Deck 52: A: the Psychological Therapies

Question 1

Sigmund Freud introduced a form of psychotherapy known as

A) counterconditioning.
B) active listening.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) psychoanalysis.

Answer 1

psychoanalysis.

Question 2

The interpretation of dreams is most closely associated with

A) cognitive therapy.
B) client-centered therapy.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) psychoanalysis.

Answer 2

psychoanalysis.

Question 3

Helping patients gain perspective on feelings they seem to be defending against is a major goal of

A) systematic desensitization.
B) psychodynamic therapy.
C) a token economy.
D) rTMS.

Answer 3

psychodynamic therapy.

Question 4

Sheena's therapist tells her to relax, close her eyes, and state aloud whatever comes to mind no matter how trivial or absurd it seems. The therapist is using a technique that is central to

A) client-centered therapy.
B) psychoanalysis.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) systematic desensitization.

Question 5

Mr. Phillips has recently begun to express feelings of hostility and resentment toward his therapist, who is consistently friendly, caring, and helpful. A psychoanalyst would most likely consider Mr. Phillips's hostility to be an example of

A) transference.
B) the placebo effect.
C) counterconditioning.
D) regression toward the mean.

Question 6

Psychoanalysts are most likely to

A) attend to patients' positive and negative feelings toward their therapists.
B) associate a patient's undesirable behavior with unpleasant experiences.
C) repeat or rephrase what a patient says during the course of therapy.
D) help patients identify a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing experiences.

Question 7

Free association involves the

A) expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier relationships.
B) repeated association of a relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli.
C) uncensored reporting of any thoughts that come to mind.
D) replacement of a negative response to a harmless stimulus with a positive response.

Question 8

The treatment of depression with ECT and SSRIs best illustrates

A) biomedical therapy.
B) cognitive-behavioral therapy.
C) psychodynamic therapy.
D) client-centered therapy.

Question 9

To a psychoanalyst, a patient's hesitation to free associate is most likely a sign of

A) transference.
B) resistance.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) the placebo effect.

Question 10

Psychoanalytic techniques are designed primarily to help patients

A) focus on their immediate conscious feelings.
B) feel more trusting toward others.
C) become aware of their repressed conflicts and impulses.
D) develop greater self-esteem.

Question 11

As a therapist, Dr. Cioffi often uses systematic desensitization. She also considers active listening to be an invaluable therapeutic tool, and she frequently makes use of free association. Dr. Cioffi's therapeutic approach would best be described as

A) psychoanalytic.
B) client-centered.
C) behavioral.
D) eclectic.

Question 12

The expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier relationships is known as

A) transference.
B) resistance.
C) free association.
D) the therapeutic alliance.

Question 13

Which form of therapy is most likely to be described as expensive and time-consuming?

A) systematic desensitization
B) client-centered therapy
C) psychoanalysis
D) cognitive therapy

Question 14

Freud's techniques and assumptions are most evident in today's

A) behavior therapies.
B) psychodynamic therapies.
C) biomedical therapies.
D) cognitive therapies.

Question 15

Psychoanalytic interpretation is designed to promote

A) transference.
B) meta-analysis.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) insight.

Question 16

Psychoanalysts would suggest that resistance during therapy supports and maintains the process of

A) meta-analysis.
B) free association.
C) dream interpretation.
D) repression.

Question 17

A trained therapist who uses psychological techniques to assist someone to overcome excessive anxiety would generally be best described as a

A) psychoanalyst.
B) psychotherapist.
C) psychopharmacologist.
D) psychodynamic therapist.

Question 18

Which of the following therapists introduced the use of free association?

A) Carl Rogers
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Aaron Beck
D) Mary Cover Jones

Question 19

The use of antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia best illustrates

A) biomedical therapy.
B) behavior therapy.
C) psychodynamic therapy.
D) cognitive therapy.

Question 20

Just as Austin began telling his therapist about a painful childhood experience, he complained of a headache and abruptly ended the session. A psychoanalyst would most likely suggest that Austin's behavior is an example of

A) resistance.
B) transference.
C) counterconditioning.
D) tardive dyskinesia.

Question 21

Principles derived from psychologists' understanding of classical conditioning have most directly influenced the development of

A) humanistic therapies.
B) cognitive therapies.
C) psychodynamic therapies.
D) behavior therapies.

