Deck 23: Studying and Building Memories

Question 1

Mentally rehearsing the glossary definitions of unfamiliar terms in order to remember them for a later test illustrates

A) the peg-word system.
B) procedural memory.
C) effortful processing.
D) echoic memory.

Answer 1

effortful processing.

Question 2

Researchers now recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory and refer to it as ________ memory.

A) sensory
B) working
C) flashbulb
D) implicit

Answer 2

working

Question 3

Which of the following is most likely to be stored as an implicit memory?

A) a mental image of one's best friend
B) the date of one's own birth
C) a conditioned fear of guns
D) one's own name

Answer 3

a mental image of one's best friend

Question 4

Combining individual letters into familiar words enables you to remember more of the letters in this sentence. This best illustrates the value of

A) the spacing effect.
B) iconic memory.
C) the serial position effect.
D) chunking.

Question 5

After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her ________ memory.

A) procedural
B) short-term
C) flashbulb
D) implicit

Question 6

Another term for implicit memory is ________ memory.

A) iconic
B) short-term
C) nondeclaritive
D) state-dependent

Question 7

The three steps in memory information processing are

A) input, processing, output.
B) input, storage, output.
C) input, storage, retrieval.
D) encoding, storage, retrieval.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a measure of retention?

A) recall
B) recognition
C) relearning
D) retrieval

Question 9

When you hear familiar words in your native language, it is virtually impossible not to register the meanings of the words. This best illustrates the importance of

A) flashbulb memory.
B) automatic processing.
C) iconic memory.
D) the spacing effect.

Question 10

Employing the single word HOMES to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes best illustrates the use of

A) the spacing effect.
B) the serial position effect.
C) a mnemonic technique.
D) implicit memory.

Question 11

The spacing effect means that

A) distributed study yields better retention than cramming.
B) retention is improved when encoding and retrieval are separated by no more than 1 hour.
C) learning causes a reduction in the size of the synaptic gap between certain neurons.
D) delaying retrieval until memory has consolidated improves recall.

Question 12

Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf several times each week on a particular course. Yet the more he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the need to distinguish between

A) short-term memory and long-term memory.
B) proactive interference and retroactive interference.
C) explicit memory and implicit memory.
D) recognition and recall.

Question 13

One way to increase the amount of information in memory is to group it into larger, familiar units. This process is referred to as

A) consolidating.
B) organization.
C) encoding.
D) chunking.

Question 14

Visual sensory memory is referred to as

A) iconic memory.
B) echoic memory.
C) photomemory.
D) semantic memory.

Question 15

Which of the following questions about the word depressed would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen the word on this quiz?

A) How well does the word describe you?
B) Does the word consist of ten letters?
C) Is the word written in capital letters?
D) Does the word rhyme with obsessed?

Question 16

The semantic processing of the words in a short poem illustrates

A) procedural memory.
B) the peg-word system.
C) the serial position effect.
D) deep processing.

Question 17

The semantic processing of the words in a short poem illustrates

A) procedural memory.
B) the peg-word system.
C) the serial position effect.
D) deep processing.

Question 18

Memory techniques such as acronyms and the peg-word system are called

A) consolidation devices.
B) imagery techniques.
C) encoding strategies.
D) mnemonic devices.

Question 19

Echoic memories fade after approximately

A) 1 hour.
B) 1 minute.
C) 1 second.
D) 3 to 4 seconds.

Question 20

Our short-term memory span is approximately ________ items.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 7
D) 10

Question 21

Memory for skills is called

A) explicit memory.
B) declarative memory.
C) prime memory.
D) implicit memory.

Question 22

The process of encoding refers to

A) the persistence of learning over time.
B) the recall of information previously learned.
C) getting information into memory.
D) a clear memory of an emotionally significant event.

Question 23

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called

A) encoding.
B) retrieval.
C) rehearsal.
D) storage.

Question 24

The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on

A) effortful processing.
B) retrieval.
C) visual encoding.
D) memory.

Question 25

The three-stage processing model of memory was proposed by

A) Atkinson and Shiffrin.
B) Herman Ebbinghaus.
C) Loftus and Palmer.
D) George Sperling.

Question 26

Semantic encoding is a type of

A) mnemonic.
B) shallow processing.
C) deep processing.
D) echoic memory.

