Deck 33: Sexual Motivation and the Need to Belong

Question 1

The stress normally experienced by refugees is lessened by chain migration. This best illustrates the importance of ________ needs.

A) self-actualization
B) physiological
C) belongingness
D) sexual

Answer 1

belongingness

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT true with respect to sexual orientation?

A) Virtually all cultures in all times have been predominantly heterosexual.
B) The environmental factors that influence sexual orientation are presently unknown.
C) Identical twins are somewhat more likely than fraternal twins to share a homosexual orientation.
D) With the help of a therapist, most people find it easy to change their sexual orientation.

Answer 2

With the help of a therapist, most people find it easy to change their sexual orientation.

Question 3

It has been said that the body's major sex organ is the brain. With regard to sex education

A) transmission of value-free information about the wide range of sexual behaviors should be the primary focus of the educator.
B) transmission of technical knowledge about the biological act should be the classroom focus, free from the personal values and attitudes of researchers, teachers, and students.
C) the home, not the school, should be the focus of all instruction about reproductive behavior.
D) people's attitudes, values, and morals cannot be separated from the biological aspects of sexuality.

Answer 3

people's attitudes, values, and morals cannot be separated from the biological aspects of sexuality.

Question 4

Some scientific evidence makes a preliminary link between homosexuality and

A) late sexual maturation.
B) the age of an individual's first erotic experience.
C) atypical prenatal hormones.
D) early problems in relationships with parents.

Question 5

Sexual orientation refers to

A) a person's tendency to display behaviors typical of males or females.
B) a person's sense of identity as a male or female.
C) a person's enduring sexual attraction toward members of a particular gender.
D) all of these.

Question 6

The correct order of the stages of Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle is

A) plateau; excitement; orgasm; resolution.
B) excitement; plateau; orgasm; resolution.
C) excitement; orgasm; resolution; refractory.
D) plateau; excitement; orgasm; refractory.

Question 7

Women, more than men, prefer to alternate periods of high sexual activity with periods of very little sexual activity. This best illustrates gender differences in

A) sexual orientation.
B) erotic plasticity.
C) refractory periods.
D) the sexual response cycle.

Question 8

Castration of male rats results in

A) reduced testosterone and sexual interest.
B) reduced testosterone, but no change in sexual interest.
C) reduced estradiol and sexual interest.
D) reduced estradiol, but no change in sexual interest.

Question 9

Exposure of a fetus to the hormones typical of females between ________ and ________ months after conception may predispose the developing human to become attracted to males.

A) 1; 3
B) 2; 5
C) 4; 7
D) 6; 9

Question 10

Which of the following is indicative of a sexual disorder?

A) nocturnal emissions
B) premature ejaculation
C) erotic plasticity
D) refractory periods

Question 11

The fraternal birth-order effect refers to a factor associated with

A) sexually transmitted infections.
B) achievement motivation.
C) self-transcendence.
D) sexual orientation.

Question 12

During which phase of the sexual response cycle does the refractory period begin?

A) the plateau phase
B) the resolution phase
C) the excitement phase
D) orgasm

Question 13

Teenage girls are especially vulnerable to ________ because of their lower levels of protective antibodies.

A) few refractory periods
B) obesity
C) erotic plasticity
D) STIs

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT true regarding sexual orientation?

A) Sexual orientation is neither willfully chosen nor willfully changed.
B) Some homosexuals struggle with their sexual orientation.
C) Men's sexual orientation is potentially more fluid and changeable than women's.
D) Women, regardless of sexual orientation, respond to both female and male erotic stimuli.

Question 15

When asked what is most necessary for a happy and meaningful life, most people first mention the importance of satisfying their ________ needs.

A) achievement
B) safety
C) sexual
D) belongingness

Question 16

The removal of a woman's ovaries may contribute to decreasing sexual interest because her natural ________ level is ________.

A) testosterone; lowered
B) testosterone; raised
C) PYY; lowered
D) PYY; raised

Question 17

Which of the following statements concerning homosexuality is true?

A) Homosexuals have abnormal hormone levels.
B) As children, most homosexuals were molested by an adult homosexual.
C) Homosexuals had a domineering opposite-sex parent.
D) Research indicates that sexual orientation may be at least partly physiological.

Question 18

In one experiment, deeply-in-love university students experienced ________ when looking at their beloved's picture.

A) narcissism
B) unit bias
C) ostracism
D) pain relief

Question 19

When asked what makes life meaningful, most people first mention

A) good health.
B) challenging work.
C) satisfying relationships.
D) serving others.

