Deck 46: Prosocial Relations

Question 1

When Hutu militia began to slaughter the Tutsi in 1994, missionary Carl Wilkens risked his own life to save the lives of others. His actions best illustrated

A) social facilitation.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) the reciprocity norm.
D) altruism.

Answer 1

altruism.

Question 2

Research studies indicate that in an emergency situation, the presence of others often

A) prevents people from even noticing the situation.
B) prevents people from interpreting an unusual event as an emergency.
C) prevents people from assuming responsibility for assisting.
D) leads to all of these behaviors.

Answer 2

leads to all of these behaviors.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes how GRIT works?

A) The fact that two sides in a conflict have great respect for the other's strengths prevents further escalation of the problem.
B) The two sides engage in a series of reciprocated conciliatory acts.
C) The two sides agree to have their differences settled by a neutral, third-party mediator.
D) The two sides engage in cooperation in those areas in which shared goals are possible.

Answer 3

The two sides engage in a series of reciprocated conciliatory acts.

Question 4

Although the leaders of two enemy nations admit to a buildup of their own military forces, each sees the other country's actions as unreasonable and motivated by evil intentions. This situation best illustrates

A) deindividuation.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) the just-world phenomenon.
D) mirror-image perceptions.

Question 5

The hostilities between two racial subgroups of a riverfront community were dramatically reduced when the threat of their river flooding its banks required that they work together to save their town. This best illustrates the impact of

A) groupthink.
B) superordinate goals.
C) deindividuation.
D) the bystander effect.

Question 6

After Mrs. Chanski and her children had helped themselves to free samples of the cookies being promoted in the grocery store, she felt obligated to buy some, even though they seemed unreasonably expensive. Her reaction best illustrates the significance of

A) social facilitation.
B) the reciprocity norm.
C) the bystander effect.
D) the just-world phenomenon.

Question 7

Which of the following is associated with an increased tendency on the part of a bystander to offer help in an emergency situation?

A) being in a good mood
B) having recently needed help and not received it
C) observing someone as he or she refuses to offer help
D) being a female

Question 8

Mr. Hughes heard what sounded like cries for help from a swimmer located 30 yards from the ocean shoreline. He continued walking along the beach, however, because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics involved in

A) the fundamental attribution error.
B) group polarization.
C) the bystander effect.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 9

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference best illustrates the importance of

A) social traps.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) mirror-image perceptions.
D) deindividuation.

Question 10

The deep affection that is felt in long-lasting relationships is called ________ love; this feeling is fostered in relationships in which________.

A) passionate; there is equity between the partners
B) passionate; traditional roles are maintained
C) companionate; there is equity between the partners
D) companionate; traditional roles are maintained

Question 11

Max fails to recycle his glass, metal, and plastic garbage because he thinks it's personally inconvenient and likely to have minimal impact on the city's already overflowing landfills. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics of

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) a social trap.
D) social facilitation.

Question 12

Which of the following factors is the most powerful predictor of friendship?

A) similarity in age
B) common racial and religious background
C) similarity in physical attractiveness
D) physical proximity

Question 13

Which theory best explains why the excitement that lingers after a frightening event can facilitate passionate love?

A) social exchange theory
B) cognitive dissonance theory
C) the two-factor theory
D) equity theory

Question 14

Initiating one or more small conciliatory acts is a central feature of

A) the just-world phenomenon.
B) social facilitation.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) GRIT.

Question 15

Although Natalie receives somewhat greater rewards from her marriage than does her husband, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in proportion to what they put into it. This best illustrates the significance of

A) equity.
B) deindividuation.
C) social facilitation.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 16

The mere exposure effect demonstrates that

A) familiarity breeds contempt.
B) opposites attract.
C) birds of a feather flock together.
D) familiarity breeds fondness.

Question 17

Vince, an extraverted university freshman, has just moved into a dormitory. Vince is most likely to become friends with

A) Alfonse, a junior who is majoring in psychology and lives across the hall.
B) Mohammed, an introverted student who lives on the next floor and enjoys playing chess.
C) James, a lonely sophomore who lives down the hall and is undecided about his major.
D) Bill, his assigned roommate who is majoring in computer science.

Question 18

In one experiment, college men were physically aroused and then introduced to an attractive woman. Compared with men who had not been aroused, these men

A) reported more positive feelings toward the woman.
B) reported more negative feelings toward the woman.
C) were ambiguous about their feelings toward the woman.
D) were more likely to feel that the woman was "out of their league" in terms of attractiveness.

