Deck 38: Stress and Health

Question 1

B lymphocytes are formed in the

A) adrenal gland.
B) brainstem.
C) liver.
D) bone marrow.

Answer 1

bone marrow.

Question 2

Stress is defined as

A) unpleasant or aversive events that cannot be controlled.
B) situations that threaten health.
C) the process by which we perceive and respond to challenging or threatening events.
D) anything that decreases immune responses.

Answer 2

the process by which we perceive and respond to challenging or threatening events.

Question 3

Researchers Friedman and Rosenman refer to individuals who are very time-conscious, supermotivated, verbally aggressive, and easily angered as

A) ulcer-prone personalities.
B) cancer-prone personalities.
C) Type A.
D) Type B.

Answer 3

Type A.

Question 4

The leading cause of death in North America is

A) lung cancer.
B) AIDS.
C) coronary heart disease.
D) alcohol-related accidents.

Question 5

One person, alone in a house, dismisses its creaking sounds and experiences no stress; someone else suspects an intruder and becomes alarmed. These different reactions illustrate the importance of

A) biofeedback.
B) stress appraisal.
C) spontaneous remission.
D) the general adaptation syndrome.

Question 6

While taking a difficult test, Cindy's muscles tense and her heart pounds. These physiological responses are

A) stressors.
B) stress reactions.
C) stress appraisal.
D) emotion-focused coping.

Question 7

The fight-or-flight response is associated with the release of ________ into the bloodstream.

A) serotonin
B) carcinogens
C) lymphocytes
D) epinephrine

Question 8

Who is the best example of a Type A personality?

A) Bonnie, a relaxed, fun-loving professor.
B) Susan, a brilliant, self-confident accountant.
C) Clay, a reflective, open-minded artist.
D) Andre, a competitive, easily-angered journalist.

Question 9

In order, the sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome is

A) alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion.
B) stage of resistance, alarm reaction, stage of exhaustion.
C) stage of exhaustion, stage of resistance, alarm reaction.
D) alarm reaction, stage of exhaustion, stage of resistance.

Question 10

Stress has been demonstrated to place a person at increased risk of

A) cancer.
B) progressing from HIV infection to AIDS.
C) bacterial infections.
D) all of these conditions.

Question 11

The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the ________ gland(s) in response to stimulations by the ________ branch of the nervous system.

A) pituitary; sympathetic
B) pituitary; parasympathetic
C) adrenal; sympathetic
D) adrenal; parasympathetic

Question 12

Behavioral and medical knowledge about factors influencing health form the basis of the field of

A) health psychology.
B) holistic medicine.
C) behavioral medicine.
D) osteopathic medicine.

Question 13

The macrophage and lymphocytes are major agents of the

A) sympathetic nervous system.
B) immune system.
C) limbic system.
D) parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 14

Genuine illnesses that are caused by stress are called ________ illnesses.

A) psychophysiological
B) cathartic
C) psychogenic
D) psychotropic

Question 15

The second phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by

A) resistance.
B) exhaustion.
C) an alarm reaction.
D) low blood pressure.

Question 16

The greatest number of deaths in North America today result from

A) AIDS.
B) strokes.
C) cancer.
D) heart disease.

Question 17

During which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is a person especially vulnerable to disease?

A) alarm reaction
B) stage of resistance
C) stage of exhaustion
D) stage of adaptation

Question 18

Type A personality is to Type B personality as ________ is to _______.

A) epinephrine; norepinephrine
B) obesity; cancer
C) time-conscious; competitive
D) irritable; calm

Question 19

The general adaptation syndrome describes stages in the

A) production of endorphins.
B) body's response to aerobic exercise.
C) body's response to prolonged stress.
D) process of biofeedback.

Question 20

AIDS is a disorder that causes a breakdown in the body's

A) endocrine system.
B) circulatory system.
C) immune system.
D) respiratory system.

Question 21

In a stressful situation, feelings of pain are dulled by

A) the somatic nervous system.
B) carcinogens.
C) the sympathetic nervous system.
D) biofeedback.

Question 22

In response to stress, the adrenal glands release

A) epinephrine.
B) lymphocytes.
C) carcinogens.
D) serotonin.

