Deck 45: A: Antisocial Relations

Question 1

Mr. Ignatenko thinks that most unemployed people are to blame for their own misfortune. His belief is best explained in terms of

A) deindividuation.
B) the bystander effect.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) the just-world phenomenon.

Answer 1

the just-world phenomenon.

Question 2

Most people feel ________ positively about women in general than about men in general. Women tend to like women ________ than men like men.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) more; more
D) less; less

Answer 2

more; more

Question 3

A stereotype is best described as a

A) hostile feeling that triggers discrimination.
B) perceived incompatibility of goals or actions.
C) belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate.
D) generalized belief about a group of people.

Answer 3

generalized belief about a group of people.

Question 4

Research on gender prejudice and discrimination indicates that

A) the majority of the world's children without basic schooling are boys.
B) in most countries men and women share equally in the duties of child rearing.
C) people perceive their fathers as more intelligent than their mothers despite gender equality in intelligence scores.
D) there is little evidence that females are more likely to be aborted than males.

Question 5

When people look at images of Black and White faces, the different responses in viewers' facial muscles indicate

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) implicit prejudice.
D) group polarization.

Question 6

Prejudice involves a three-part mixture of

A) conflicts, attributions, and social scripts.
B) inequality, frustration, and aggression.
C) beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action.
D) ingroup bias, mirror-image perceptions, and deindividuation.

Question 7

Among the following countries, the percentage of newborn children who are girls is largest in

A) China.
B) India.
C) South Korea.
D) the United States.

Question 8

When White university women withheld criticism of a flawed essay written by a Black fellow student, they demonstrated

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) patronization.
C) deindividuation.
D) the other-race effect.

Question 9

Explicit associations are typically ________, whereas implicit associations are often ________.

A) persistent; temporary
B) negative; positive
C) conscious; unconscious
D) objective; subjective

Question 10

The ingroup is the set of people with whom we share a common

A) social norm.
B) dispositional attribution.
C) identity.
D) situational attribution.

Question 11

The tendency to believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called

A) the reciprocity norm.
B) the scapegoat theory.
C) the just-world phenomenon.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 12

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called

A) scapegoating.
B) deindividuation.
C) discrimination.
D) prejudice.

Question 13

Six-year-old Ezra believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Arlette believes that girls are better than boys. Their beliefs most clearly illustrate

A) the two-factor theory.
B) deindividuation.
C) ingroup bias.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 14

If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this finding would illustrate

A) deindividuation.
B) implicit prejudice.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 15

Discrimination is best described as

A) an overgeneralized belief about a group of people.
B) an unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group of people and its members.
C) a feeling of hostility toward a group and its members.
D) the loss of self-restraint in group situations.

Question 16

Over the last half-century, Americans have expressed

A) decreasing readiness to support laws guaranteeing a pregnant woman's right to a leave of absence from the workplace.
B) increasing approval of women marrying at earlier ages.
C) increasing readiness to vote for a qualified female presidential candidate.
D) decreasing support for a woman's right to abortion.

Question 17

A sense of social identity is most likely to promote

A) the bystander effect.
B) ingroup bias.
C) deindividuation.
D) cognitive dissonance.

Question 18

Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good-looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of

A) stereotypes.
B) mirror-image perceptions.
C) sexual discrimination.
D) deindividuation.

Question 19

Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in

A) stereotyping.
B) deindividuation.
C) discrimination.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 20

A readiness to assume that enslaved people deserve cruel treatment they receive best illustrates

A) deindividuation.
B) group polarization.
C) the just-world phenomenon.
D) the frustration-aggression principle.

Question 21

Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that

A) human aggression is an unlearned instinct.
B) there is no physiological basis for aggression in humans.
C) animals can be bred for aggressiveness.
D) neural influences contribute to aggressive behavior by men but not by women.

Question 22

White children are better at recognizing White faces than Black faces. This illustrates

A) deindividuation.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) group polarization.
D) the other-race effect.

