Deck 1: A: the Story of Psychology

Question 1

B. F. Skinner was a prominent American

A) psychiatrist.
B) behaviorist.
C) cognitive neuroscientist.
D) structuralist.

Answer 1

behaviorist.

Question 2

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activities such as perception, memory, and language is called

A) behavior genetics.
B) positive psychology.
C) cognitive neuroscience.
D) clinical psychology.

Answer 2

cognitive neuroscience.

Question 3

Psychology developed from the more established fields of philosophy and biology. For example, ________ was an American philosopher and ________ was an Austrian physician.

A) Wilhelm Wundt; Ivan Pavlov
B) William James; Sigmund Freud
C) B. F. Skinner; John B. Watson
D) John Locke; René Descartes

Answer 3

William James; Sigmund Freud

Question 4

Who dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior"?

A) Watson and Skinner
B) Freud and James
C) Wundt and Titchener
D) Rogers and Maslow

Question 5

The mind's defenses against its own unconscious wishes and impulses were of special interest to

A) John B. Watson.
B) Charles Darwin.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) B. F. Skinner.

Question 6

Which research method waned in popularity because its results varied when the technique was used by different people?

A) natural selection
B) introspection
C) behavior genetics
D) spaced practice

Question 7

Which school of psychology attempted to identify the basic elements of mind?

A) structuralism
B) functionalism
C) behaviorism
D) psychoanalysis

Question 8

Functionalism is to structuralism as ________ is to Edward Titchener.

A) John Locke
B) B. F. Skinner
C) William James
D) John B. Watson

Question 9

William James was primarily concerned with the _______ of the mind.

A) functions
B) elements
C) disorders
D) biological origins

Question 10

The method of introspection was used by Edward Titchener to identify

A) inherited traits.
B) maladaptive behaviors.
C) unconscious motives.
D) sensory experiences.

Question 11

The study of inner thoughts and feelings is to the study of observable behavior as Titchener is to

A) Watson.
B) James.
C) Freud.
D) Wundt.

Question 12

One of the earliest schools of thought in psychology was

A) psychiatry.
B) structuralism.
C) cognitive neuroscience.
D) humanistic psychology.

Question 13

The early school of psychology known as functionalism was developed by

A) Wilhelm Wundt.
B) William James.
C) John B. Watson.
D) Sigmund Freud.

Question 14

The value of introspection was most clearly dismissed by

A) Freudian psychologists.
B) functionalists.
C) structuralists.
D) behaviorists.

Question 15

Humanistic psychologists such as ________ emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.

A) Wundt and Titchener
B) Freud and James
C) Rogers and Maslow
D) Watson and Skinner

Question 16

Behavior is to mental processes as ________ is to ________.

A) nature; nurture
B) sensation; memory
C) talking; understanding
D) clinical psychology; psychiatry

Question 17

In studying human behavior, contemporary psychologists rely most heavily on

A) introspection.
B) psychoanalysis.
C) massed practice.
D) science.

Question 18

Research participants who carefully observe and report their immediate thoughts and feelings in response to different musical sounds are using the method known as

A) spaced practice.
B) psychoanalysis.
C) introspection.
D) natural selection.

Question 19

The first psychological laboratory was established by

A) John Watson.
B) Wilhelm Wundt.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Jean Piaget.

Question 20

The first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology later wrote an influential book The Animal Mind. Her name was

A) Mary Whiton Calkins.
B) Rosalie Rayner.
C) Margaret Floy Washburn.
D) Jean Piaget.

Question 21

Unlike Plato, Aristotle emphasized that knowledge is a product of

A) logical reasoning.
B) inborn ideas.
C) sensory experience.
D) introspection.

Question 22

Do psychological differences between men and women result from biological influences or social influences? This question most clearly involves a debate over the issue of

A) conscious and unconscious thought.
B) observation and introspection.
C) behavior and mental processes.
D) nature and nurture.

Question 23

Which philosopher concluded that certain ideas were inborn?

A) Aristotle
B) Plato
C) Locke
D) Watson

Question 24

Who emphasized that behavioral characteristics are inherited?

A) John Locke
B) John B. Watson
C) Charles Darwin
D) B. F. Skinner

Question 25

A complete picture of how mental processes are influenced by both social systems and brain functions is most clearly provided by

A) behaviorism.
B) humanistic psychology.
C) a biopsychosocial approach.
D) introspection.

