Deck 12: Culture, Gender, and Other Environmental Influences

Question 1

Compared with Westerners, people in communal societies, such as Japan or China,

A) have a stronger sense of family.
B) exhibit greater shyness toward strangers.
C) exhibit greater concern for loyalty and social harmony.
D) have all of these characteristics.

Answer 1

have all of these characteristics.

Question 2

Over the past decades, women have been increasingly expected to take responsibility for political leadership. This best illustrates a change in

A) sexual orientation.
B) gender identity.
C) temperaments.
D) gender roles.

Answer 2

gender roles.

Question 3

Because he believes that crying is a feminine trait, 14-year-old George has difficulty admitting that a movie makes him tearful. His experience best illustrates the impact of

A) sex chromosomes.
B) cultural norms.
C) gender schemas.
D) culture shock.

Answer 3

gender schemas.

Question 4

At a business meeting, people from one culture may behave in a hurried and time-conscious manner that people from another culture consider to be rude and inconsiderate. This best illustrates the importance of being sensitive to differing

A) norms.
B) schemas.
C) gender identities.
D) temperaments.

Question 5

Displays of self-effacing humility are most characteristic of those who value

A) individualism.
B) gender typing.
C) collectivism.
D) heritability.

Question 6

Of the following, parents are most likely to influence their children's

A) temperament.
B) personality.
C) faith.
D) emotional reactivity.

Question 7

Research studies have found that when infant rats and premature human babies are regularly touched or massaged, they

A) become attached to the person doing the massaging.
B) develop faster neurologically.
C) have more agreeable temperaments.
D) do none of these things.

Question 8

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role is called

A) sexual orientation.
B) sexual differentiation.
C) gender typing.
D) gender identity.

Question 9

The traditions of a culture are passed from one generation to the next by means of

A) norms.
B) testosterone.
C) genes.
D) chromosomes.

Question 10

The dramatic increase in Americans' premarital sexual activity over the past half-century best illustrates that sexual behavior is influenced by

A) temperament.
B) gender typing.
C) testosterone.
D) norms.

Question 11

Traditionally, men were expected to initiate dates and women to select wedding gifts. This best illustrates aspects of

A) gender identity.
B) collectivism.
C) individualism.
D) gender roles.

Question 12

Which of the following most accurately expresses the extent of parental influence on personality?

A) It is more extensive than most people believe.
B) It is weaker today than in the past.
C) It is more limited than popular psychology supposes.
D) It is almost completely unpredictable.

Question 13

The hormone testosterone

A) is found only in females.
B) determines the sex of the developing person.
C) stimulates growth of the female sex organs.
D) stimulates growth of the male sex organs.

Question 14

Defining one's identity in terms of one's extended family or work group is most closely associated with

A) culture shock.
B) brain plasticity.
C) extraversion.
D) collectivism.

Question 15

Premature babies are especially likely to gain weight if stimulated by

A) sound and music.
B) light and colors.
C) touch and massage.
D) movement and acceleration.

Question 16

Concepts of masculinity and femininity that influence our perceptions are called gender

A) types.
B) schemas.
C) roles.
D) complexes.

Question 17

The fertilized egg will develop into a boy if, at conception,

A) the sperm contributes an X chromosome.
B) the sperm contributes a Y chromosome.
C) the egg contributes an X chromosome.
D) the egg contributes a Y chromosome.

Question 18

Collectivist cultures

A) give priority to the goals of their groups.
B) value the maintenance of social harmony.
C) foster social interdependence.
D) are characterized by all of these values.

Question 19

Teens who smoke typically have friends who smoke. To avoid overestimating the impact of peer pressure on teens' smoking habits, it would make the most sense to consider the importance of

A) a selection effect.
B) a pruning process.
C) brain plasticity.
D) culture shock.

Question 20

A single ________ on the ________ chromosome plays a crucial role in the prenatal development of the testes.

A) gene; X
B) gender schema; X
C) gene; Y
D) gender schema; Y

Question 21

Providing a child with a stimulating educational environment during early childhood is likely to

A) ensure the formation of a strong attachment with parents.
B) foster the development of a calm, easygoing temperament.
C) prevent neural connections from degenerating.
D) do all of these things.