Question 23

Allergic reactions and arthritis are caused by

A) an overreactive immune system.
B) an underreactive immune system.
C) the presence of B lymphocytes.
D) the presence of T lymphocytes.

Question 24

Luigi minimized the stress of testing positive for HIV by viewing this circumstance as an opportunity for a renewed religious commitment and spiritual growth. His reaction best illustrates the importance of

A) spontaneous remission.
B) the Type A personality.
C) biofeedback.
D) stress appraisal.

Question 25

Compared with men, women

A) have stronger immune systems.
B) are less susceptible to infections.
C) are more susceptible to self-attacking diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
D) have all these characteristics.

Question 26

In the 1920s, Walter Cannon discovered that stress produced an outpouring of ________ into the bloodstream.

A) epinephrine and norepinephrine
B) acetylcholine and endorphins
C) lymphocytes and glucocorticoids
D) estrogen and testosterone

Question 27

As you are waiting to be interviewed for a job, your heart rate, body temperature, and breathing rate begin to increase. These physiological changes are produced by activation of the ________ nervous system.

A) parasympathetic
B) sympathetic
C) somatic
D) central

Question 28

Research on stressful life events indicates that

A) those who live a relatively peaceful, monastic life actually suffer a higher-than-average rate of heart attacks.
B) those who have been recently widowed, fired, or divorced are more vulnerable to disease.
C) survivors of a natural disaster are immunized against stress and have fewer long-term health problems.
D) all of these statements are true.

Question 29

The subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to the prevention and treatment of illness is known as

A) medical psychology.
B) health psychology.
C) behavioral psychology.
D) psychobiology.

Question 30

Which of the following statements concerning Type A and Type B persons is true?

A) Even when relaxed, Type A persons have higher blood pressure than Type B persons.
B) When stressed, Type A persons redistribute bloodflow to the muscles and away from internal organs.
C) Type B persons tend to suppress anger more than Type A persons.
D) Type A persons tend to be more outgoing than Type B persons.

Question 31

Research on cancer patients reveals that

A) stress affects the growth of cancer cells by weakening the body's natural resources.
B) patients' attitudes can influence their rate of recovery.
C) cancer occurs slightly more often than usual among those widowed, divorced, or separated.
D) all of these statements are true.

Question 32

Two-thirds of Americans responding to surveys taken in the three weeks after the 9/11 terrorist attacks reported

A) sleeping difficulties.
B) coronary heart disease.
C) stomach ulcers.
D) upper respiratory infections.

Question 33

The field of health psychology is concerned with

A) the prevention of illness.
B) the promotion of health.
C) the treatment of illness.
D) all of these things.

Question 34

The disease- and infection-fighting cells of the immune system are

A) B lymphocytes.
B) T lymphocytes.
C) macrophages.
D) all of these types of cells.

Question 35

Rush-hour traffic is to upset stomach as ________ is to ________.

A) fight; flight
B) Type B; Type A
C) lymphocyte; macrophage
D) stressor; stress reaction

Question 36

Psychologists defines stress as

A) the experience of realistic anxiety.
B) the process by which we appraise and respond to threatening or challenging events.
C) an attempt to reach some important goal.
D) physical, emotional, or mental exhaustion.

Question 37

The component of Type A behavior that is the most predictive of coronary disease is

A) time urgency.
B) competitiveness.
C) high motivation.
D) anger.

Question 38

One effect of stress on the body is to

A) suppress the immune system.
B) facilitate the immune system response.
C) increase disease resistance.
D) increase the growth of B and T lymphocytes.

Question 39

Daily pressures compounded by racism and prejudice take a toll on many African-Americans in the form of

A) spontaneous remission.
B) biofeedback.
C) natural killer cells.
D) high blood pressure.

Question 40

Tend and befriend refers to

A) the final stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
B) the health-promoting impact of having a strong system of social support.
C) an alternative to the fight-or-flight response that may be more common in women.
D) the fact that spiritual people typically are not socially isolated.

Question 41

Compared with men, women have ________ immune systems, and they are ________ susceptible to lupus and multiple sclerosis.