Question 26

Ivan Pavlov pioneered the study of

A) learning.
B) perception.
C) personality.
D) mental illness.

Question 27

Which perspective is most directly concerned with how the physical properties of the brain influence behavior and mental states?

A) social-cultural
B) psychodynamic
C) behavioral
D) neuroscience

Question 28

In a class lecture, Professor Hampton emphasized the extent to which abnormal blood chemistry can contribute to psychological disorders. The professor's lecture highlighted a ________ perspective on psychological disorders.

A) psychodynamic
B) neuroscience
C) social-cultural
D) cognitive

Question 29

Poor nutrition, family stress, and memory difficulties have all contributed to Mr. Leonard's depression. Effectively explaining the full complexity of his problems requires

A) psychoanalysis.
B) introspection.
C) a biopsychosocial approach.
D) an evolutionary level of analysis.

Question 30

Charles Darwin suggested that the evolution of living organisms is guided by

A) rational thought.
B) natural selection.
C) introspection.
D) unconscious motives.

Question 31

The controversy over the relative contributions of genes and experience on psychological traits is known as the

A) levels of analysis dilemma.
B) structuralism-functionalism debate.
C) cognitive neuroscience controversy.
D) nature-nurture issue.

Question 32

The evolutionary perspective focuses on the impact of ________ on human traits.

A) introspection
B) natural selection
C) unconscious motives
D) rational thought

Question 33

In the context of debates regarding the origins of knowledge, Aristotle is to ________ as Plato is to ________.

A) mind; body
B) basic research; applied research
C) introspection; naturalistic observation
D) nurture; nature

Question 34

Mark believes that people's dislike of bitter-tasting foods has promoted human survival. His belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.

A) psychodynamic
B) social-cultural
C) evolutionary
D) behavioral

Question 35

Ali insists that intellectual skills are inherited; Claire argues that intelligence is developed through educational experiences. Ali and Claire have differing perspectives on intelligence that

A) complement each other.
B) are impossible to test scientifically.
C) illustrate the distinction between behavior and mental processes.
D) illustrate the conflict between psychology and psychiatry.

Question 36

A biopsychosocial approach is one that requires the use of

A) introspection.
B) SQ3R.
C) clinical psychology.
D) multiple levels of analysis.

Question 37

Which process explains why particular traits of living organisms are passed from one generation to the next generation?

A) introspection
B) retrieval practice
C) behavior genetics
D) natural selection

Question 38

Professor Kim suggests that young children from all cultures can distinguish between singular and plural nouns because the concept of quantity is inborn. The professor's suggestion would have been most readily accepted by

A) Plato.
B) John B. Watson.
C) B. F. Skinner.
D) John Locke.

Question 39

Angie wonders whether her calm and relaxed personality style was learned or inherited. Angie's concern is most directly relevant to the issue of

A) observation and introspection.
B) behavior and mental processes.
C) nature and nurture.
D) conscious mind and unconscious mind.

Question 40

Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited?

A) cognitive
B) behavioral
C) evolutionary
D) social-cultural

Question 41

Dr. Veenstra conducts basic research on the impact of racial prejudice on behavior. Dr. Veenstra is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.

A) clinical
B) social
C) biological
D) industrial-organizational

Question 42

Natassia believes that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls primarily because boys are more frequently pressured to defend themselves with fists. Natassia's belief is best described as an example of the ________ perspective.

A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) psychodynamic
D) neuroscience

Question 43

Dr. Karima conducts basic research on the effectiveness of test-enhanced learning on a person's ability to remember information. Dr. Karima is most likely a ________ psychologist.

A) social
B) personality
C) biological
D) cognitive

Question 44

A concern with the reasoning processes that contribute to effective problem solving is most characteristic of the ________ perspective.

A) behavioral
B) evolutionary
C) social-cultural
D) cognitive

Question 45

Dr. MacPherson believes that the way students organize and think about the information in their textbooks will strongly influence their ability to later remember and use what they have studied. Dr. MacPherson's ideas most directly exemplify the ________ perspective.

A) social-cultural
B) cognitive
C) psychodynamic
D) behavior genetics

Question 46

The high school counselor has suggested that Skylar's romantic feelings for her physics teacher reflect her unconscious longings for attention from her own father. The counselor's assessment most clearly reflects a(n) ________ perspective.