Question 27

Which measure of memory is used on a test that requires matching glossary terms with their correct definitions?

A) recognition
B) relearning
C) rehearsal
D) recall

Question 28

The retention of encoded information over time refers to

A) effortful processing.
B) implicit memory.
C) repression.
D) storage.

Question 29

Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.

A) recognition; recall
B) rehearsal; retrieval
C) retention; acquisition
D) explicit memory; implicit memory

Question 30

Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that

A) the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.
B) what is learned in one mood is most easily retrieved in that same mood.
C) information that is automatically processed is rarely forgotten.
D) our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited.

Question 31

Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano, at age 55, still remembers many of his high school classmates?

A) recall
B) recognition
C) rehearsal
D) reconstruction

Question 32

Which measure of memory retention assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again?

A) recognition
B) retrieval
C) relearning
D) recall

Question 33

Which measure of memory retention assesses the ability to draw information out of storage and into conscious awareness?

A) rehearsal
B) relearning
C) recognition
D) recall

Question 34

Textbook chapters are often organized into ________ to facilitate information processing.

A) mnemonic devices
B) chunks
C) hierarchies
D) recognizable units

Question 35

Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues?

A) recognition
B) recall
C) relearning
D) rehearsal

Question 36

When Gordon Bower presented words grouped by category or in random order, recall was

A) the same for all words.
B) better for the categorized words.
C) better for the random words.
D) improved when participants developed their own mnemonic devices.

Question 37

Which type of word processing results in the greatest retention?

A) shallow
B) deep
C) visual
D) auditory

Question 38

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which measure of memory is being used?

A) recognition
B) rehearsal
C) recall
D) relearning

Question 39

In Sperling's memory experiment, research participants were shown three rows of three letters, followed immediately by a low, medium, or high tone. The participants were able to report

A) all three rows with perfect accuracy.
B) only the top row of letters.
C) only the middle row of letters.
D) any one of the three rows of letters.

Question 40

Information is maintained in short-term memory only briefly unless it is

A) encoded.
B) rehearsed.
C) iconic or echoic.
D) retrieved.

Question 41

Automatic processing most clearly occurs without

A) encoding.
B) conscious rehearsal.
C) implicit memory.
D) chunking.

Question 42

Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires

A) implicit memory.
B) automatic processing.
C) working memory.
D) deep processing.

Question 43

Shelly was able to remember the names of three new class members for only a minute or two after they had been introduced to her. The new class members' names were briefly stored in her ________ memory.

A) flashbulb
B) implicit
C) short-term memory
D) iconic

Question 44

Highly durable memories can often be retrieved from ________ memory into ________ memory.

A) sensory; working
B) working; sensory
C) working; long-term
D) long-term; working

Question 45

Remembering how to solve a puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates ________ memory.

A) working
B) flashbulb
C) implicit
D) sensory

Question 46

An information-processing model that views memories as emerging from the simultaneous activation of interconnected neural networks is known as

A) LTP.
B) mnemonics.
C) connectionism.
D) the peg-word system.

Question 47

The process of getting information out of memory is called

A) encoding.
B) relearning.
C) retrieval.
D) rehearsal.

Question 48

The difference between automatic and effortful processing best illustrates

A) the two-track mind.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) mood-congruent memory.
D) the serial position effect.

Question 49

We encode implicit memories by means of

A) recall.
B) repression.
C) automatic processing.
D) the peg-word system.

Question 50

Encoding that requires attention and conscious awareness is called

A) priming.
B) effortful processing.
C) the peg-word system.
D) mnemonics.

Question 51

Your activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.

A) short-term
B) implicit
C) sensory
D) explicit

Question 52

Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory.

A) working memory
B) sensory memory
C) flashbulb memory
D) long-term memory

Question 53

Consciously repeating the name of a new classmate you want to remember illustrates

A) implicit memory.
B) the peg-word system.
C) effortful processing.
D) the self-reference effect.

Question 54

The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information-processing model introduced distinctions among

A) recall, recognition, and relearning.
B) shallow processing, semantic processing, and deep processing.
C) sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
D) the serial position effect, the spacing effect, and the testing effect.

Question 55

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of

A) implicit memory.
B) iconic memory.
C) parallel processing.
D) working memory.