Question 23

We are most likely to ________ the diversity among members of an ________.

A) overestimate; outgroup
B) underestimate; outgroup
C) correctly estimate; outgroup
D) underestimate; ingroup

Question 24

The notable lack of ________ displayed by children with Williams syndrome appears to be linked with their decreased amygdala activity.

A) social conformity
B) companionate love
C) social facilitation
D) racial stereotypes

Question 25

Joie, age 19, is a Black female university sophomore. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Joie is most likely to believe that most

A) Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike.
B) Black people tend to dress pretty much alike.
C) young adults tend to prefer the same kinds of music.
D) women tend to share similar attitudes about sex.

Question 26

Facing the threat of death at the hands of terrorists is likely to heighten

A) deindividuation.
B) social loafing.
C) patriotism.
D) equity.

Question 27

Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of hostility can best be explained in terms of

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) the bystander effect.
D) scapegoat theory.

Question 28

A soldier who intentionally kills a dangerous enemy combatant most clearly illustrates

A) diffusion of responsibility.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) group polarization.
D) aggression.

Question 29

During a Girl Scout picnic, Lavinia was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Carla on the opposing team. Before the game started, Lavinia and Carla were each convinced that her team was the better one. The girls' beliefs best illustrate

A) deindividuation.
B) the reciprocity norm.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) ingroup bias.

Question 30

Chinese and Caucasian New Zealanders were asked to quickly classify faces with blended Chinese and Caucasian physical features. Compared with Chinese observers, Caucasian observes more readily classified ambiguous faces as

A) Caucasian.
B) Chinese.
C) Australian.
D) American.

Question 31

Verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is an example of

A) a dispositional attribution.
B) prejudice.
C) deindividuation.
D) aggression.

Question 32

Ever since he lost his job because he was constantly late for work, Richard has become increasingly hostile toward the "government bureaucrats who are leading the country toward bankruptcy." Richard's increasing prejudice is best explained in terms of

A) the just-world phenomenon.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) scapegoat theory.

Question 33

The other-race effect refers to a bias with respect to the recognition of other people's

A) names.
B) faces.
C) voices.
D) personality traits.

Question 34

Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals.

A) amygdala
B) hypothalamus
C) frontal lobes
D) sensory cortex

Question 35

Among adult men, hard drug use and aggressive-bullying responses to frustration are positively correlated with levels of

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) serotonin.
C) self-disclosure.
D) testosterone.

Question 36

A 16-year-old boy shoots a neighbor for no apparent reason. This vivid example strongly influences people's judgments of all teen boys because people

A) overestimate the impact of social influence on others' behavior.
B) typically categorize other individuals on the basis of barely noticeable characteristics.
C) estimate the frequency of group characteristics in terms of how memorable those characteristics are.
D) strongly resent those who draw a lot of attention to themselves.

Question 37

Which of the following is true of violent male criminals?

A) They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone.
B) They have relatively high levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone.
C) They have relatively low levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone.
D) They have relatively high levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone.

Question 38

The just-world phenomenon often leads people to

A) dislike and distrust those who are wealthy.
B) believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer.
C) express higher levels of prejudice after suffering frustration.
D) respond with kindness to those who mistreat them.

Question 39

An explanation of aggression in terms of instinct would have the most difficulty accounting for

A) unexpected and unprovoked outbursts of aggression.
B) wide cultural variations in aggressiveness.
C) aggression that is accompanied by anger and hostility.
D) the use of nuclear weapons to kill millions of unseen victims.

Question 40

In some countries, women who have been raped have sometimes been sentenced to punishment for having violated a law against adultery. This best illustrates

A) deindividuation.
B) the bystander effect.
C) the social-responsibility norm.
D) the blame-the-victim phenomenon.

Question 41

Violent crime and spousal abuse rates have been found to be higher during

A) political elections.
B) holiday weekends.
C) hotter months.
D) rainy days.