Question 19

Increasing the number of people who are present during an emergency tends to

A) increase the likelihood that people will cooperate in rendering assistance.
B) decrease the empathy that people feel for the victim.
C) increase the role that social norms governing helping will play.
D) decrease the likelihood that anyone will help.

Question 20

Most people prefer mirror-image photographs of their faces. This is best explained by

A) the principle of equity.
B) the principle of self-disclosure.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) mirror-image perceptions.

Question 21

People's preference for mirror-image photographs of themselves illustrates the impact of

A) the bystander effect.
B) deindividuation.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) cognitive dissonance.

Question 22

Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. This best illustrates the perceived value of

A) equity.
B) proximity.
C) passionate love.
D) self-disclosure.

Question 23

Svetlana, a 20-year-old undergraduate, is beautiful. Research suggests that she is likely to ________ than less attractive women.

A) be perceived as more socially skilled
B) have a much higher level of self-esteem
C) be perceived as less intelligent
D) date less frequently

Question 24

Which of the following is true of non-Western cultures, as compared with Western cultures? They have

A) lower divorce rates and consider passionate love as more important for marriage.
B) higher divorce rates and consider passionate love as less important for marriage.
C) lower divorce rates and consider passionate love as less important for marriage.
D) higher divorce rates and consider passionate love as more important for marriage.

Question 25

Felippe, a 19-year-old university freshman, is very talkative, intelligent, assertive, and politically conservative. Research suggests that he would be most likely to develop a close friendship with

A) Toren, who is talkative and assertive.
B) Erez, who is quiet and passive.
C) Tom, who is intelligent and quiet.
D) Fabio, who is politically liberal and talkative.

Question 26

In an experiment by Dutton and Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. This experiment was designed to study the factors that contribute to

A) the bystander effect.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) passionate love.
D) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

Question 27

Participants in a voter preference study favored the presidential candidate whose face blended some of their own facial features with those of the candidate. This best illustrates the impact of

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) deindividuation.
C) the chameleon effect.
D) social facilitation.

Question 28

Makato, a 21-year-old college junior, is physically unattractive. Compared with good-looking students, Makato is more likely to

A) be physically coordinated and athletic.
B) have difficulty making a favorable impression on potential employers.
C) earn low grades in his college courses.
D) be well liked by other male college students.

Question 29

People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their

A) feelings of popularity.
B) level of earned income.
C) frequency of dating.
D) happiness.

Question 30

On average, Internet-formed friendships and romantic relationships are ________ likely than relationships formed in person to last beyond two years. When conversing online with someone for 20 minutes, participants in one study felt ________ liking for that person than they did for someone they talked with face to face.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) more; more
D) less; less

Question 31

The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as

A) altruism.
B) self-disclosure.
C) companionate love.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 32

After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates

A) the fundamental attribution error.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) mirror-image perceptions.
D) the bystander effect.

Question 33

What determined whether college freshmen who had been randomly paired for a Welcome Week dance liked each other?

A) similarity in attitudes
B) similarity in intelligence
C) physical attractiveness
D) self-disclosure skills

Question 34

Students judged an averaged, composite face as

A) less attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was less symmetrical.
B) more attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was more symmetrical.
C) less attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was more symmetrical.
D) more attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was less symmetrical.

Question 35

Four equally attractive women silently attended a 200-student class for zero, 5, 10, or 15 class sessions. When shown slides of each woman, students in the class rated the women who had attended ________ class sessions as the most attractive.

A) zero
B) 5
C) 10
D) 15

Question 36

Casandra, who is attractive and likable, has just telephoned Mike and asked him for a date. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, Mike is likely to experience the most intense romantic feelings for Casandra during their phone conversation if he has just

A) awakened from a short nap.
B) finished eating a delicious meal.
C) completed a series of aerobic exercises.
D) been studying his history lecture notes.

Question 37

The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people

A) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
B) become more extreme in their opinions following group discussion.
C) more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small request.
D) experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar.

Question 38

Women are attracted to healthy-looking men, but especially to those who seem to be

A) submissive.
B) insecure.
C) mature.
D) less attractive than themselves.

Question 39

Which of the following is most clearly supported by research on social attraction?

A) The beautiful are the lonely.
B) Birds of a feather flock together.
C) Familiarity breeds contempt.
D) Absence makes the heart grow fonder.

Question 40

The two-factor theory of emotion has been used to explain

A) passionate love.
B) social facilitation.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) the just-world phenomenon.

