Deck 23: C: The End of Empire the Global South on the Global Stage 1914-Present

Question 1

Which of the following was an initial goal of the Indian National Congress (INC)?

A) Organizing the masses for violent revolution against British rule
B) Promoting a separate state for the Muslim minority population
C) Gaining positions of influence in order to protect Indian interests
D) Writing a Hindu constitution for a newly independent India

Answer 1

Gaining positions of influence in order to protect Indian interests

Question 2

Which of the following changes in the international arena in the second half of the twentieth century contributed to the end of European colonial rule?

A) The United Nations provided an international platform from which to conduct anticolonial agitation.
B) The United States and the Soviet Union absorbed the colonies of the former European empires.
C) The Westernized elite in the colonies assimilated into European society and ruled on behalf of European states.
D) The World Bank offered to compensate those colonial powers willing to grant independence to their colonies.

Answer 2

The United Nations provided an international platform from which to conduct anticolonial agitation.

Question 3

In contrast to the first decolonization of the Americas in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries,the struggles for independence in Africa,Asia,and Oceania in the second half of the twentieth century

A) occurred through peaceful negotiations.
B) resulted in political independence.
C) affirmed the vitality of precolonial cultures.
D) excluded women from participation.

Answer 3

affirmed the vitality of precolonial cultures.

Question 4

How did the system of apartheid in South Africa come to an end?

A) As a result of a military coup organized and led by the Black Consciousness movement
B) As a result of a decade-long racially divided civil war between white and black South Africans
C) Through negotiations between the white South African government and black South African nationalist leaders
D) Through the mass exodus of white South Africans as racial violence escalated after the Soweto rebellion

Question 5

Which of the following represented a form of imperialism without territorial possessions that came under attack in the twentieth century?

A) British influence in India
B) U.S.influence in Latin America
C) Turkic influence in the Ottoman Empire
D) Chinese influence in East Asia

Question 6

Which of the following resulted from the so-called White Revolution of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in Iran?

A) Popular demands for a Western-style democratic republic
B) Rapid economic growth and widespread economic prosperity
C) Discontent and resentment that led to an Islamic revolution
D) Civil war between Sunni and Shiite Muslims in Iran

Question 7

Which of the following was a social or economic circumstance within the European colonies that contributed to anticolonial movements?

A) Rapid industrialization within colonies,which created a working class that took a leadership role in the independence movement
B) The growing number of Western-educated colonial elites who no longer viewed colonial rule as a vehicle for their people's progress
C) The spread of a militant anticolonial version of Christianity that combined with traditional modes of resistance
D) The rising prosperity of most colonies,which left their populations richer than the populations of their colonial overlords

Question 8

Which of the following countries became a new nation-state in the late 1940s?

A) South Africa
B) Ukraine
C) Bangladesh
D) Israel

Question 9

In contrast to Indians' struggle for independence in the twentieth century,black South Africans' struggle for control of their country was

A) characterized by common interests,shared beliefs,and political unity among a homogenous population.
B) plagued by religious conflicts and handicapped by the lack of infrastructure for industrialization.
C) successfully completed when Britain handed control to the African National Congress in 1910.
D) waged against an internal community of permanent white settlers who controlled the country.

Question 10

In Africa in the early 1980s,what happened to the political parties that had led the movements for independence from colonial rule?

A) Most were soon swept away by military coups.
B) Most controlled the government for decades.
C) Most splintered into different factions.
D) Most became personal dictatorships.

Question 11

Which of the following was a common characteristic of the leaders of independence movements in European colonies in Asia,Africa,and Oceania in the second half of the twentieth century?

A) They had military backgrounds.
B) They had peasant backgrounds.
C) They were female.
D) They were educated.

Question 12

In Africa,which of the following contributed to the loss of popular support for the democratic institutions established in the wake of independence from colonial rule?

A) Human rights violations
B) Pan-African unity
C) Marxist class solidarity
D) Poor economic performance

Question 13

Which of the following represented a fundamental contradiction that undermined the colonial enterprise in the second half of the twentieth century?

A) The prestige of scientific racism and beliefs in European uniqueness challenged colonial exploitation and poverty.
B) The authoritarian tendencies of European states ran counter to the democratization of colonial society.
C) The decline of colonies as trade partners and sources of raw materials ran counter to the original logic of colonization.
D) The ideal of national self-determination was at odds with the denial of independence to colonies.

Question 14

Which of the following reflects a task of newly independent nation-states in the aftermath of decolonization in the second half of the twentieth century?