Question 22

Carl Rogers is known for the development of

A) the token economy.
B) stress inoculation training.
C) client-centered therapy.
D) systematic desensitization.

Question 23

Which of the following is considered to be the most nondirective form of therapy?

A) client-centered therapy
B) cognitive therapy
C) psychoanalysis
D) systematic desensitization

Question 24

Cindy suggested that her nail biting might be a symptom of unconscious resentment toward her parents. Her therapist chuckled and said, "No, Cindy, your problem isn't unconscious hostility; your problem is nail biting." Cindy's therapist sounds most like a ________ therapist.

A) behavior
B) humanistic
C) cognitive
D) psychodynamic

Question 25

Freud is to ________ as Rogers is to ________.

A) psychoanalysis; counterconditioning
B) free association; active listening
C) dream analysis; systematic desensitization
D) active listening; empathy

Question 26

Which approach emphasizes the importance of providing patients with feelings of unconditional positive regard?

A) cognitive therapy
B) psychoanalysis
C) client-centered therapy
D) systematic desensitization

Question 27

Therapist David Shapiro helped a patient to realize that he couldn't say "I love you" to his wife because it would feel soft and unmanly. The therapist's efforts best illustrate

A) exposure therapy.
B) stress-inoculation training.
C) psychodynamic therapy.
D) rational-emotive behavior therapy.

Question 28

Humanistic therapists aim to boost people's self-fulfillment by helping them to grow in

A) long-term potentiation.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) self-acceptance.

Question 29

As a psychotherapist, Dr. Buist does not analyze people's motives or diagnose the nature of their difficulties because he believes that they are in the best position to diagnose and solve their own problems. Dr. Buist's position is most characteristic of ________ therapy.

A) cognitive
B) psychoanalytic
C) operant conditioning
D) client-centered

Question 30

Instead of focusing on the cure of psychological disorders, ________ therapies seek to promote personal growth and self-fulfillment.

A) psychodynamic
B) biomedical
C) behavior
D) humanistic

Question 31

Which of the following therapies is more concerned with removing specific troubling symptoms than with providing special insights into the personality of the client?

A) psychoanalysis
B) behavior therapy
C) client-centered therapy
D) cognitive therapy

Question 32

A psychodynamic therapist is most likely to

A) help patients identify a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing experiences.
B) suggest interpretive insights regarding patients' difficulties.
C) recommend the use of antipsychotic drugs during the process of psychotherapy.
D) encourage depressed patients to take more responsibility for their failures.

Question 33

The psychodynamic and humanistic therapies are often referred to as

A) behavior therapies.
B) biomedical therapies.
C) insight therapies.
D) eclectic therapies.

Question 34

Counterconditioning techniques were derived from principles first developed by

A) Ivan Pavlov.
B) Carl Rogers.
C) B. F. Skinner.
D) Sigmund Freud.

Question 35

Interpersonal therapy focuses primarily on helping people to

A) stop blaming themselves for their failures.
B) associate relaxation with stressful circumstances.
C) improve their relationship skills.
D) understand the origins of their conflicts.

Question 36

Client-centered therapists are most likely to

A) help clients associate anxiety-arousing stimuli with a pleasant state of relaxation.
B) encourage clients to carefully observe the consequences of their maladaptive behaviors.
C) restate and seek further clarification of what clients say during the course of therapy.
D) vigorously challenge clients' self-defeating thoughts.

Question 37

A brief variation of psychodynamic therapy that has been effective in treating depression is known as

A) EMDR.
B) meta-analysis.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) interpersonal psychotherapy.

Question 38

Letting another person know that you sense and understand the feelings he or she is expressing to you best demonstrates

A) transference.
B) meta-analysis.
C) active listening.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 39

Repeatedly airing a conditioned stimulus that triggers distress with an unconditioned stimulus that triggers pleasure best illustrates

A) free association.
B) counterconditioning.
C) stress inoculation training.
D) unconditioned positive regard.

Question 40

Humanistic therapists are most likely to

A) encourage clients to carefully observe the consequences of their maladaptive behaviors.
B) focus special attention on clients' positive and negative feelings toward their therapists.
C) emphasize the importance of self-awareness for psychological adjustment.
D) help clients identify a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing experiences.