A) stronger; less
B) weaker; more
C) stronger; more
D) weaker; less

Question 42

Lymphocytes are

A) harmful agents such as chemicals and viruses that cross the placenta from mother to fetus.
B) stress hormones produced by the sympathetic nervous system.
C) cancer cells that form in the lymph glands.
D) white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system.

Question 43

T lymphocytes are formed in the

A) bone marrow.
B) limbic system.
C) thymus.
D) liver.

Question 44

A psychophysiological illness is

A) any physical illness that produces a psychological disorder.
B) a stress-related physical illness such as hypertension.
C) a disease of the central nervous system.
D) any psychological disorder that has a genetic component.

Question 45

Walter Cannon observed that a variety of stressors trigger

A) biofeedback.
B) lowered blood sugar levels.
C) a fight-or-flight reaction.
D) an increase in the production of lymphocytes.

Question 46

The third phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by

A) resistance.
B) exhaustion.
C) an alarm reaction.
D) a tend-and-befriend response.

Question 47

Following a catastrophic earthquake, residents of one community came together and provided each other with emotional support. This reaction best illustrates

A) biofeedback.
B) spontaneous remission.
C) the tend-and-befriend response.
D) the ABC program.

Question 48

Aging women who had experienced prolonged stress as caregivers for children with serious disorders experienced a premature decrease in the size of their

A) adrenal glands.
B) frontal lobes.
C) telomeres.
D) lymphocytes.

Question 49

After experiencing the stress of losing her job, Colleen suffered an increased incidence of cold and flu infections. Her increased illness is best attributed to reduced levels of

A) oxytocin.
B) carcinogens.
C) lymphocytes.
D) blood pressure.

Question 50

Which of the following BEST explains why stress heightens vulnerability to bacterial and viral infections?

A) Stress hormones accelerate the "hardening" of the arteries.
B) Stress hormones facilitate the depositing of cholesterol and fat around the heart.
C) Stress hormones suppress the production of lymphocytes.
D) Stress hormones trigger the release of carcinogens.

Question 51

The emotional bonding and mutual support that survivors of natural disasters provide to one another best illustrates

A) the general adaptation syndrome.
B) the tend-and-befriend response.
C) spontaneous remission.
D) biofeedback.

Question 52

An understanding of how stress affects our resistance to disease is the central focus of the field of

A) alternative medicine.
B) psychoneuroimmunology.
C) cognitive psychology.
D) psychosomatic medicine.

Question 53

The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are

A) attention, comprehension, and resistance.
B) alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion.
C) adrenal release, cognitive appraisal, and stomach ulceration.
D) reactive frustration, sympathetic arousal, and parasympathetic inhibition.

Question 54

Andrea's physician has suggested that a program of relaxation training would provide the best treatment for her high blood pressure. The physician probably considers Andrea's hypertension to be a(n) ________ illness.

A) immune deficiency
B) carcinogenic
C) psychophysiological
D) respiratory

Question 55

B lymphocytes inhibit ________, whereas T lymphocytes inhibit ________.

A) bacterial infections; viral infections
B) heart attacks; strokes
C) NK cells; cancer cells
D) HIV; AIDS

Question 56

Cameron, a 50-year-old electrician, opens his pay envelope and, to his surprise, finds a pink slip inside indicating that he has been fired from his job. Which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is Cameron most likely experiencing?

A) resistance
B) alarm reaction
C) adjustment
D) exhaustion

Question 57

Immune system cells that pursue and destroy diseased body cells are called

A) stressors.
B) endorphins.
C) carcinogens.
D) NK cells.

Question 58

Resistance to stress is greatest during ________ of the GAS.

A) Phase 1
B) Phase 2
C) Phase 3
D) Phase 4

Question 59

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes combine to affect our immune system and health is called

A) evolutionary psychology.
B) biofeedback.
C) cognitive psychology.
D) psychoneuroimmunology.

Question 60

A stress-moderating hormone released by cuddling and associated with pair-bonding is known as

A) serotonin.
B) cortisol.
C) norepinephrine.
D) oxytocin.

Question 61

Bernard is an ambitious, highly competitive corporate lawyer who recently had a heart attack. He tends to be impatient and a perfectionist, and he gets angry over little things. Research suggests that Bernard's susceptibility to heart attacks may be most closely linked to his

A) ambition.
B) anger.
C) perfectionism.
D) competitiveness.

