
B) It removes the feeling of accountability for one's actions.
C) Behaviors would be categorized similarly to the current approach.
D) Clinicians mix up the two approaches and cannot accomplish their tasks with clients.

Question 57

What did McDermott find when examining diagnostic consistency and accuracy between 72 practicing psychologists?

A) Diagnostic agreement was no better than predicting by chance.
B) The expert psychologists were very consistent.
C) Consistency between the psychologists was very high.
D) Novice psychologists were inconsistent and inaccurate.

Question 58

According to Snyder, what positive effect can come from asking a client about strengths?

A) Their symptoms will disappear rapidly.
B) Thinking about their strengths will treat their pathology as effectively as medication.
C) The client will quickly ignore whatever problems were bothering them.
D) The client will see that they are not being equated with their problem.

Question 59

Which of the following is a section that the DSM added to address the criticism of subscribing to the deficit model?

A) culture-bound ailments
B) cultural competency
C) culture-related diagnostic issues
D) cultural well-being

Question 60

Which of the following is a socially significant problem with using the categorical system of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual?

A) Mental health professionals can ignore the manual if they are well-versed in its terminology.
B) The categories can limit attempts to understand the person in a comprehensive manner.
C) Labeling is less significant because laypeople do not understand the terms used in the DSM.
D) The categorical system makes it impossible for psychologists to get reimbursed for their services.

Question 61

Fundamental negative bias involves two aspects: the saliency and value of a behavior.

Question 62

Identify three issues that negatively influence current mental health care.

Question 63

The four-front approach includes looking at destructive factors in a client's environment.

Question 64

Describe how someone who has developed competence can meet three of the six developmental goals described by Chickering.

Question 65

Without being attentive to the environments of people from disadvantaged groups, overpathologizing can occur.

Question 66

One of the added sections included in the most recent edition of the DSM contains "Gender-Related Diagnostic Issues."

Question 67

One of the advantages of asking clients about their strengths is that the client is encouraged to look at their assets.

Question 68

The DSM describes each personality disorder as having their own continuum of adaptation.

Question 69

Explain the difficulty of classifying behaviors as normal.

Question 70

What strategies could a clinician use to assist clients in ways that are uncustomary to the current DSM system?

Question 71

Before moving on to Chickering's six developmental goals, an individual must first develop competence.

Question 72

Ivey's developmental counseling and therapy process involves looking toward the future in conceptualizing disorders.

Question 73

A reason that conceptualizing positive strengths and behaviors has fallen behind is that the remediation of negative behaviors and weaknesses requires more resources.

Question 74

One issue that plagues the world of mental health care is overemphasizing developmental milestones.

Question 75

Discuss the issues that have been identified as having affected the diagnostic system for psychological disorders.

Question 76

Behaviors need to be atypical, maladaptive, and accompanied by psychological distress to be classified as abnormal.

Question 77

Professionals who want to consider cultural context should avoid the universality assumption.

Question 78

When presented with information about a case, psychologists are regularly in agreement about the diagnosis.

Question 79

When attempting to understand the functioning of people of color in the United States, their behaviors should be examined in the context of mainstream culture.

Question 80

Research on developmental psychology has provided explanations for maturing in specific environments.