Question 22

Women and men are most likely to be attracted to strongly gender-typed mates in cultures characterized by

A) gender inequality.
B) gender equality.
C) flexible gender roles.
D) few norms.

Question 23

Lacking any exposure to language before adolescence, a person will never master any language due to the ________ of unemployed neural connections.

A) shaping
B) sculpting
C) pruning
D) temperament

Question 24

Cultural diversity best illustrates our

A) human temperaments.
B) genetic variations.
C) gender identities.
D) adaptive capacities.

Question 25

Premature infants who are regularly touched and massaged are more likely than their unstimulated counterparts to show signs of

A) reduced brain plasticity.
B) an inhibited temperament.
C) individualism.
D) rapid weight gain.

Question 26

Compared with environmentally impoverished rats, those rats housed in enriched environments experienced a dramatic increase in the number of their

A) Y chromosomes.
B) schemas.
C) synapses.
D) sex hormones.

Question 27

Kids choose peers who share their own attitudes and interests as their friends. This best illustrates

A) collectivism.
B) a selection effect.
C) a pruning process.
D) temperament.

Question 28

The invention and transmission of dating and courtship customs best illustrate

A) a selection effect.
B) cultural influence.
C) a pruning process.
D) the male answer syndrome.

Question 29

For children from impoverished environments, stimulating educational experiences during early childhood are most likely to

A) facilitate the development of collectivism.
B) decrease their emotional attachment to their own parents.
C) have no discernable effect on subsequent academic performance.
D) prevent the degeneration of activated connections between neurons.

Question 30

An awareness that children's temperaments influence parents' child-rearing practices should inhibit our tendency to

A) emphasize the interaction of nature and nurture.
B) assess the stability of personality traits.
C) blame parents for our own dysfunctional characteristics.
D) identify cultural differences in child-rearing practices.

Question 31

The preservation of innovation best illustrates the survival value of

A) culture.
B) gender schemas.
C) individualism.
D) brain plasticity.

Question 32

The many professional specialties by which people support themselves and their societies best illustrate that culture enables

A) temperament.
B) natural selection.
C) division of labor.
D) brain plasticity.

Question 33

It has been suggested that our sensitivity to peer influence is genetically predisposed because it has facilitated the process of human mating. This suggestion best illustrates

A) gender schemas.
B) collectivism.
C) gender typing.
D) an evolutionary perspective.

Question 34

In comparison to parental influence, peer influence is

A) more likely to affect a child's educational success.
B) less likely to affect whether a teen smokes.
C) more likely to affect a child's language accent.
D) less likely to influence whether a preschooler will reject a certain food.

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT true regarding cultural diversity?

A) Culture influences how we raise our children.
B) Culture influences how punctual we are.
C) Culture does not have a strong influence on how strictly social roles are defined.
D) All cultures evolve their own norms.

Question 36

Children who are raised by parents who discourage traditional gender typing

A) are less likely to display gender-typed behaviors themselves.
B) often become confused and develop an ambiguous gender identity.
C) nevertheless organize themselves into "girl worlds" and "boy worlds."
D) display excessively masculine and feminine traits as adults.

Question 37

Children raised in the same family are not especially likely to have similar personalities. This most clearly implies that we should be cautious about attributing personality to

A) gender schemas.
B) parental influences.
C) temperament.
D) peer influences.

Question 38

The selection effect in peer influence refers to the tendency of children and youth to

A) naturally separate into same-sex playgroups.
B) establish large, fluid circles of friends.
C) seek out friends with similar interests and attitudes.
D) choose friends their parents like.

Question 39

Although Adam didn't care for the taste of fried green tomatoes, he began eating them when he saw that his classmates were doing so. His behavior best illustrates the importance of

A) the male answer syndrome.
B) collectivism.
C) a pruning process.
D) peer influence.

Question 40

Genetically male children who underwent sex-reassignment surgery and were raised as girls later

A) all described themselves as female.
B) all described themselves as male.
C) all had an unclear sexual identity.
D) described themselves either as female or male, or had an unclear sexual identity.