Question 20

According to Masters and Johnson, the sexual response of males is most likely to differ from that of females during

A) the excitement phase.
B) the plateau phase.
C) orgasm.
D) the resolution phase.

Question 21

During the resolution phase of the sexual response cycle, people are most likely to experience a rapid decrease in physiological arousal if

A) they have just experienced orgasm.
B) they have not used contraceptives.
C) their refractory period is unusually short.
D) their sexual interaction has not resulted in conception.

Question 22

The refractory period is the

A) moment before orgasm during which sexual arousal is maintained at a fairly high level.
B) stage of the sexual response cycle during which sexual excitation reaches its climax.
C) span of the monthly female reproductive cycle during which ovulation occurs.
D) time span after orgasm during which a man cannot be aroused to another orgasm.

Question 23

Research on the sexual response cycle indicates that

A) men and women experience an equally long refractory period following orgasm.
B) women undergo a decrease in physiological arousal more slowly if they have experienced orgasm than if they have not.
C) enough sperm may be released prior to male orgasm to enable conception.
D) during the resolution phase, sexual excitement increases in women but decreases in men.

Question 24

Studies in both North America and China find that married fathers tend to have ________ than bachelors or married men without children.

A) lower set points
B) lower testosterone levels
C) less achievement motivation
D) shorter refractory periods

Question 25

Masters and Johnson identified orgasm as the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Question 26

A problem that consistently interferes with one's ability to complete the sexual response cycle is called

A) an STI.
B) erotic plasticity.
C) a sexual disorder.
D) a refractory period.

Question 27

With repeated exposure to any erotic stimulus, our emotional response often lessens. This illustrates the process of

A) social facilitation.
B) erotic plasticity.
C) habituation.
D) narcissism.

Question 28

Brain scans of people viewing erotic material reveal a more active ________ in men than in women.

A) thalamus
B) medulla
C) amygdala
D) cerebellum

Question 29

When at peak fertility in their menstrual cycle, women express ________ preference for masculine faces and ________ apprehensiveness of men perceived as potentially sexually coercive.

A) increased; decreased
B) decreased; increased
C) increased; increased
D) decreased; decreased

Question 30

The descriptions of orgasm written by men and women are ________, and the subcortical brain regions active in men and women during orgasm are ________.

A) different; similar
B) similar; different
C) different; different
D) similar; similar

Question 31

More than in other mammalian females, the sexual drive in human females is responsive to their ________ levels.

A) estradiol
B) estrogen
C) serotonin
D) testosterone

Question 32

Research on sex hormones and human sexual behavior indicates that

A) sexual desire rises slightly at ovulation among women with mates.
B) adult men who have been castrated show virtually no reduction in sex drive.
C) sexual interests are aroused by decreased testosterone levels in women and increased testosterone levels in men.
D) imprisoned male sex offenders typically experience lower-than-normal testosterone levels.

Question 33

Hunger and sex are different sorts of motivations because unlike hunger, sexual motivation is not

A) dependent on internal physiological factors.
B) influenced by imagined stimuli.
C) a response to a need.
D) influenced by cultural expectations.

Question 34

In most nonhuman mammals, female sexual receptivity is greatest when

A) testosterone levels are lowest.
B) testosterone levels are highest.
C) estrogen levels are lowest.
D) estrogen levels are highest.

Question 35

Kamil, a 33-year-old lawyer, experiences premature ejaculation. Through behaviorally oriented therapy, he would most likely learn to minimize his problem by

A) engaging in sexual activity less frequently.
B) eliminating his high level of sexual guilt.
C) uncovering the unconscious fears that underlie his problem.
D) learning ways to control his urge to ejaculate.

Question 36

Professor Langley emphasizes that premature sexual activity among high school students involves the interplay of alcohol consumption, mass media norms, and teens' underestimation of their vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections. The professor's emphasis best illustrates

A) the evolutionary perspective.
B) a sex-education program.
C) a biopsychosocial approach.
D) the sexual response cycle.

Question 37

The first stage of the sexual response cycle is

A) a refractory period.
B) an excitement stage.
C) a plateau stage.
D) orgasm.

Question 38

Orgasmic dysfunction is one form of

A) erotic plasticity.
B) neophobia.
C) refractory period.
D) sexual disorder.

Question 39

The sex hormone secreted in greater amounts by females than by males is

A) estradiol.
B) orexin.
C) leptin.
D) ghrelin.

Question 40

Differences among women in frequency of orgasm via masturbation are more strongly influenced by ________ than are differences among women in frequency of orgasm via intercourse.