Question 62

Wild animals placed in zoos sometimes die shortly thereafter. These deaths are likely to result from a(n)

A) decrease in the animals' production of lymphocytes.
B) increase in the animals' production of oxytocin.
C) decrease in the animals' production of cortisol.
D) increase in the animals' production of serotonin.

Question 63

Depression increases the risk of death, especially death from

A) respiratory infections.
B) multiple sclerosis.
C) coronary heart disease.
D) stomach cancer.

Question 64

In their classic nine-year study, Friedman and Rosenman reported that, compared with Type A men, Type B men were

A) more susceptible to stomach ulcers.
B) less susceptible to stomach ulcers.
C) more susceptible to heart attacks.
D) less susceptible to heart attacks.

Question 65

A Harvard School of Public Health research team studied 1306 initially healthy men over a 10-year period. They found that ________ were more than twice as likely as ________ to develop heart disease.

A) introverts; extraverts
B) married men; single men
C) Type B personalities; Type A personalities
D) pessimists; optimists

Question 66

Who is the best example of a Type A personality?

A) Valentin, a self-confident, intelligent journalist
B) Kane, a relaxed, easygoing mail carrier
C) Philip, a competitive, hot-tempered corporation president
D) Thomas, an introverted, inhibited mental patient

Question 67

Dental students healed more slowly from punch wounds received three days prior to a major exam than from punch wounds received during their summer vacation. The slower healing prior to a major exam is best explained by the students' temporarily reduced production of

A) telomeres.
B) lymphocytes.
C) norepinephrine.
D) glucocorticoids.

Question 68

Rodents who experienced inescapable shocks were more prone to developing cancer if they had previously been exposed to

A) natural killer cells.
B) T lymphocytes.
C) macrophages.
D) carcinogens.

Question 69

The ABC program is an educational program designed to prevent

A) coronary heart disease.
B) allergic reactions.
C) multiple sclerosis.
D) HIV infections.

Question 70

Stress is most likely to speed the progression from HIV to AIDS by

A) stimulating the release of endorphins.
B) accelerating the production of NK cells.
C) inhibiting the production of lymphocytes.
D) slowing the shortening of telomeres.

Question 71

The risk of coronary heart disease is increased by

A) biofeedback.
B) a Type B personality.
C) high blood pressure.
D) natural killer cells.

Question 72

Avoiding stress is LEAST likely to inhibit the progression of ________ in humans.

A) bacterial infections
B) viral infections
C) coronary heart disease
D) advanced cancer

Question 73

Who is the best example of a Type B personality?

A) George, a self-confident, time-conscious mail carrier
B) Wang Lung, a relaxed, easygoing dentist
C) Henry, an irritable, impatient college professor
D) Stasio, a fun-loving, hard-driving corporation president

Question 74

Anger is the toxic core of

A) problem focused coping.
B) the Type A personality.
C) emotion-focused coping.
D) the Type B personality.

Question 75

Chronic anger ________ the risk of heart disease, and chronic depression ________ the risk of heart disease.

A) increases; decreases
B) increases; increases
C) has no effect on; increases
D) increases; has no effect on

Question 76

The greatest number of deaths in Africa today result from

A) strokes.
B) cancer.
C) AIDS.
D) malaria.

Question 77

Friedman and Rosenman referred to competitive, hard-driving, impatient, and easily angered individuals as ________ personalities.

A) problem-focused
B) emotion-focused
C) Type A
D) Type B

Question 78

For Type A individuals, exposure to stress is especially likely to inhibit organs such as the ________ from removing cholesterol and fat from the blood.

A) liver
B) thyroid gland
C) pancreas
D) adrenal glands

Question 79

Heart disease and depression may both result when chronic stress triggers

A) persistent inflammation.
B) the release of NK cells.
C) the production of lymphocytes.
D) the release of oxytocin.

Question 80

AIDS is caused by a ________ infection spread primarily through ________.

A) viral; airborne molecules
B) bacterial; airborne molecules
C) viral; the exchange of bodily fluids
D) bacterial; the exchange of bodily fluids