Question 41

O. H. Mowrer trained children to discontinue bed-wetting by arranging for an alarm to sound each time they wet their beds. This technique best illustrates a therapeutic application of

A) systematic desensitization.
B) cognitive-behavioral therapy.
C) the placebo effect.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 42

The technique of systematic desensitization was refined by

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Joseph Wolpe.
C) Egas Moniz.
D) Carl Rogers.

Question 43

If therapy clients repeatedly imbibe an alcoholic drink mixed with a nausea-producing drug, an alcoholic drink without the drug is likely to become a(n) ________ for feelings of nausea.

A) US
B) UR
C) CS
D) CR

Question 44

The practice of ________ is based on the application of operant conditioning principles.

A) unconditional positive regard
B) systematic desensitization
C) free association
D) behavior modification

Question 45

The repeated association of pleasant relaxing states with stimuli that arouse fear is a central feature of

A) humanistic therapy.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) stress inoculation training.

Question 46

Whenever 2-year-old Calista runs into the street in front of her house, her mother immediately spanks her. The mother's technique most closely resembles the procedure known as

A) systematic desensitization.
B) electroconvulsive therapy.
C) aversive conditioning.
D) stress inoculation training.

Question 47

To treat nail biting, one can paint a patient's fingernails with a nasty-tasting nail polish. This procedure best illustrates

A) light exposure therapy.
B) stress inoculation training.
C) aversive conditioning.
D) systematic desensitization.

Question 48

Mr. Vogt is terribly afraid of being alone in his own house at night. To reduce this fear, a behavior therapist would most likely use

A) the double-blind procedure.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) a token economy.
D) aversive conditioning.

Question 49

With ________, the therapist replaces a fearful response with a relaxation response.

A) systematic desensitization
B) free association
C) aversive conditioning
D) transference

Question 50

Systematic desensitization involves the use of

A) aversive conditioning.
B) stress inoculation training.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) progressive relaxation.

Question 51

Aversive conditioning involves

A) replacing a negative response to a harmless stimulus with a positive response.
B) identifying a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing experiences.
C) associating unwanted behaviors with unpleasant experiences.
D) systematically controlling the consequences of patients' maladaptive behaviors.

Question 52

To reduce his daughter's fear of the dark, Mr. Chew would hug and gently rock her immediately after turning off the lights at bedtime. Mr. Chew's strategy best illustrates the technique of

A) stress inoculation training.
B) light exposure therapy.
C) free association.
D) counterconditioning.

Question 53

Mrs. Laiti is a compulsive gambler. To reduce her attraction to this self-defeating activity, a behavior therapist would most likely use

A) EMDR.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) a token economy.
D) aversive conditioning.

Question 54

Virtual reality exposure therapy is most likely to prove effective in the treatment of

A) hallucinations.
B) obsessions.
C) depression.
D) phobias.

Question 55

Repeatedly introducing people to things they fear and avoid is most characteristic of

A) stress inoculation training.
B) exposure therapies.
C) behavior modification.
D) rTMS.

Question 56

Which of the following techniques is derived from classical conditioning principles?

A) the token economy
B) systematic desensitization
C) stress inoculation training
D) ECT

Question 57

The construction of an anxiety hierarchy and training in relaxation are important aspects of

A) aversive conditioning.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) interpersonal psychotherapy.
D) stress inoculation training.

Question 58

Principles derived from psychologists' understanding of operant conditioning have most directly influenced the development of

A) cognitive therapies.
B) humanistic therapies.
C) behavior therapies.
D) psychodynamic therapies.

Question 59

To help Thor overcome his fear of giving public speeches, his therapist instructs him to relax and then to imagine speaking to a group of four people. The therapist is using

A) client-centered therapy.
B) cognitive therapy.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) aversive conditioning.

Question 60

Which of the following is a form of counterconditioning?

A) unconditional positive regard
B) stress inoculation training
C) virtual reality exposure therapy
D) free association

Question 61

Which form of therapy vigorously challenges clients' illogical and self-defeating attitudes and assumptions?

A) psychoanalysis
B) rational-emotive behavior therapy
C) systematic desensitization
D) aversive conditioning

Question 62

In one study, people were taught to attribute their compulsive urges to abnormal brain functioning. Instead of giving in to an urge, they participated in an alternative activity that engaged other parts of the brain. This strategy for dealing with their difficulty best illustrates

A) systematic desensitization.
B) cognitive-behavioral therapy.
C) EMDR.
D) psychodynamic therapy.

