Deck 24: Storage- Retaining Information in the Brain

Question 1

Which area of the brain is most important in the processing of implicit memories?

A) hippocampus
B) cerebellum
C) hypothalamus
D) amygdala

Answer 1

cerebellum

Question 2

The basal ganglia of the brain play a critical role in the formation of

A) iconic memory.
B) echoic memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) explicit memory.

Answer 2

procedural memory.

Question 3

Which of the following is central to the processing of procedural memories?

A) hippocampus
B) hypothalamus
C) basal ganglia
D) amygdala

Answer 3

hippocampus

Question 4

Damage to the ________ would most likely interfere with a person's memory of how to play the piano.

A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) hypothalamus
D) basal ganglia

Question 5

Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity?

A) echoic memory
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) iconic memory

Question 6

Recalling an old password and holding it in working memory would be most likely to activate the

A) right frontal lobe.
B) left frontal lobe.
C) right cerebellum.
D) left cerebellum.

Question 7

Lashley's studies, in which rats learned a maze and then had various parts of their brains surgically removed, showed that the memory

A) was lost when surgery took place within 1 hour of learning.
B) was lost when surgery took place within 24 hours of learning.
C) was lost when any region of the brain was removed.
D) remained no matter which area of the brain was tampered with.

Question 8

Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?

A) priming
B) semantic encoding
C) proactive interference
D) long-term potentiation

Question 9

Damage to the ________ would most likely interfere with learning a conditioned fear response to the sight of a dog who had bitten you on several occasions.

A) hippocampus
B) basal ganglia
C) hypothalamus
D) cerebellum

Question 10

The amygdala boosts activity in the brain's memory-forming areas when stimulated by

A) the basal ganglia.
B) the cerebellum.
C) stress hormones.
D) propranolol.

Question 11

Studies demonstrate that learning causes permanent neural changes in the ________ of animals' neurons.

A) myelin
B) cell bodies
C) synapses
D) all of these parts

Question 12

Kandel and Schwartz have found that when learning occurs, more of the neurotransmitter ________ is released into synapses.

A) ACh
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) noradrenaline

Question 13

Long-term potentiation refers to

A) the disruptive influence of old memories on the formation of new memories.
B) the disruptive influence of recent memories on the retrieval of old memories.
C) our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood.
D) the increased efficiency of synaptic transmission between certain neurons following learning.

Question 14

Conscious memories of emotionally stressful events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the

A) basal ganglia.
B) amygdala.
C) cerebellum.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 15

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they first learned of the death of a close friend or family member. This best illustrates ________ memory.

A) iconic
B) flashbulb
C) implicit
D) state-dependent

Question 16

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memories

A) was restricted to their right cerebral hemispheres.
B) was restricted to their left and right frontal lobes.
C) was restricted to their left and right temporal lobes.
D) was not restricted to specific regions of the cortex.

Question 17

Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt ________ memory.

A) long-term
B) procedural
C) short-term
D) flashbulb

Question 18

Recalling information and holding it in working memory requires that many brain regions send input to your

A) basal ganglia.
B) hypothalamus.
C) frontal lobes.
D) cerebellum.

Question 19

The receptor sites of receiving neurons have been observed to increase following

A) retrieval failure.
B) stress.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) imagination inflation.

Question 20

Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time even though they can't recall having seen the story before. They have most likely suffered damage to the

A) hippocampus.
B) cerebellum.
C) basal ganglia.
D) amygdala.

Question 21

Cheri doesn't remember that she got sick after eating oatmeal on several occasions in early childhood. However, whenever she smells oatmeal she experiences a classically conditioned feeling of nausea. Cheri's conditioned reaction indicates that she retains a(n) ________ memory.

A) flashbulb
B) echoic
C) iconic
D) implicit

Question 22

A good night's sleep improves recall of the previous day's events by facilitating the transfer of memories from the

A) amygdala to the hippocampus.
B) hippocampus to the cerebral cortex.
C) cerebral cortex to the basal ganglia.
D) basal ganglia to the cerebellum.

Question 23

Which of the following has been suggested as an explanation for infantile amnesia?

A) The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature.
B) The emotional reactivity of infants inhibits the process of encoding.
C) The accumulation of life experiences disrupts the retrieval of early life events.
D) Iconic memories last for less than a second in infants.

Question 24

A lack of conscious memories of your first three years of life best illustrates

A) flashbulb memory.
B) source misattribution.
C) infantile amnesia.
D) the primacy effect.

Question 25

Chickadees and other birds who store food in hundreds of places cannot remember the food storage locations months later if their ________ has been removed.

A) amygdala
B) basal ganglia
C) hippocampus
D) cerebellum

Question 26

Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.

