Deck 12: A: Culture, Gender, and Other Environmental Influences

Question 1

By inventing the custom of potato washing and passing it on to their peers and offspring, young chimpanzees are exhibiting a rudiment of

A) temperament.
B) collectivism.
C) gender schemas.
D) culture.

Answer 1

culture.

Question 2

Unused neural connections in the brain are reduced through a process of

A) synapsis.
B) gender typing.
C) collectivism.
D) pruning.

Answer 2

pruning.

Question 3

For the first wave of U.S. Peace Corp volunteers, the pace of life and sense of punctuality in their new host countries contributed to their experience of

A) a pruning process.
B) a selection effect.
C) culture shock.
D) collectivism.

Answer 3

culture shock.

Question 4

In a collectivist culture, individuals are likely to avoid

A) displaying personal humility.
B) embarrassing other people.
C) prolonging conversations.
D) all of these behaviors.

Question 5

Social roles are especially likely to be central to people's self-identity in ________ cultures.

A) individualist
B) ethnically diverse
C) collectivist
D) democratic

Question 6

Research on brain development suggests that repeated learning experiences seem to

A) strengthen neural connections at the location that processes the experiences.
B) reduce the number of brain cells needed to effectively process information.
C) promote the formation of the brainstem but have no effect on the formation of the cortex.
D) have no effect on the structure of neural tissue.

Question 7

A stimulating environment is most likely to facilitate the development of a child's

A) individualism.
B) temperament.
C) collectivism.
D) neural connections.

Question 8

Unlike our ancestors of centuries past, humans today rely heavily on personal computers and electronic communications. This best illustrates the impact of

A) collectivism.
B) norms.
C) temperament.
D) culture.

Question 9

Carlos was born with cataracts in both eyes. Even though they were removed when he was 5, his lack of visual experiences during early childhood makes it likely that he has experienced

A) degeneration of neural connections in visual reception areas of the brain.
B) an inability to develop heritable traits.
C) difficulty incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
D) a massive loss of sensory neurons.

Question 10

Social norms have been found to

A) facilitate smooth social interaction.
B) vary from one culture to another.
C) free people from uncertainty about how they ought to behave.
D) do all of these things.

Question 11

The practice of covering your mouth when you cough best illustrates the impact of

A) genetic predispositions.
B) gender schemas.
C) culture shock.
D) norms.

Question 12

In comparison to 40 years ago, American women today are more likely to marry for the sake of

A) economic advantage.
B) reproductive success.
C) gender identity.
D) love.

Question 13

Rosenzweig and Krech observed that rats in an enriched environment developed more ______ than did rats in an impoverished environment.

A) reactive temperaments
B) cerebral cortex
C) Y chromosomes
D) gender schemas

Question 14

The rules of a culture for accepted and expected behavior are

A) stereotypes.
B) norms.
C) gender schemas.
D) temperaments.

Question 15

The remarkable academic and vocational successes of the children of people who fled from Vietnam and Cambodia best illustrate the importance of

A) individualism.
B) temperament.
C) family environment.
D) culture shock.

Question 16

Children's English accents are more likely to be influenced by their

A) peers than by their parents.
B) temperament than by their gender.
C) X chromosome than by their Y chromosome.
D) biological race than by their social environment.

Question 17

Collectivism is most likely to be emphasized in

A) North America.
B) China.
C) Europe.
D) Australia.

Question 18

The ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next is called

A) temperament.
B) collectivism.
C) gender typing.
D) culture.

Question 19

Parents should not take too much blame for the failures and shortcomings of their children because

A) their child-rearing mistakes simply reflect that they were not properly raised by their own parents.
B) children typically fail on purpose in order to establish a healthy independence from parents.
C) child-rearing practices have little effect on children's beliefs and values.
D) parental behavior is only one of many factors that influence children's behavior.

Question 20

Parents can most effectively increase their influence on their children by

A) encouraging their children to achieve athletic success.
B) helping to select their children's neighborhood and schools.
C) spacing the birth of their children over a large number of years.
D) encouraging them to value individualism.

Question 21

The study of how neurobiology and cultural traits influence each other is most central to a new subfield called

A) gender studies.
B) evolutionary psychology.
C) cultural neuroscience.
D) behavior genetics.

Question 22

Cross-cultural research on human development indicates that

A) differences among cultural groups largely reflect genetic differences among racial groups.
B) developmental processes are highly similar among individuals raised in different cultures.
C) differences among cultural groups are greater than person-to-person differences within cultural groups.
D) gender differences in behavior result from differences in biology rather than from differences in life experience.

Question 23

The gender gap in aggression is LEAST likely to pertain to ________ another person.

A) spreading false rumors about
B) physically hitting
C) poisoning
D) shooting

Question 24

One would not observe unusually high rates of divorce in cultures that promote

A) collectivism.
B) ethnic diversity.
C) personal privacy.
D) individual human rights.

Question 25

On extended visits to foreign countries, you would be most likely to observe

A) more men than women in political leadership positions.
B) women earning the same amount of money as men.
C) men and women equally involved in child care.
D) men and women equally involved in violent crime.

Question 26

Compared with women, men experience a greater risk of

A) autism spectrum disorder.
B) ADHD.
C) antisocial personality disorder.
D) all of these disorders.

Question 27

During a group conversation, men are more likely than women to

A) stare at other group members.
B) interrupt other speakers.
C) talk assertively.
D) behave in all of these ways.

Question 28

Many North American parents want to pick names for their children that sound unique or are spelled in an unusual way. This desire best illustrates one of the consequences of

A) gender typing.
B) neuroticism.
C) cultural norms.
D) individualism.

Question 29

Gender differences in physical aggression are greatest in cultures characterized by

A) individualism.
B) a pruning process.
C) gender inequality.
D) extraversion.

Question 30

Research on gender and aggression indicates that

A) women admit to feeling more hostility than do men.
B) in laboratory experiments, men and women are equally likely to give others what they believe are painful electric shocks.
C) throughout the world, men are more likely than women to commit violent crimes.
D) all of these statements are true.

Question 31

Interdependence is to ________ as independence is to ________.

A) gender schemas; gender typing
B) nurture; nature
C) chromosomes; genes
D) collectivism; individualism

Question 32

Compared with those in cultures that value individualism, people in collectivist cultures are especially likely to value personal

A) modesty.
B) privacy.
C) freedom.
D) achievements.

Question 33

Compared with children raised in Westernized cultures, children in many Asian cultures grow up with a strong sense of

A) self-consciousness.
B) gender identity.
C) self-esteem.
D) family self.

Question 34

People in collectivist cultures have been found to carry a version of a serotonin-regulating gene associated with heightened levels of

A) gender identity.
B) brain plasticity.
C) extraversion.
D) anxiety.

Question 35

In a group discussion, women are ________ likely than men to express support for others' opinions. As group leaders, women are ________ likely than men to promote a democratic leadership style.

A) less; more
B) more; more
C) less; less
D) more; less

Question 36

Parents in Westernized cultures are more likely than parents in Asian cultures to encourage children to value

A) nonconformity.
B) gender roles.
C) cultural traditions.
D) enduring friendships.

Question 37

Compared with men, women are more likely to show obvious signs of

A) gender typing.
B) temperament.
C) interdependence.
D) self-esteem.

Question 38

Compared with the average man, the average woman is

A) less likely to become sexually re-aroused immediately after orgasm.
B) more likely to commit suicide.
C) less likely to express emotions freely.
D) more vulnerable to depression and anxiety.

Question 39

Compared with Asian parents, North American parents today place

A) more emphasis on obedience and less emphasis on family loyalty.
B) less emphasis on obedience and more emphasis on family loyalty.
C) more emphasis on obedience and more emphasis on family loyalty.
D) less emphasis on obedience and less emphasis on family loyalty.

Question 40

Compared with those living in individualist cultures, people in collectivist cultures are likely to experience

A) more privacy and less loneliness.
B) less privacy and less loneliness.
C) more privacy and more loneliness.
D) less privacy and more loneliness.

Question 41

As compared to women, men are typically

A) more socially independent and less interested in religion.
B) less socially independent and more interested in religion.
C) more socially independent and more interested in religion.
D) less socially independent and less interested in religion.

Question 42

The prenatal development of the external male sex organs is stimulated by

A) gender schemas.
B) the X chromosome.
C) testosterone.
D) gender typing.

Question 43

A person's sense of being male or female is his or her gender

A) identity.
B) role.
C) type.
D) schema.

Question 44

Sets of expected behaviors for males or for females are called

A) gender identities.
B) gender roles.
C) sexual norms.
D) gender types.

Question 45

Gender typing refers to

A) one's sense of being male or female.
B) the development of sex hormone receptors in specific areas of the brain.
C) the production of testosterone or prenatal ovarian hormones during prenatal development.
D) the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Question 46

The impact of rewards and punishments on the development of gender identity is most clearly emphasized by

A) evolutionary psychology.
B) collectivism.
C) behavior genetics.
D) social learning theory.

Question 47

Compared with men, women are more likely to talk with others to

A) communicate solutions.
B) explore relationships.
C) demonstrate leadership skills.
D) express their unique opinions.

Question 48

A study of phone communication in France indicated that women make ________ phone calls than men and stay connected for a ________ period of time than men do when talking to other men.

A) more; longer
B) fewer; shorter
C) more; shorter
D) fewer; longer

Question 49

Gender differences in spatial perception skills are consistent with evidence that part of the

A) frontal lobes is thicker in men than in women.
B) parietal cortex is thicker in men than in women.
C) frontal lobes is thicker in women than in men.
D) parietal cortex is thicker in women than in men.

Question 50

In which of the following countries are people most likely to agree that when jobs are scarce, men should have more rights to a job than women?

A) Spain
B) Britain
C) India
D) United States

Question 51

Women report that their friendships with women are ________ enjoyable and intimate than their friendships with men. Men report that their friendships with men are ________ enjoyable and intimate than their friendships with women.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) more; more
D) less; less

Question 52

During their teen years, girls become progressively ________ flirtatious and boys become progressively ________ domineering.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) more; more
D) less; less

Question 53

Brain differences in males and females that occur during the fourth and fifth prenatal months are influenced by

A) the female's greater testosterone and the male's ovarian hormones.
B) the male's greater testosterone and the female's ovarian hormones.
C) the male's lack of testosterone and the female's lack of ovarian hormones.
D) the lack of testosterone in both males and females.

Question 54

A genetically female child who receives excess testosterone during prenatal growth is subsequently likely to develop

A) an unusually strong heterosexual orientation.
B) a female gender role, but a male gender identity.
C) a male body with both X and Y chromosomes, unless there is corrective surgery.
D) more aggressive behavior patterns than most girls.

Question 55

It is most likely that in many cultures women's leadership responsibilities have been limited by their

A) gender identity.
B) sex hormones.
C) gender roles.
D) individualism.

Question 56

A baby girl receives a(n)

A) Y chromosome from her father.
B) Y chromosome from her mother.
C) Y chromosome from her father and mother.
D) X chromosome from her father and mother.

Question 57

Genetically female children exposed to excess testosterone during prenatal development often tend to dress and play in male-typical ways. To avoid overestimating the influence of prenatal hormones on these behaviors, we should note that these children

A) have unusually reactive temperaments.
B) may be treated more like boys because they frequently look masculine.
C) are affected by a variety of random errors in gene replication.
D) develop a more masculine brain-wiring pattern before birth.

Question 58

The X chromosome is found ________. The Y chromosome is found ________.

A) only in males; only in females
B) only in females; only in males
C) in both males and females; only in females
D) in both males and females; only in males

Question 59

Elton responds to his daughter's fistfight with, "Good girls don't fight!" but when his son has a fistfight he says, "Did you win?!" The role of Elton's reactions in the gender typing of his children would be of most direct interest to

A) collectivists.
B) individualists.
C) social learning theorists.
D) evolutionary psychologists.

Question 60

Maria has always taken responsibility for preparing family meals because she learned that this was expected of women. Her behavior best illustrates the importance of

A) sex chromosomes.
B) collectivism.
C) temperament.
D) gender roles.

Question 61

By insisting that humans are "nothing but" products of nature and nurture, we run the greatest risk of undermining

A) collectivism.
B) individual responsibility.
C) gender schemas.
D) gender identity.

Question 62

Some individuals are transgender, meaning that their gender identity feels mismatched with their

A) sexual orientation.
B) birth sex.
C) individualism.
D) gender schemas.

Question 63

The tendency to classify various occupations as masculine or feminine has often led men and women to limit themselves to an unnecessarily restricted range of career options. This best illustrates the impact of

A) temperament.
B) the X chromosome.
C) gender schemas.
D) a pruning process.

Question 64

Children's tendency to classify toys and songs as either masculine or feminine is most likely to facilitate the process of

A) pruning.
B) individualism.
C) gender typing.
D) norm development.

Question 65

Some children become gender typed because they quickly categorize many objects and activities as either masculine and feminine. This best illustrates the importance of

A) collectivism.
B) gender schemas.
C) sex chromosomes.
D) cultural norms.

Question 66

Understanding gender differences in behavior as a result of gender norms, sex hormones, and individual expectations regarding gender-appropriate behavior is most clearly provided by

A) a pruning process.
B) gender typing.
C) a biopsychosocial approach.
D) evolutionary psychology.