A) The building of modern economies,stable political system,and coherent nations
B) The construction of empire and race as a basis for political and social life
C) The suppression of indigenous customs and traditional culture
D) The restoration of a precolonial past based on self-sufficient economies

Question 15

The reforms of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Turkey in the early twentieth century

A) removed Islam from public life.
B) made the sharia the basis of law.
C) required women to wear the veil.
D) created a militant Islamic state.

Question 16

Which group of countries has been the most successful in stimulating economic growth and industrialization in the late twentieth century?

A) North African countries
B) Middle Eastern countries
C) Sub-Saharan African countries
D) East Asian countries

Question 17

What did all nationalist movements in Asia,Africa,and Oceania in the second half of the twentieth century share in common?

A) The goal of political independence
B) The ideology of Marxist revolution
C) The leadership of religious figures
D) The use of guerrilla warfare

Question 18

What accounts for the resurgence of democracy in many developing countries in the decades since the 1980s?

A) The preparation by European powers for the peaceful handover of sovereignty
B) The promise of military-controlled regimes to return power to civilians
C) The failure of authoritarian governments to address economic and social problems
D) The association of democracy with the uniqueness of Western civilization

Question 19

What distinguished the end of the colonial empires in the second half of the twentieth century from other cases of imperial disintegration?

A) The mobilization of the masses around a nationalist ideology
B) The absorption of colonial subjects into the countries that had ruled them
C) The wholesale adoption of Western culture by former colonies
D) The almost complete absence of violence in the struggle for independence

Question 20

Which of the following characterizes the economic strategy of most countries in the developing world since the late twentieth century?

A) Role of the state in protecting the economy from capitalism
B) Dependence on the market to generate economic growth
C) Preference for the Soviet model of state-directed industrialization
D) Movement toward economic isolationism and self-sufficiency

Question 21

Which of the following groups favored a broad alliance of everyone opposed to apartheid regardless of race?

A) The African National Congress
B) The Pan Africanist Congress
C) Inkatha Freedom Party
D) The Black Consciousness movement

Question 22

Which of the following served as a unifying factor in South Asia before British colonial rule?

A) Language
B) Religion
C) Geography
D) Culture

Question 23

Which of the following describes a feature of the strategy of the African National Congress in its resistance to the South African government from 1950 to 1994?

A) Lobbying for more stringent enforcement of the "pass laws"
B) Petitions to the government that invoked Christian values
C) Nonviolent civil disobedience against apartheid
D) Multiracial conferences to promote racial harmony

Question 24

Refer to Map 22.2 in the textbook.In the partition of British India in 1947,why was Pakistan made up of two regions flanking India?

A) The two regions were intended to act as buffer states.
B) The two regions were intended to cut India off from the rest of Asia.
C) The two regions were populated mostly by Muslims.
D) The two regions were populated mostly by Hindus.

Question 25

Which of the following describes how the Ayatollah Khomeini viewed the revolution he had launched in Iran?

A) As a restoration of the Persian Empire
B) As a model for other Islamic countries to follow
C) As a struggle between capitalism and communism
D) As a transition to socialist democracy

Question 26

Which of the following describes the nature of the process of decolonization in the island societies of Pacific Oceania?

A) Peaceful,with colonial powers voluntarily relinquishing control
B) Contentious,with rival political parties competing for control
C) Unsuccessful,with foreign investors taking over as colonial rulers
D) Violent,with military generals fighting against colonial powers

Question 27

Which leader launched a revolutionary but short-lived program to achieve a peaceful transition to socialism in the early 1970s?

A) Mustafa Kemal Atatürk of Turkey
B) Salvador Allende of Chile
C) The Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran
D) Jawaharlal Nehru of India

Question 28

Which of the following characterized Mohandas Gandhi's agenda in India's struggle for independence?

A) A religious view of India as an essentially Hindu nation with no room for Muslims
B) A political strategy based on violent confrontations with British rule
C) A social revolution that overthrew the caste system and rejected traditional gender roles
D) A nostalgic return to preindustrial society composed of self-sufficient villages

Question 29

In contrast to previous foreign rulers in India,the British were the only ones who

A) never used military force to enforce their rule.
B) never assimilated into Indian society.
C) included Indians in colonial governance.
D) promoted a policy of religious tolerance.

Question 30

In the Global South,which of the following was the standard by which people measured and granted legitimacy to their governments?

A) Human rights
B) Gender equality
C) Environmental preservation
D) Economic development