Deck 9: Corrections in America: a Portrait in Color

Question 1

The phenomenon of drug courts in American criminal justice emerged in:

A)the late 1970s.
B)the early 1980s.
C)the mid 1980s.
D)the late 1980s.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The majority of all the people under correctional supervision are:

A)incarcerated in prison.
B)incarcerated in jail.
C)on parole.
D)on probation.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

All methods and procedures adopted by Tribal Healing to Wellness Courts are firmly grounded in:

A)dispute resolution mechanisms.
B)statutory law.
C)retributive justice.
D)medical guidelines.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The racial disparity for probation is __________ the racial disparity for the prison population.

A)greater than
B)not as great as
C)about equal to
D)harder to determine than

Question 5

Because of the jail's role as a pretrial detention center,there is a high rate of __________ among the jail population.

A)depression
B)physical conflict
C)turnover
D)dissension

Question 6

The most common issue dealt with in the Tribal Courts is the problem of:

A)physical violence.
B)domestic violence.
C)drug abuse.
D)alcohol abuse.

Question 7

As late as the _____ some prisons segregated prisoners according to race as a natter of official policy.

A)2000s
B)1970s
C)1950s
D)1990s

Question 8

Mandatory parole occurs in jurisdictions using:

A)mandatory minimum sentencing.
B)determinate sentencing.
C)indeterminate sentencing.
D)split sentencing.

Question 9

Less than _____ percent of white males are under correctional supervision.

A)8
B)6
C)4
D)3

Question 10

Nearly _____ percent of African American males are under correctional supervision.

A)25
B)20
C)17
D)14

Question 11

About _____ percent of Hispanic males are under correctional supervision.

A)8
B)10
C)12
D)14

Question 12

In 2009,more than ___________ people were incarcerated in federal and state prison and local jails.

A)300 thousand
B)1.6 million
C)half a million
D)2.1 million

Question 13

The decision to revoke parole is:

A)discretionary.
B)unusual.
C)legislative.
D)mandatory.

Question 14

Outside of tribal settings,Tribal Healing to Wellness Courts are known as:

A)Community Corrections.
B)Drug Courts.
C)Halfway Houses.
D)Rehabilitation Centers.

Question 15

Some religious movements concern prison officials and social commentators because of their apparent assertions of:

A)retribution.
B)racial supremacy.
C)rebellion.
D)pacifism.

Question 16

The decision to release a prison inmate on discretionary parole is made by:

A)a court.
B)a prison administrator.
C)a parole board.
D)a governor.

Question 17

Advocates argue that the Tribal Healing to Wellness Courts are a modern revitalization of Native principles of:

A)justice.
B)authority.
C)retribution.
D)tradition.

Question 18

Jacobs argues that,without exception,early research on the adjustment of men to life in prison disregarded the issue of:

A)race.
B)homosexuality.
C)violence.
D)all of the above.

Question 19

_____ times as many whites attend college as are under correctional supervision.

A)Three
B)Four
C)Five
D)Two

Question 20

Tribal Healing to Wellness Courts have __________ in off-reservation crimes.

A)full jurisdiction
B)co-jurisdiction
C)limited influence
D)significant influence

Question 21

The racial disparity for probation is not as great as the racial disparity for the prison population.

Question 22

Mandatory parole occurs in jurisdictions using determinate sentencing.

Question 23

The decision to revoke parole is __________.

Question 24

Prison gangs are also referred to as:

A)organized crime groups.
B)racial/ethnic threat groups.
C)racial/ethnic networks.
D)security threat groups.

Question 25

Currently,six states __________ the teachings of the Five Percenters;other states label all followers as gang members.

A)ban
B)permit
C)censor
D)have legally challenged

Question 26

The Five Percent movement began in __________ in 1964.

Question 27

The Five Percent movement began in __________ in 1964.

A)Sing Sing Penitentiary
B)Soledad Prison
C)Harlem
D)Chicago

Question 28

Discretionary parole decisions are made by prison administrators.

Question 29

The Mexican Mafia is distinguished by a predominant Marxist/Maoist/Lennonist communist ideology.

Question 30

The Asatru followers practice a form of __________ religion.

A)Pagan
B)Christian
C)Muslim
D)Protestant

Question 31

Many correctional observers say that even with the numerical dominance of African Americans in correctional facilities,they are still at a disadvantage in terms of the allocation of resources.

Question 32

Religion often emerges as a source of ________ among prison inmates.

Question 33

Compared to other countries in the world,the United States consistently has an incarceration rate that is:.

A)the lowest
B)the highest
C)about the average
D)similar to other developed countries

Question 34

A series of court decisions have declared de jure racial segregation in prisons to be unconstitutional.

Question 35

In the international arena,the United States consistently has the highest incarceration rate in the world.

Question 36

In 2005 the U.S.Supreme Court,in its opinion in__________,overturned a lower court ruling indicating the California DOC could not use racial classifications in prison to assign mandatory segregated housing based on race.

Question 37

The most common issue dealt with in Tribal Courts is _________.

Question 38

Although the Aryan Brotherhood espouses white supremacy,they shun neo-Nazi ideologies as being excessively radical and extremist.

Question 39

The Annual Survey of Jails reveals that just more than half of jail inmates are being detained while awaiting trial,whereas just less than half of all jail inmates are convicted offenders.

Question 40

In 1962,however,the U.S.Supreme Court (Fulwood v.Clemmer)ordered the District of Columbia Department of Corrections to "stop treating the Muslims differently from other religious groups."¹²¹ This decision paved the way for the Black Muslim movement to be seen as a legitimate religion and to be taken seriously as a vehicle of prison change through such avenues as litigation.

Question 41

In recent years,__________ have represented the fastest-growing minority group in the prison population.

Question 42

The racial disparity for __________ is not as great as the racial disparity for the prison population.

Question 43

Outside of tribal settings,courts similar to Tribal Healing to Wellness Courts are known as __________.

Question 44

Incarceration __________ offer the most vivid picture of the overrepresentation of African Americans and Hispanics in prison populations.

Question 45

The term __________ refers to offenders who return to offending after experiencing a criminal conviction and the corresponding punishment.