Question 56

According to Allen Baddeley, we consciously process incoming auditory and visual-spatial information in our ________ memory.

A) implicit
B) working
C) procedural
D) state-dependent

Question 57

In Alan Baddeley's model of working memory, the hypothetical central executive engages in

A) repression.
B) focusing attention.
C) automatic processing.
D) shallow processing.

Question 58

Retention of skills and classically conditioned associations without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.

A) state-dependent
B) flashbulb
C) short-term
D) implicit

Question 59

Explicit memory is also known as

A) procedural memory.
B) context-dependent memory.
C) declarative memory.
D) mood-congruent memory.

Question 60

A conscious memory of the name of the first president of the United States is a(n) ________ memory.

A) iconic
B) explicit
C) procedural
D) state-dependent

Question 61

For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.

A) short-term
B) iconic
C) procedural
D) echoic

Question 62

Cheri doesn't remember that she got sick after eating oatmeal on several occasions in early childhood. However, whenever she smells oatmeal she experiences a classically conditioned feeling of nausea. Cheri's conditioned reaction indicates that she retains a(n) ________ memory.

A) flashbulb
B) echoic
C) iconic
D) implicit

Question 63

An iconic memory is a ________ memory.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) flashbulb
D) procedural

Question 64

Implicit memory is to explicit memory as ________ is to ________.

A) context-dependent memory; state-dependent memory
B) automatic processing; effortful processing
C) short-term memory; long-term memory
D) proactive interference; retroactive interference

Question 65

Echoic memory refers to

A) the encoded meanings of words and events in long-term memory.
B) a vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.
C) the automatic retention of incidental information about the timing and frequency of events.
D) a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.

Question 66

Imagine seeing a letter of the alphabet, then a simple question, then another letter, followed by another question, and so on. People who can consciously process and recall the most letters, despite such interruptions, are demonstrating effective

A) echoic memory.
B) procedural memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) working memory.

Question 67

The ability to unconsciously process how many times you checked your e-mail during the past 24 hours best illustrates

A) working memory.
B) automatic processing.
C) implicit memory.
D) the peg-word system.

Question 68

The effortful processing of information

A) cannot occur simultaneously with automatic processing.
B) refers to the process of getting information out of memory storage.
C) can become automatic through practice.
D) occurs less frequently among adults than children.

Question 69

You are most likely to automatically encode information about

A) politicians' names.
B) friends' birthdays.
C) new phone numbers.
D) the sequence of your day's events.

Question 70

George Miller proposed that about seven information bits constitutes the capacity of ________ memory.

A) short-term
B) explicit
C) flashbulb
D) implicit

Question 71

After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent

A) source amnesia.
B) chunking.
C) encoding failure.
D) rehearsal.

Question 72

When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second, research participants

A) recalled only half the letters because they did not have enough time to see all of them.
B) recalled only about seven of the letters due to storage limitations.
C) had a momentary photographic memory of all nine letters.
D) formed a sensory memory of no more than a single letter.

Question 73

During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of

A) automatic processing.
B) sensory memory.
C) deep processing.
D) mnemonics.

Question 74

When you have to make a long-distance call, dialing an unfamiliar area code plus a seven-digit number, you are likely to have trouble retaining the just-looked-up number. This best illustrates the limited capacity of ________ memory.

A) long-term
B) implicit
C) short-term
D) explicit

Question 75

Effortful processing most clearly requires

A) iconic memory.
B) implicit memory.
C) flashbulb memory.
D) working memory.

Question 76

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called ________ memory.

A) echoic
B) short-term
C) iconic
D) flashbulb

Question 77

Peterson and Peterson demonstrated that unrehearsed short-term memories for three consonants almost completely decay in as short a time as

A) 12 seconds.
B) 1 minute.
C) 12 minutes.
D) 1 hour.

Question 78

The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory.

A) iconic
B) flashbulb
C) echoic
D) state-dependent

Question 79

Procedural memories for well-learned skills such as how to ride a bicycle are typically ________ memories.

A) working
B) implicit
C) sensory
D) flashbulb

Question 80

Some of the information in our ________ memory is encoded into ________ memory.

A) iconic; short-term
B) short-term; sensory
C) flashbulb; short-term
D) long-term; iconic