Question 41

Compared with many Asian and African parents, today's Westernized parents are more likely to teach their children to value

A) civil obedience.
B) emotional closeness.
C) personal independence.
D) family traditions.

Question 42

People are most likely to notice the impact of environmental influences on behavior when confronted by

A) identical twins.
B) gender schemas.
C) cultural diversity.
D) human temperaments.

Question 43

Parents in Asian cultures are more likely than parents in Westernized cultures to encourage children to

A) pick out and purchase their own clothes.
B) participate in household activities.
C) publicly protest repressive government policies.
D) establish close friendships with ethnically diverse groups of people.

Question 44

Since 1960, Americans have experienced a(n)

A) increase in the incidence of depression and a decrease in work hours.
B) decrease in the incidence of depression and an increase in work hours.
C) increase in the incidence of depression and an increase in work hours.
D) decrease in the incidence of depression and a decrease in work hours.

Question 45

Professor Shankar believes that her students' most important personal characteristics are those that distinguish them as uniquely different from most other people. Her attitude best illustrates one of the consequences of

A) individualism.
B) gender typing.
C) collectivism.
D) temperament.

Question 46

Religious and ethnic diversity are most likely to be appreciated in a culture characterized by

A) gender schemas.
B) individualism.
C) gender typing.
D) collectivism.

Question 47

The importance of romance in marriage relationships is most strongly emphasized in cultures characterized by

A) gender schemas.
B) collectivism.
C) gender typing.
D) individualism.

Question 48

A collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of

A) social harmony.
B) personal privacy.
C) innovation and creativity.
D) racial diversity.

Question 49

Compared with people in individualist cultures, those in collectivist cultures are

A) less likely to display signs of humility and more likely to defer to others' wishes.
B) more likely to display signs of humility and less likely to defer to others' wishes.
C) less likely to display signs of humility and less likely to defer to others' wishes.
D) more likely to display signs of humility and more likely to defer to others' wishes.

Question 50

Voluntary migration, a sparsely populated environment, and shift to a capitalist economy have most clearly fostered

A) extraversion.
B) neuroticism.
C) individualism.
D) gender typing.

Question 51

Since 1960, most Western cultures have changed with remarkable speed. The LEAST likely explanation for these variations involves changes in

A) communication systems.
B) the human gene pool.
C) scientific knowledge.
D) social norms.

Question 52

Frans avoids talking with food in his mouth because other people think it is crude and inappropriate. This best illustrates the impact of

A) individualism.
B) schemas.
C) stereotypes.
D) norms.

Question 53

Cross-cultural research on human development indicates that

A) person-to-person differences within cultural groups are larger than differences between groups.
B) differences among cultural groups largely reflect genetic differences among racial groups.
C) gender differences in behavior result from differences in biology rather than from differences in life experiences.
D) developmental processes differ greatly among individuals raised in different cultures.

Question 54

People living in a culture that promotes collectivism are more likely than those in individualist cultures to report experiencing

A) happiness.
B) family loyalty.
C) personal freedom.
D) marital romance.

Question 55

When Mr. Thompson lived overseas for a year, he was very surprised at how much respect he received from people simply because he was an older person. His sense of surprise suggests that he had NOT previously lived in a culture characterized by

A) social diversity.
B) collectivism.
C) extraversion.
D) individualism.

Question 56

A willingness to switch jobs and move from one part of the country to another best illustrates one of the consequences of

A) collectivism.
B) gender typing.
C) individualism.
D) gender schemas.

Question 57

In recent years, the percentage of American boys and girls given one of the 10 most common names for their birth year has plunged. This best reflects Americans' increasing

A) gender typing.
B) individualism.
C) collectivism.
D) divorce rates.

Question 58

Failing to understand the norms of the community into which we have recently moved is most likely to contribute to

A) gender schemas.
B) culture shock.
C) a selection effect.
D) a pruning process.

Question 59

Norms are best described as

A) the expression of group identity.
B) a person's characteristic emotional reactivity.
C) rules for socially acceptable behavior.
D) a universally shared moral grammar.