Question 63

Influencing patients by therapeutically controlling the consequences of their actions illustrates an application of

A) humanistic therapy.
B) classical conditioning.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 64

In one treatment program, parents spent 40 hours a week attempting to shape the behavior of their uncommunicative 3-year-olds with autism spectrum disorder. This program most clearly involved

A) client-centered therapy.
B) behavior therapy.
C) psychodynamic therapy.
D) stress-inoculation training.

Question 65

Which of the following is a form of cognitive therapy?

A) EMDR
B) systematic desensitization
C) stress inoculation training
D) rTMS

Question 66

By examining the actual consequences associated with anxiety-provoking situations, cognitive therapy patients usually find that the consequences are not as bad as they had imagined. This most directly helps to

A) reattribute responsibility.
B) decatastrophize thinking.
C) rank emotions and thoughts.
D) promote transference.

Question 67

Counteracting self-blame by reattributing responsibility for past negative outcomes is a cognitive therapy technique designed to

A) reveal beliefs.
B) test beliefs.
C) modify beliefs.
D) rank beliefs.

Question 68

Jenna is afraid of speaking to a large audience. Her therapist suggests that prior to a speaking engagement she should reassure herself with comments like, "Cheer up, Jenna. You know what you're talking about and your topic is really interesting!" This approach to reducing Jenna's fear most clearly illustrates

A) aversive conditioning.
B) client-centered therapy.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) stress inoculation training.

Question 69

What would be most helpful for encouraging adults with intellectual disability to make their beds every morning?

A) cognitive therapy
B) aversive conditioning
C) a token economy
D) systematic desensitization

Question 70

Cognitive therapists are most likely to emphasize that emotional disturbances result from

A) self-blaming and overgeneralized explanations of bad events.
B) chemical abnormalities within the brain.
C) overly permissive child-rearing practices.
D) poverty, unemployment, racism, and sexism.

Question 71

Mr. Quinones, a fifth-grade teacher, gives a blue plastic star to each student who achieves a high score on a math or spelling test. At the end of the semester, students can exchange their stars for prizes. Mr. Quinones' strategy illustrates an application of

A) transference.
B) operant conditioning.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) counterconditioning.

Question 72

Which of the following is most often criticized for violating clients' rights to personal freedom and self-determination?

A) cognitive therapy
B) client-centered therapy
C) behavior modification
D) EMDR

Question 73

Teaching people to stop blaming themselves for failures and negative circumstances beyond their control is of most direct concern to ________ therapists.

A) psychodynamic
B) cognitive
C) client-centered
D) behavior

Question 74

Persuading depressed patients to reverse their catastrophizing beliefs about themselves and their futures is most characteristic of

A) Rogers' client-centered therapy.
B) Beck's cognitive therapy.
C) Wolpe's exposure therapy.
D) Freud's psychoanalysis.

Question 75

Although Ethan is actually doing very well in college, he feels depressed and academically incompetent. His therapist has instructed him to explain in writing how his good grades resulted from his own hard work and personal abilities. This therapeutic procedure is most characteristic of ________ therapy.

A) behavior
B) cognitive
C) psychodynamic
D) humanistic

Question 76

Proponents of ________ have argued that maintaining appropriate patient behaviors with positive rewards is more humane than relying on punishment.

A) stress inoculation training
B) light exposure therapy
C) token economies
D) free association

Question 77

Albert Ellis emphasized that emotional disturbances result from

A) irrational thinking.
B) chemical abnormalities within the brain.
C) overly permissive child-rearing practices.
D) poverty, unemployment, racism, and sexism.

Question 78

In which operant conditioning procedure are positive reinforcers given for desired behaviors?

A) a token economy
B) systematic desensitization
C) aversive conditioning
D) free association

Question 79

Aaron Beck has used gentle questioning intended to reveal depressed clients' irrational thinking. His therapeutic approach best illustrates

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) rTMS.

Question 80

Natasha claimed that her failure to get straight A's in college meant she was incompetent. Her therapist quickly challenged this assertion, commenting, "By your strange calculations, well over 90 percent of all college students are incompetent!" The therapist's response was most typical of a(n)

A) behavior therapist.
B) virtual reality exposure therapist.
C) humanistic therapist.
D) psychodynamic therapist.