Question 41

When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in the

A) mere exposure effect.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) just-world phenomenon.
D) bystander effect.

Question 42

Ellie is unusually attractive and intelligent, and she works hard to please her husband. He displays little affection for her, however, and spends most of the family's resources on his own interests. Ellie's relationship with her husband is best characterized as

A) deindividuated.
B) companionate.
C) inequitable.
D) implicit.

Question 43

Observers' responses to the tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment best illustrated

A) the bystander effect.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
D) group polarization.

Question 44

Three keys to an enduring companionate love include

A) the reciprocity norm, bystander intervention, and the just-world phenomenon.
B) groupthink, deindividuation, and social facilitation.
C) equity, self-disclosure, and positive support.
D) superordinate goals, mirror-image perceptions, and GRIT.

Question 45

The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the

A) emergency takes place in a large city.
B) observer has just endured a frustrating experience.
C) emergency is being observed by a number of other people.
D) observer has been exposed to many similar emergencies in the past.

Question 46

Following the 9/11 terrorist attack on New York, people across the country donated their time and money to assist the devastated community. This behavior best illustrates

A) altruism.
B) deindividuation.
C) the bystander effect.
D) the just-world phenomenon.

Question 47

An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the

A) ingroup bias.
B) just-world phenomenon.
C) superordinate goal.
D) social-responsibility norm.

Question 48

According to social exchange theory, altruistic behavior is guided by

A) calculations of costs and benefits.
B) feelings of social responsibility.
C) reciprocity norms.
D) family ties.

Question 49

Social psychologists have observed people's willingness to pick up dropped coins or pencils in elevators in order to study the

A) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
B) mere exposure effect.
C) just-world phenomenon.
D) bystander effect.

Question 50

Two classmates ask you to spend a couple of hours helping them prepare for a chemistry test. According to social exchange theory, you would be most likely to help them if

A) your parents helped you study for tests when you were younger.
B) you know you would feel terribly guilty for refusing their request.
C) you know that someone else helped them prepare for an earlier test.
D) your classmates cannot afford to pay for a private tutor.

Question 51

Darley and Latané observed that most university students failed to help a person having an epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other witnesses to the emergency. The students' failure to help is best explained in terms of

A) the ingroup bias.
B) a failure to interpret the incident as an emergency.
C) indifference and apathy.
D) a diffusion of responsibility.

Question 52

Behaving with unselfish concern for the welfare of others is called

A) social facilitation.
B) passionate love.
C) groupthink.
D) altruism.

Question 53

The expectation that people should return help, not harm, to those who have helped them is called the

A) foot-in-the-door-phenomenon.
B) just-world phenomenon.
C) social-responsibility norm.
D) reciprocity norm.

Question 54

Which of the following people would be most likely to help Gita study for her history exam?

A) Gita's older brother, who probably has nothing better to do that evening
B) Gita's mother, who is excited about the unexpected bonus she just received from her employer
C) Gita's father, who always points out how differently men and women think and act
D) Gita's younger sister, whose boyfriend just canceled their date for the next evening

Question 55

Researchers in one experiment gave people cash and instructions either to spend it on themselves or to spend it on others. Those assigned to spend it on others subsequently experienced the greatest

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) deindividuation.
C) social loafing.
D) happiness.

Question 56

A failure to aid a stranger who needs help in an emergency situation is especially likely when people

A) are feeling guilty.
B) are in a hurry.
C) are in a small town.
D) have just observed someone else being helpful.

Question 57

The odds of our helping someone are higher when we are in a ________ town and we are feeling ________.

A) small; frustrated
B) large; frustrated
C) small; guilty
D) large; guilty

Question 58

When 68-year-old Mrs. Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, when she had a flat tire on a busy freeway, an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs. Blake's experience best illustrates

A) the fundamental attribution error.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) group polarization.
D) the bystander effect.

Question 59

Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This best illustrates the value of

A) passionate love.
B) social facilitation.
C) self-disclosure.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 60

After she received a free hand-painted Christmas ornament from a religious organization, Mrs. Montevecchi felt obligated to mail a cash donation to the organization. Her response to the free gift best illustrates the impact of the

A) mere exposure effect.
B) just-world phenomenon.
C) fundamental attribution error.
D) reciprocity norm.