Question 42

A testosterone-linked trait that is also a predictor of men's aggressiveness is the ________ of their face.

A) symmetry
B) length
C) width
D) roundness

Question 43

People heavily exposed to pornography are ________ likely to accept the rape myth and are ________ likely to perceive their own sexual partner as attractive.

A) less; more
B) more; less
C) less; less
D) more; more

Question 44

A significant danger of media violence is that impressionable viewers are subsequently more likely to enact the ________ provided by the media.

A) superordinate goals
B) social loafing
C) reciprocity norm
D) social scripts

Question 45

After a month of watching violent pornographic movies on late-night cable TV, Myron will probably be

A) less likely to believe that women enjoy aggressive sexual treatment.
B) more likely to believe that rape is a serious crime.
C) more likely to interpret a woman's friendliness as sexual interest.
D) less likely to believe that rape occurs quite frequently in society.

Question 46

High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) deindividuation.
C) social facilitation.
D) father care.

Question 47

Professor Lindsten emphasized that aggressive behavior often involves the interactive influence of personal frustration, exposure to aggressive models, and heightened levels of arousal. The professor's emphasis best illustrates

A) attribution theory.
B) the reciprocity norm.
C) social facilitation.
D) a biopsychosocial approach.

Question 48

A predisposition to sexual violence is facilitated by

A) dominance motives.
B) a history of child abuse.
C) the disinhibiting effects of alcohol.
D) all of these factors.

Question 49

Social scripts refers to

A) deep affectionate attachments for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
B) expectations that people will help those who depend on them.
C) shared goals that override differences among people who require their cooperation.
D) culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations.

Question 50

Portrayals of women as initially fleeing but subsequently enjoying coercive sexual encounters illustrate what is known as

A) deindividuation.
B) the rape myth.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) the just-world phenomenon.

Question 51

After Ravi lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Ravi's behavior is best explained in terms of the

A) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
B) mere exposure effect.
C) frustration-aggression principle.
D) fundamental attribution error.

Question 52

A study of German adolescents found that today's violent game playing ________ their future aggression. Today's aggression ________ their future violent game playing.

A) predicts; does not predict
B) does not predict; predicts
C) predicts; predicts
D) does not predict; does not predict

Question 53

Parents who discipline their children with beatings are often teaching aggression through the process of

A) social facilitation.
B) deindividuation.
C) modeling.
D) cognitive dissonance.

Question 54

Compared with nonplayers, people with extensive exposure to violent video gaming display ________ desensitization to violence, and they are ________ likely to help an injured victim.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) more; more
D) less; less

Question 55

One aggression-replacement program has brought down re-arrest rates of juvenile offenders by

A) desensitizing them to violent acts.
B) exposing them to adult models of aggression.
C) offering them opportunities to play violent video games when they feel angry.
D) encouraging them to engage in more thoughtful moral reasoning.

Question 56

Extensive exposure to violent pornographic films contributes to a(n)

A) increasing willingness to hurt women that is due primarily to the film's eroticism.
B) decreasing willingness to hurt women that is due primarily to the film's eroticism.
C) decreasing willingness to hurt women that is due primarily to the film's depiction of sexual violence.
D) increasing willingness to hurt women that is due primarily to the film's depiction of sexual violence.

Question 57

A culturally provided conception as to how to behave appropriately during an employment interview is best described as a

A) stereotype.
B) social script.
C) social facilitation.
D) superordinate goal.

Question 58

One analysis revealed that pitchers were more likely to hit batters when the previous batter had hit a home run. This best illustrates

A) group polarization.
B) the frustration-aggression principle.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) the just-world phenomenon.

Question 59

Bullying younger children earns Diego the attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his bullying behavior increases. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n)

A) reaction to frustration.
B) instinctive behavior.
C) learned response.
D) product of deindividuation.