A) estrogen levels
B) refractory periods
C) genetics
D) basal metabolic rates

Question 41

Gender differences in erotic plasticity are best illustrated by the fact that women

A) have longer refractory periods than do men.
B) tend to be more changeable than men in sexual orientation.
C) are less likely than men to be equally aroused by male and female erotic stimuli.
D) become aware of their sexual orientation much earlier in life than do men.

Question 42

The variability of sexual urges and interests is called

A) the sexual response cycle.
B) sexual orientation.
C) the refractory period.
D) erotic plasticity.

Question 43

Teenage girls are especially vulnerable to STIs because of their

A) shorter refractory periods.
B) high estrogen levels.
C) greater erotic plasticity.
D) lower levels of antibodies.

Question 44

Compared with European teens, American teens have ________ rates of pregnancy and ________ rates of abortion.

A) lower; lower
B) higher; higher
C) lower; higher
D) higher; lower

Question 45

Among unmarried American teens, sexual abstinence is more likely for those with ________ levels of intelligence and ________ levels of religious engagement.

A) higher; lower
B) lower; higher
C) higher; higher
D) lower; lower

Question 46

In the process of portraying women as sexual objects, the mass media are most likely to promote

A) safe contraceptive use.
B) erotic plasticity.
C) narrowly defined beauty standards.
D) sexual abstinence.

Question 47

Men experience ________ frequent and ________ romantic fantasies about sex than do women.

A) more; more
B) less; less
C) more; less
D) less; more

Question 48

In one survey, 72 percent of sexually active 12- to 17-year-old American girls said

A) they never use condoms during sex.
B) they abstain from alcohol prior to sex.
C) none of their close friends were sexually active.
D) they regretted having sex.

Question 49

One's sexual orientation refers to a(n) ________ members of either one's own sex or the other sex.

A) sexual response cycle triggered by
B) experience of flow associated with
C) enduring sexual attraction toward
D) erotic plasticity in response to

Question 50

Isaac, a 25-year-old law student, is heterosexual; his brother Chaim, a 21-year-old college senior, is homosexual. The brothers obviously differ in their

A) erotic plasticity.
B) sexual response cycle.
C) sexual orientation.
D) refractory period.

Question 51

Teens who use alcohol prior to sexual intercourse experience

A) enhanced self-awareness and are less likely to use condoms.
B) reduced self-awareness and are more likely to use condoms.
C) enhanced self-awareness and are more likely to use condoms.
D) reduced self-awareness and are less likely to use condoms.

Question 52

Men are more likely to experience nocturnal emissions if they

A) have a sexually transmitted infection.
B) use contraceptives as a means of preventing pregnancy in their mates.
C) have not experienced orgasm recently.
D) dream about nonsexual events.

Question 53

After viewing sexually attractive women on TV, male college students find an average woman or their own girlfriend or wife as

A) more attractive.
B) more sexually active.
C) less attractive.
D) less sexually active.

Question 54

Lower rates of pregnancy have been observed among teens who have

A) sexually vivid dreams that lead to orgasm.
B) imagined being taken sexually by someone overwhelmed with passion.
C) watched a higher-than-average amount of prime-time television.
D) participated in a service learning program as tutors or teachers' aides.

Question 55

More than a dozen national surveys in Europe and the United States indicate that about ________ percent of men are gay and about ________ percent of women are lesbian.

A) 3; 1 or 2
B) 3; 3 or 4
C) 10; 5 or 6
D) 10; 10 or 11

Question 56

Many sexually active American adolescents fail to avoid pregnancy because

A) low sex guilt inhibits the careful planning of contraceptive use.
B) they are uncomfortable discussing contraception with their sexual partner.
C) sex education courses have actually discouraged contraceptive use.
D) of all of these reasons.

Question 57

Ivan just spent an evening watching pornographic movies of attractive women who actually seemed to enjoy being sexually coerced. This experience is most likely to lead him to

A) perceive himself as unable to perform sexually.
B) be more willing to hurt women.
C) feel unsure about his gender identity.
D) view sexual promiscuity as morally wrong.

Question 58

Condoms are most helpful in protecting against

A) herpes infections.
B) erotic plasticity.
C) HIV infections.
D) nocturnal emissions.

Question 59

The more sexual content adolescents view on TV and in movies, the more likely they are to

A) perceive their peers are sexually active.
B) talk with their parents about contraception.
C) view their own sexual partners as attractive.
D) avoid premature sexual intercourse.

Question 60

A homosexual orientation is

A) equally likely among members of both sexes.
B) associated with a lack of clear gender identity.
C) very persistent and difficult to change.
D) characteristic of over 10 percent of American males.

Question 61

The hypothalamus lights up in an area governing sexual arousal when ________ are given a whiff of scent derived from men's sweat.