A) behavioral
B) evolutionary
C) psychodynamic
D) behavior genetics

Question 47

Dr. Tiao conducts basic research on the effects of head injuries on people's problem-solving and abstract-reasoning skills. Which psychological specialty does her research best represent?

A) developmental psychology
B) biological psychology
C) industrial-organizational psychology
D) personality psychology

Question 48

The behavioral perspective is most likely to emphasize the importance of

A) learning.
B) introspection.
C) inherited traits.
D) self-esteem.

Question 49

The behavior genetics perspective would be most directly concerned with assessing the relative influences of

A) behavior and mental processes.
B) conscious and unconscious motives.
C) nature and nurture.
D) spaced practice and massed practice.

Question 50

Which perspective is most directly concerned with assessing the relative contributions of heredity to people's intelligence?

A) cognitive
B) behavioral
C) psychodynamic
D) behavior genetics

Question 51

Which psychological perspective is most likely to examine how group membership influences individual attitudes and behaviors?

A) neuroscience
B) psychodynamic
C) evolutionary
D) social-cultural

Question 52

Which psychological perspective highlights the manner in which people encode, process, store, and retrieve information?

A) cognitive
B) behavioral
C) behavior genetics
D) evolutionary

Question 53

Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on the systematic changes in intelligence associated with aging. It is most likely that Dr. Winkle is a(n) ________ psychologist.

A) biological
B) social
C) developmental
D) industrial-organizational

Question 54

A theoretical perspective in psychology can be like a two-dimensional view of a three-dimensional object because each perspective is

A) limited in its scope.
B) likely to contradict other perspectives.
C) of little value for applied research.
D) impossible to test scientifically.

Question 55

A helping profession devoted to assisting people with problems often related to school, work, or marriage is known as

A) personality psychology.
B) counseling psychology.
C) cognitive psychology.
D) social psychology.

Question 56

Dr. Wilcox conducts basic research on the behavioral differences between shy and outgoing people. Dr. Wilcox is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.

A) biological
B) cognitive
C) industrial-organizational
D) personality

Question 57

Dr. Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Ochoa's work best represent?

A) developmental psychology
B) industrial-organizational psychology
C) biological psychology
D) clinical psychology

Question 58

A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is employing a(n) ________ perspective.

A) evolutionary
B) psychodynamic
C) behavioral
D) social-cultural

Question 59

Dr. Matias has concluded that very few people in a small African country suffer from alcohol dependence because of the strong influence of their religion. This belief best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.

A) evolutionary
B) psychodynamic
C) neuroscience
D) social-cultural

Question 60

The evolutionary perspective is to ________ as the behavioral perspective is to ________.

A) applied research; basic research
B) nature; nurture
C) clinical psychology; psychiatry
D) unconscious mind; conscious mind

Question 61

Which specialists are the most likely to prescribe a drug for the treatment of a psychological disorder?

A) developmental psychologists
B) clinical psychologists
C) personality psychologists
D) psychiatrists

Question 62

Working in a community mental health center, Dr. Thatcher treats adults who suffer from severe depression. Dr. Thatcher is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.

A) personality
B) industrial-organizational
C) clinical
D) developmental

Question 63

Which professional specialty focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders?

A) personality psychology
B) biological psychology
C) clinical psychology
D) developmental psychology

Question 64

To balance historic psychology's focus on human problems and negative emotions, Martin Seligman called for the development of

A) behavior genetics.
B) cognitive neuroscience.
C) positive psychology.
D) introspection.

Question 65

Which branch of psychology is most likely to study how social institutions affect the well-being of individuals and groups?

A) cognitive psychology
B) community psychology
C) clinical psychology
D) counseling psychology

Question 66

The enhanced memory that accompanies repeated self-testing of previously learned material best illustrates the value of

A) introspection.
B) retrieval practice.
C) positive psychology.
D) a psychodynamic perspective.

Question 67

For effective mastery of course material, the text emphasizes the value of

A) spaced practice and overlearning.
B) speed reading and massed practice.
C) introspection and psychoanalysis.
D) all of these practices.

Question 68

The SQ3R method encourages students to

A) read each text chapter quickly in order to minimize boredom.
B) read each text chapter without any preconceptions about what they might learn.
C) survey a text chapter's organization before actually reading the chapter itself.
D) read entire text chapters at one sitting in order to maximize comprehension.