Question 60

Individualism is to collectivism as ________ is to ________.

A) norm; role
B) nature; nurture
C) independence; interdependence
D) identical twin; fraternal twin

Question 61

The male answer syndrome suggests that men are less likely than women to demonstrate

A) individualism.
B) gender typing.
C) social modesty.
D) reactive temperament.

Question 62

As people progress through adulthood, women become

A) less assertive and men become less empathic.
B) less assertive and men become more empathic.
C) more assertive and men become more empathic.
D) more assertive and men become less empathic.

Question 63

During the course of a conversation between Lola, Martha, and Gus, which of the following events is most likely to occur?

A) Gus interrupts Lola.
B) Lola interrupts Martha.
C) Martha interrupts Gus.
D) All of these events are equally likely to occur.

Question 64

Women are more likely than men to

A) stare at people who make them angry.
B) interrupt others while they are talking.
C) misperceive simple friendliness as a sexual come-on.
D) tend and befriend.

Question 65

People expect men to be ________ hungry for political power than women. When men and women are both perceived to be politically power hungry, men are ________ likely than women to suffer voter backlash.

A) more; more
B) less; less
C) more; less
D) less; more

Question 66

Gender differences in verbal fluency are consistent with evidence that part of the

A) frontal lobes is thicker in men than in women.
B) parietal lobes is thicker in men than in women.
C) frontal lobes is thicker in women than in men.
D) parietal lobes is thicker in women than in men.

Question 67

Compared with females, males use conversation to

A) explore relationships.
B) communicate solutions.
C) obtain feedback on their views.
D) offer support.

Question 68

Hormone injections exposing a female embryo to excess testosterone sometimes cause female infants to be born with

A) a Y chromosome.
B) masculine appearing genitals.
C) an extra X chromosome.
D) a lack of adrenal glands.

Question 69

Girls typically play in ________ groups than do boys and, during their teens, girls spend ________ time with friends than do boys.

A) larger; more
B) smaller; less
C) larger; less
D) smaller; more

Question 70

Which of the following would you MOST likely observe on extended visits to foreign countries?

A) men and women earning approximately the same salaries
B) more women than men holding elected offices
C) more men than women involved in fistfights
D) men and women sharing equally in the duties of child rearing

Question 71

When looking for someone to whom they can confide their personal worries, women usually turn to ________ and men usually turn to ________.

A) men; men
B) women; men
C) women; women
D) men; women

Question 72

Female children are more likely to be labeled "tomboys" if they were exposed to excess ________ during their prenatal development.

A) DNA
B) testosterone
C) serotonin
D) ovarian hormones

Question 73

The gender gap in aggression is LEAST likely to involve hurting others by

A) delivering electric shocks.
B) excluding them.
C) expressing support for war.
D) spanking them.

Question 74

A human egg contains ________ chromosome and a human sperm contains ________ chromosome.

A) a Y; either an X or a Y
B) either an X or a Y; an X
C) an X; either an X or a Y
D) either an X or a Y; a Y

Question 75

In everyday behavior, men are LESS likely than women to

A) smile at others.
B) stare at others.
C) interrupt others.
D) initiate touching others.

Question 76

In considering gender differences, you should remember that

A) no gender difference is common to all human cultures.
B) gender similarities are much greater than gender differences.
C) genetic differences between the genders do not contribute to gender differences in behavior.
D) all of these answers are true.

Question 77

Aggression is defined in psychology as

A) physical behavior intended to hurt someone.
B) any behavior that harms someone whether it is intentional or unintentional.
C) physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.
D) verbally insulting someone, whether intentional or unintentional.

Question 78

Compared with men, women experience a greater risk of

A) autism spectrum disorder.
B) color blindness.
C) eating disorders.
D) antisocial personality disorders.

Question 79

Men and women are most likely to differ in their

A) happiness.
B) intelligence.
C) self-esteem.
D) aggressiveness.

Question 80

Prenatal testosterone secretions exert one of their earliest influences on

A) genes.
B) individualism.
C) gender schemas.
D) brain organization.