A) lesbian women and gay men
B) lesbian women and straight men
C) straight women and straight men
D) straight women and gay men

Question 62

Data from 20 studies revealed that homosexual participants had 39 percent greater odds of being non-right-handed than heterosexual participants. Researchers have attributed this to differences in

A) maternal antibodies.
B) erotic plasticity.
C) prenatal hormones.
D) refractory periods.

Question 63

If pregnant sheep are injected with ________ during a critical period of prenatal development, their female offspring will show homosexual behavior.

A) estrogen
B) PYY
C) orexin
D) testosterone

Question 64

With respect to sex research and human values, the text suggests that

A) sexual activity is largely a medical and biological issue, not a moral issue.
B) scientific methods prevent sex researchers from being influenced by their own personal values.
C) researchers should not reveal their sexual values because sexual standards are a matter of personal taste.
D) sex research and education should be accompanied by open consideration of sexual values.

Question 65

Research has found that an animal's sexual orientation can be altered by

A) manipulations of prenatal hormone conditions.
B) exposure only to animals of the same sex.
C) injections of sex hormones in early adulthood.
D) destruction of the hippocampus.

Question 66

Research on the environmental conditions that influence sexual orientation indicates that

A) homosexuals are more likely than heterosexuals to have been sexually abused during childhood.
B) homosexuals are more likely than heterosexuals to have been overprotected by their mothers.
C) homosexuals are more likely than heterosexuals to have been raised in a father-absent home.
D) the reported backgrounds of homosexuals and heterosexuals are similar.

Question 67

A birth-order effect seems to play a role in sexual orientation among

A) men who are right-handed.
B) women who are right-handed.
C) men who are not right-handed.
D) both men and women who are not right-handed.

Question 68

A biological influence on homosexuality is most clearly seen from evidence of

A) sexual relations between same-sex partners in several hundred different animal species.
B) an increase in same-sex attraction among women who had fraternal twin brothers.
C) the increase in homosexual and bisexual people among males with domineering mothers.
D) the link between sexual orientation and the levels of sex hormones currently in a person's blood.

Question 69

A deep sense of well-being results when our need for relatedness is satisfied in balance with our psychological need for

A) autonomy.
B) homeostasis.
C) refractory periods.
D) achievement.

Question 70

In one study, raters viewed clips of children without being told their later sexual orientation. The average "pre-gay" child was rated ________ than the average "pre-straight" child.

A) happier
B) more sexually attractive
C) more narcissistic
D) more gender nonconforming

Question 71

It has been suggested that the fraternal birth-order effect is a result of

A) erotic plasticity.
B) refractory periods.
C) a maternal immune response.
D) mass-media norms.

Question 72

Unlike in men, a high sex drive in women is likely to be associated with an increased same-sex attraction as well as an increased opposite-sex attraction. This best illustrates women's greater

A) erotic plasticity.
B) refractory period.
C) orgasmic dysfunction.
D) unit bias.

Question 73

By manipulating a single gene, scientists have been able to control sexual orientation in

A) humans.
B) chimpanzees.
C) fruit flies.
D) all of these organisms.

Question 74

The maternal relatives of homosexual men produce ________ offspring than the maternal relatives of heterosexual men, and male homosexuality is more likely to be transmitted by genes from the ________ side of the family.

A) more; mother's
B) fewer; father's
C) fewer; mother's
D) more; father's

Question 75

Most humans are genetically predisposed to

A) associate the secretion of leptin with feelings of hunger.
B) form close enduring relationships with fellow humans.
C) avoid eating carbohydrate-laden foods when feeling depressed.
D) satisfy their need for political freedom before seeking emotional security.

Question 76

Simon LeVay discovered that a neural cluster located in the ________ was larger in heterosexual men than in homosexual men.

A) cerebellum
B) amygdala
C) hypothalamus
D) medulla

Question 77

The incidence of male homosexuality has been found to be slightly higher than usual among

A) physicians.
B) professional athletes.
C) residents of small villages.
D) men who have older brothers.

Question 78

On mental rotation tasks, gays and lesbians have been observed to score ________ than heterosexual men and ________ than heterosexual women.

A) higher; higher
B) lower; lower
C) higher; lower
D) lower; higher

Question 79

When people's need to belong is fulfilled through close relationships, they are less likely to

A) commit suicide.
B) contract physical illness.
C) suffer psychological disorders.
D) do any of these things.

Question 80

Gay men are ________ likely to have been smothered by maternal love than heterosexual men. Boys growing up in a father-absent home are ________ likely to be gay than boys growing up with their father present in the home.

A) more; no more
B) no more; more
C) more; more
D) no more; no more