A) short-term; long-term
B) long-term; short-term
C) implicit; explicit
D) explicit; implicit

Question 27

Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person's ability to learn

A) to ride a bike.
B) to eat with a fork.
C) a classically conditioned fear response.
D) the names of newly introduced people.

Question 28

Removing a rat's hippocampus 48 hours after it learns the location of some tasty food does not prevent it from forming a long-term memory of where the food is located. This best illustrates the importance of

A) chunking.
B) the spacing effect.
C) memory consolidation.
D) the serial position effect.

Question 29

After recovering from a stroke, Farina was able to learn how to hit a tennis ball. She is unable, however, to learn and remember the name of the rehabilitation therapist who has been working with her each day to develop her tennis swing. Farina is most likely to have suffered damage to her

A) cerebellum.
B) hypothalamus.
C) basal ganglia.
D) hippocampus.

Question 30

The basal ganglia facilitate the processing of

A) procedural memories.
B) explicit memories.
C) echoic memories.
D) flashbulb memories.

Question 31

Procedural memories for well-learned skills such as how to ride a bicycle are typically ________ memories.

A) working
B) implicit
C) sensory
D) flashbulb

Question 32

Retention of skills and classically conditioned associations without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.

A) state-dependent
B) flashbulb
C) short-term
D) implicit

Question 33

A conscious memory of the name of the first president of the United States is a(n) ________ memory.

A) iconic
B) explicit
C) procedural
D) state-dependent

Question 34

Cortex areas surrounding the hippocampus and supporting the processing and storing of explicit memories are located in the

A) amygdala.
B) basal ganglia.
C) cerebellum.
D) temporal lobe.

Question 35

Which neural center in the limbic system helps process explicit memories for storage?

A) hypothalamus
B) basal ganglia
C) cerebellum
D) hippocampus

Question 36

Remembering how to solve a puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates ________ memory.

A) working
B) flashbulb
C) implicit
D) sensory

Question 37

Which part of the brain plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning?

A) hippocampus
B) cerebellum
C) hypothalamus
D) amygdala

Question 38

Explicit memory is also known as

A) procedural memory.
B) context-dependent memory.
C) declarative memory.
D) mood-congruent memory.

Question 39

Rabbits fail to learn a conditioned eyeblink response when the function of different pathways in their ________ is surgically disrupted.

A) hypothalamus
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) cerebellum

Question 40

Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned verbal information. Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned visual designs.

A) right hippocampus; left hippocampus
B) left hippocampus; right hippocampus
C) right cerebellum; left cerebellum
D) left cerebellum; right cerebellum

Question 41

Stress hormones provoke the ________ to initiate a memory trace in the frontal lobes and basal ganglia.

A) amygdala
B) hippocampus
C) hypothalamus
D) cerebellum

Question 42

Elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing

A) mnemonics.
B) iconic memories.
C) infantile amnesia.
D) flashbulb memories.

Question 43

Sea slugs, mice, and fruit flies have displayed enhanced learning following enhanced production of the protein

A) LTP.
B) CREB.
C) GABA.
D) THC.

Question 44

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.

A) iconic
B) short-term
C) echoic
D) long-term

Question 45

Long-term potentiation is believed to be

A) the elimination of anxiety-producing thoughts from conscious awareness.
B) the disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information.
C) the process of getting information out of memory.
D) a neural basis for learning and memory.

Question 46

The neurotransmitter glutamate ________ LTP and the protein CREB ________ LTP.

A) disrupts; disrupts
B) facilitates; facilitates
C) disrupts; facilitates
D) facilitates; disrupts

Question 47

Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This best illustrates ________ memory.

A) sensory
B) implicit
C) flashbulb
D) procedural

Question 48

Research by Kandel and Schwartz on sea slugs indicates that memory formation is associated with the

A) structure of DNA molecules.
B) release of certain neurotransmitters.
C) activity level of the hippocampus.
D) development of the cerebellum.

Question 49

After long-term potentiation has occurred

A) sending neurons release their neurotransmitters more easily.
B) it takes longer to process new information.
C) a receiving neuron's receptor sites are reduced.
D) you more readily forget facts that you once knew.

Question 50

Stress hormones promote stronger memories by

A) decreasing the availability of serotonin.
B) increasing the availability of glucose.
C) decreasing the availability of epinephrine.
D) increasing the availability of propranolol.

Question 51

After watching a happy film, patients' happy emotion persisted even though they could not consciously recall the film. These patients had suffered damage to the

A) basal ganglia.
B) hippocampus.
C) cerebellum.
D) amygdala.

Question 52

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as

A) chunking.
B) automatic processing.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) the spacing effect.

Question 53

By activating the amygdala, stress hormones facilitate

A) repression.
B) source amnesia.
C) the misinformation effect.
D) long-term potentiation.