Question 61

Sherif planned a disruption of the water supply in a Boy Scout camp in order to observe how social relationships are influenced by

A) ingroup bias.
B) group polarization.
C) superordinate goals.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 62

GRIT attempts to reduce conflict through

A) third-party mediation.
B) intimidation.
C) conciliation.
D) pacifism.

Question 63

A conflict in which both participants can benefit by cooperating with each other has been represented as a

A) social facilitation.
B) mere exposure effect.
C) non-zero-sum game.
D) just-world phenomenon.

Question 64

Pablo and Sabina argued bitterly about which of them should have use of the family car that night. Neither realized, however, that Sabina needed the car only in the early evening and that Pablo needed it only in the late evening. Pablo and Sabina's failure to resolve their argument for their mutual benefit illustrates a failure to develop

A) mirror-image perceptions.
B) ingroup bias.
C) a win-win solution.
D) GRIT.

Question 65

In one experiment, White Americans read a newspaper article about a foreign terrorist threat against all Americans. They subsequently expressed

A) an increased sense of deindividuation.
B) reduced confidence in their personal religious beliefs.
C) lowered approval of the president's job performance.
D) reduced prejudice against Black Americans.

Question 66

Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another demonstrate

A) the reciprocity norm.
B) deindividuation.
C) GRIT.
D) mirror-image perceptions.

Question 67

Haley thinks Keith's silence indicates that he's angry, so she avoids talking to him. Unfortunately, Keith thinks Haley's quietness signifies that she's angry and wants to be left alone. This situation best illustrates

A) mirror-image perceptions.
B) the reciprocity norm.
C) superordinate goals.
D) deindividuation.

Question 68

If one were to generalize from Sherif's study of conflict resolution between two groups of campers, the best way for the United States and China to improve their relationship would be to

A) hold highly publicized athletic contests between the two countries.
B) minimize their trade and economic exchanges.
C) conduct a joint space program designed to land humans on Mars.
D) allow citizens of each country the right to freely immigrate to the other country.

Question 69

Despite government warnings of a severe shortage of heating fuels, most citizens continue to turn up their home thermostats in the belief that their personal fuel consumption will have little effect on the country's total fuel reserves. This reaction best illustrates the dynamics of

A) the bystander effect.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
D) a social trap.

Question 70

To help people avoid social traps, psychologists should promote an increased awareness of

A) social facilitation.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) normative social influence.
D) the social-responsibility norm.

Question 71

To a social psychologist, a perceived incompatibility of goals is indicative of

A) social loafing.
B) prejudice.
C) conflict.
D) group polarization.

Question 72

A social trap is a situation in which

A) people lose self-awareness in group situations that foster anonymity.
B) there are insufficient resources to satisfy the needs of all group members.
C) a lack of critical thinking results from a strong desire for group harmony.
D) the pursuit of self-interest leads to collective harm.

Question 73

When a man fell onto New York subway tracks, Wesley Autrey risked his own life to save the man. His action exemplified the

A) scapegoat theory.
B) mere exposure effect.
C) chameleon effect.
D) social-responsibility norm.

Question 74

Noncompetitive contact between members of two different ethnic groups is likely to reduce prejudice when the contact is between individuals with

A) ingroup bias.
B) implicit prejudice.
C) equal status.
D) mirror-image perceptions.

Question 75

An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks.

A) the other-race effect
B) implicit prejudice
C) deindividuation
D) interracial contact

Question 76

Gallup surveys indicate that Americans who frequently attend religious services are more likely than those who do not attend religious services to

A) report that they volunteer helping the poor and infirm.
B) demonstrate the bystander effect.
C) violate the social-responsibility norm.
D) base their altruistic acts on the principle of reciprocity.

Question 77

Psychologists describe shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation as

A) implicit.
B) deindividuated.
C) companionate.
D) superordinate.

Question 78

Continuing to operate a fuel-inefficient car despite warnings about the effect of greenhouse gases best illustrates the dynamics of

A) social loafing.
B) a social trap.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 79

Sherif's study of conflict in a Boy Scout camp indicated that conflict between two groups of boys could be reduced most effectively by

A) bringing the members of both groups into close contact.
B) having one group make conciliatory gestures to the other group.
C) allowing leaders of the two groups to communicate.
D) exposing the groups to tasks that required their joint cooperation.

Question 80

University College London volunteers used a mechanical device to press on another volunteer's finger, after feeling pressure on their own finger. They typically responded to the pressure on their finger

A) with less pressure than they had just experienced.
B) with more pressure than they had just experienced.
C) with the same amount of pressure they had just experienced.
D) with Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction.