Deck 10: A: Drugs and Consciousness

Question 1

Substance use disorder is characterized by

A) continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk.
B) addiction but no withdrawal symptoms.
C) an inability to feel pain while using the drug but a rebound effect when the drug is removed.
D) the experience of tolerance but no addiction.

Answer 1

continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk.

Question 2

Low doses of alcohol enliven a drinker by acting as a(n)

A) stimulant.
B) hallucinogen.
C) disinhibitor.
D) amphetamine.

Answer 2

disinhibitor.

Question 3

Research indicates that alcohol

A) impairs short-term recall of what has just been said.
B) disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memories.
C) impairs recall of existing long-term memories.
D) increases REM sleep.

Answer 3

disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memories.

Question 4

One effect of drug misuse is changes in brain circuits. This leads to

A) loss of REM sleep.
B) a split between different levels of consciousness.
C) strong cravings when exposed to people that trigger memories of drug use.
D) narcolepsy because of the lack of orexin in the body.

Question 5

Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that

A) the majority of people who try cocaine do not become addicted within 10 years of their first use.
B) behaviors such as video gaming and Internet surfing cannot become addictive.
C) only a small minority of America's ex-smokers kicked the habit on their own.
D) regular marijuana smokers typically experience an irresistible craving for LSD.

Question 6

Psychiatry's manual of disorders now categorizes the severity of substance use disorder according to

A) whether use involves significant life disruption but not physical risk.
B) the form of addiction involved.
C) the number of symptoms.
D) whether withdrawal symptoms are present.

Question 7

Drug tolerance refers to the

A) absence of pain or anxiety following the use of a drug.
B) loss of social inhibitions following drug use.
C) discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of a drug.
D) reduced effect of a drug resulting from its regular usage.

Question 8

As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate signs of

A) withdrawal.
B) disinhibition.
C) tolerance.
D) hallucinations.

Question 9

Drugs such as alcohol and opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functions are called

A) hallucinogens.
B) depressants.
C) endorphins.
D) amphetamines.

Question 10

When Vincente first tried to quit smoking, he experienced anxiety, irritability, and difficulty sleeping. Vincente was experiencing

A) withdrawal.
B) disinhibition.
C) slowed neural processing.
D) neuroadaptation.

Question 11

Although as a result of repeated use of cocaine, Mark has lost his job, he continues to use the drug. Mark most clearly shows signs of

A) disinhibition.
B) reabsorption.
C) a genetic predisposition.
D) addiction.

Question 12

When moderately intoxicated by alcohol

A) an angry person tends to be more aggressive than usual.
B) a giving person tends to be more generous than usual.
C) a sexually aroused person tends to be more sexually active than usual.
D) all of these people tend to behave as stated.

Question 13

The three main categories of psychoactive drugs are depressants, stimulants, and

A) amphetamines.
B) tranquilizers.
C) hallucinogens.
D) endorphins.

Question 14

Jana developed a habit of drinking several beers after work each day. Her diminishing feeling of intoxication from the drinks is indicative of

A) reuptake.
B) tolerance.
C) withdrawal.
D) disinhibition.

Question 15

Jana has had such terrible alcohol withdrawal symptoms that she will not try again to cut back on her habit of drinking too much. Jana is most likely exhibiting

A) low alcohol tolerance.
B) lack of REM sleep.
C) alcohol use disorder.
D) neuroadaptation.

Question 16

Sympathetic nervous system activity is reduced by

A) nicotine.
B) alcohol.
C) amphetamines.
D) cocaine.

Question 17

Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and a wide variety of other chemical agents that alter perceptions and moods are called

A) stimulants.
B) depressants.
C) psychoactive drugs.
D) hallucinogens.

Question 18

After drinking three cans of beer, Akiva felt less guilty about the way he mistreated his wife and children. Akiva's reduced guilt most likely resulted from the fact that his alcohol consumption has

A) destroyed some of his brain cells.
B) reduced his self-awareness.
C) directed his attention to the future.
D) increased his level of sympathetic nervous system arousal.

Question 19

People who use ________ are often able to discontinue their drug use without professional help.

A) nicotine
B) cocaine
C) alcohol
D) any of these drugs

Question 20

Repeated use of amphetamines has caused Aaron legal problems, which threaten his job. However, he continues to use the drugs. Aaron most clearly shows symptoms of

A) withdrawal.
B) substance use disorder.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) emotional dysfunction.

Question 21

Nicotine calms anxiety and diminishes sensitivity to pain by triggering the release of

A) epinephrine.
B) dopamine.
C) MDMA.
D) THC.

Question 22

The major effect of ________ is to release stored serotonin and block its reuptake.

A) alcohol
B) heroin
C) Ecstasy
D) Nembutal

Question 23

Nicotine triggers a(n) ________ in blood pressure and a(n) ________ in pain sensitivity.

A) increase; decrease
B) increase; increase
C) decrease; decrease
D) decrease; increase

Question 24

Alcohol consumption is LEAST likely to make people more

A) fearful.
B) aggressive.
C) self-conscious.
D) sexually daring.

Question 25

Which of the following drugs is most likely to produce a euphoric high and feelings of social intimacy?

A) Seconal
B) opium
C) Ecstasy
D) marijuana

Question 26

Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal, drugs prescribed to reduce insomnia, are

A) barbiturates.
B) amphetamines.
C) opiates.
D) mild hallucinogens.

Question 27

Which of the following drugs is classified as a stimulant?

A) marijuana
B) morphine
C) alcohol
D) nicotine

Question 28

Compared with ordinary cocaine, crack produces a ________ intense high followed by a ________ intense crash.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) more; more
D) less; less

Question 29

LSD is most likely to produce

A) disinhibition.
B) hallucinations.
C) depression.
D) intimacy.

Question 30

Methamphetamine enhances energy and mood by triggering the release of the neurotransmitter

A) cortisol.
B) dopamine.
C) orexin.
D) leptin.

Question 31

Taking an overdose of ________ is likely to result in death.

A) barbiturates
B) morphine
C) heroin
D) any of these drugs

Question 32

Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Larisa's breathing slowed, her pupils constricted, and her feelings of anxiety were replaced by blissful pleasure. Larisa most likely experienced the effects of

A) cocaine.
B) heroin.
C) LSD.
D) nicotine.

Question 33

Participants in a sexual stimulation study who mistakenly thought they had consumed alcohol were more likely to report having strong sexual fantasies and feeling guilt-free than those who thought they had not consumed alcohol. This study best illustrated the impact of

A) drug tolerance.
B) drug addiction.
C) user expectations.
D) neuroadaptation.

Question 34

Young adolescents are especially likely to begin smoking if they

A) have friends and relatives who smoke.
B) experience REM sleep.
C) are optimistic about their future.
D) suffer high blood pressure.

Question 35

A brief 15- to 30-minute rush of euphoria followed by a crash of agitated depression is most closely associated with the use of

A) marijuana.
B) cocaine.
C) LSD.
D) barbiturates.

Question 36

Alcohol consumption ________ sympathetic nervous system activity and ________ self-awareness.

A) decreases; decreases
B) increases; increases
C) decreases; increases
D) increases; decreases

Question 37

Who might be tempted to use amphetamines to help him achieve his personal goal?

A) Victor, who wants relief from depression
B) Karl, who wants to lose a lot of weight
C) Milan, who wants to win his boxing match
D) All of these people might be tempted to use amphetamines.

Question 38

Compared with nonsmokers, smokers experience

A) lower rates of depression and higher rates of divorce.
B) higher rates of depression and lower rates of divorce.
C) lower rates of depression and lower rates of divorce.
D) higher rates of depression and higher rates of divorce.

Question 39

Caged rats respond to foot shocks with unusually high levels of aggression after ingesting

A) heroin.
B) cocaine.
C) marijuana.
D) barbiturates.

Question 40

Stimulants are to caffeine as depressants are to

A) heroin.
B) cocaine.
C) marijuana.
D) LSD.

Question 41

Regular users of ________ may achieve a high with smaller amounts of the drug than occasional users.

A) alcohol
B) morphine
C) marijuana
D) heroin

Question 42

The altered state of consciousness that is most similar to a drug-induced hallucination is

A) REM sleep.
B) the near-death experience.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) disinhibition.

Question 43

Mice with ________ levels of ________ are especially likely to be attracted to alcohol.

A) low; REM
B) high; REM
C) low; NPY
D) high; NPY

Question 44

The best predictor of an adolescent's pattern of drug usage is whether the adolescent

A) has close friends who use drugs.
B) grows up in an intact two-parent family.
C) has religious beliefs.
D) owns his or her own car.

Question 45

African-American teens have ________ rates of smoking and ________ rates of cocaine use than other U.S. teens.

A) lower; higher
B) higher; lower
C) higher; higher
D) lower; lower

Question 46

Mark's misuse of alcohol and other addictive drugs is influenced by genetic factors, by the ready availability of drugs in Mark's neighborhood, and by Mark's failure to accurately assess the risks associated with drug usage. An understanding of Mark's difficulties within the framework of multiple levels of analysis is most clearly provided by

A) physical/psychological theory.
B) the evolutionary perspective.
C) a biopsychosocial approach.
D) the neuroadaptation model.

Question 47

Adopted individuals are more susceptible to alcohol use disorder if one or both biological parents have a history of it. This indicates that alcohol use disorder

A) can only be overcome with therapy.
B) increases levels of the brain chemical NPY.
C) is genetically influenced.
D) is not affected by culture.

Question 48

In contrast to alcohol, marijuana

A) is rapidly eliminated from the body.
B) does not impair motor coordination.
C) amplifies sensitivity to sounds.
D) does not impair memory.

Question 49

Research suggests that an important factor contributing to disordered drug abuse by teens is

A) having an adoptive parent who uses drugs.
B) feeling that one's life is meaningless.
C) abnormally high levels of the brain chemical NPY.
D) high dopamine levels in the brain.

Question 50

An altered state of consciousness in which people experience fantastic images and often feel separated from their bodies is most closely associated with the use of

A) heroin.
B) cocaine.
C) marijuana.
D) LSD.