Deck 32: Animals: Chordates and Vertebrates

Question 1

Although adult tunicates are stuck to the ocean bottom, they are considered early relatives of vertebrates because

A) tunicate gill slits are like ribs.
B) tunicate adults have a notochord.
C) tunicate larvae have a notochord.
D) all vertebrate embryos go through a stage that resembles adult tunicates.
E) tunicate adults have all four chordate characteristics.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

All chordates are vertebrates.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The amphibian heart has

A) two separate atria and two separate ventricles that partition oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.
B) two separate atria and one shared ventricle that allow oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix.
C) two separate ventricles and one shared atrium that allow oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix.
D) one atrium and one ventricle similar to the fish.
E) one atrium and one ventricle but reroutes the blood through the heart after passing through the gills.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Sharks

A) have bony skeletons.
B) lack jaws.
C) have a keen sense of smell.
D) lack the lateral line system of bony fishes.
E) do not have paired fins.

Question 5

When researchers videotaped the body of a dead whale on the bottom of the ocean, it was rippling with the activity of many jawless scavengers inside the carcass. These jawless scavengers would have been

A) hagfish.
B) lampreys.
C) coelacanths.
D) skates.
E) ray-finned fishes.

Question 6

Which of these statements about sharks is inaccurate?

A) ability to sense electric currents in the water
B) skeleton of cartilage
C) a sucker used to attach to prey
D) ability to sense pressure of other swimming objects
E) ability to detect blood in minute amounts

Question 7

Jaws are believed to have evolved from the

A) cranium.
B) first ribs.
C) first pair of gill arches.
D) tooth buds.
E) suckers of lampreys.

Question 8

Defining characteristics of chordates are

A) segmentation, dorsal hollow nerve cord, gill arches or pharyngeal pouches.
B) dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, bilateral symmetry, and postanal tail.
C) bilateral symmetry, segmentation, and well-developed coelom.
D) well-developed coelom, gill arches or pharyngeal pouches, and notochord.
E) gill arches or pharyngeal pouches, dorsal tubular nerve cord, notochord, and postanal tail.

Question 9

In vertebrates, what is the embryonic structure that is replaced by the vertebral column?

A) notochord
B) nerve cord
C) pharyngeal pouches
D) gill clefts
E) deuterostomes

Question 10

Which of the following is a characteristic unique to chordates?

A) a dorsal notochord
B) a ventral hollow nerve cord
C) pharyngeal pouches
D) a postanal tail
E) All of the answer choices are unique characteristics of chordates.

Question 11

Which represents the correct order of evolution of chordate features?

A) amnion → limbs → lungs → jaws → vertebrae
B) limbs → lungs → jaws → vertebrae → amnion
C) lungs → jaws → vertebrae → amnion → limbs
D) vertebrae → jaws → lungs → limbs → amnion
E) vertebrae → amnion → limbs → lungs → jaws

Question 12

Which of the following is a bony fish?

A) salmon
B) dogfish shark
C) skates
D) rays
E) whale shark

Question 13

Amphibians most likely evolved from ancestors most similar to the

A) hagfish.
B) lamprey.
C) coelacanth.
D) skate.
E) ray-finned fish.

Question 14

Which types of embryos have extraembryonic membranes?

A) fish
B) frog
C) salamander
D) shark
E) mammals

Question 15

The lancelets are found

A) in tropical Amazon streams.
B) as parasites inside the tracts of fish.
C) very rarely in mountain streams, where they are almost extinct.
D) commonly in the sandy bottoms of shallow coastal waters around the world.
E) on the bottom of the ocean.

Question 16

Which of the following sequences correctly represents vertebrate evolution?

A) jawless fish → lobe-finned fish → amphibians → reptiles → mammals
B) jawless fish → amphibians → reptiles → lobe-finned fish → mammals
C) mammals → lobe-finned fish → reptiles → jawless fish → amphibians
D) lobe-finned fish → mammals → reptiles → jawless fish → amphibians
E) lobe-finned fish → reptiles → mammals → jawless fish → amphibians

Question 17

Which of these characteristics first developed in reptiles?

A) amniotic egg
B) scales on skin
C) four-legged body
D) skull and vertebral column
E) animals with lungs

Question 18

Which of the following features was necessary for adaptation by reptiles to life on land?

A) hard, horny scales
B) internal fertilization by means of a penis
C) shelled egg
D) well-developed lungs
E) All the answer choices describe features necessary for reptile adaptation to life on land.

Question 19

The jawless fish that is parasitic, attaching itself to and sucking fluids from the tissues of a living fish, is the

A) hagfish.
B) lamprey.
C) coelacanth.
D) skate.
E) ray-finned fish.

Question 20

Which of these characteristics is absent in amphibians but found in reptiles?

A) thin, moist skin
B) internal fertilization
C) small, inefficient lungs
D) aquatic larvae
E) eggs with gelatinous covering

Question 21

Of the following fossils, which is arranged in the correct order from oldest to the most recent?

A) Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, Homo habilis
B) Homo sapiens, Homo erectus, Homo habilis
C) Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens
D) Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Homo sapiens
E) Homo sapiens, Homo habilis, Homo erectus

Question 22

Which of the following is a characteristic of primates?

A) nails rather than claws
B) a larger brain (cerebral) volume
C) opposable thumb and sometimes large toe
D) good hand-eye coordination
E) All of the answer choices describe characteristics of primates.

Question 23

An animal that is characterized by vertebrae, dorsal hollow nerve cord, hair, and mammary glands must be a(n)

A) fish.
B) amphibian.
C) reptile.
D) bird.
E) mammal.

Question 24

Endothermic animals with four-chambered hearts include the

A) amphibians.
B) reptiles.
C) fish.
D) arthropods.
E) birds.

Question 25

Which of these is an accurate comparison between birds and mammals?

A) Birds are cold-blooded; mammals are warm-blooded.
B) Birds are egg laying; no mammals lay eggs.
C) Birds have air sacs in addition to lungs; mammals have no air sacs.
D) Birds lack a septum between the ventricles; mammals have a septum between the ventricles.
E) Birds, unlike mammals, require no parental care.

Question 26

Which of the following features inaccurately describes birds?

A) feathers
B) air sacs
C) variable body temperature
D) hard-shelled egg
E) four-chambered heart

Question 27

Extraembryonic membranes are absent in

A) amphibians.
B) reptiles.
C) birds.
D) mammals.
E) chordates.

Question 28

The duckbill platypus is an exception to many mammals because it

A) lacks hair.
B) is ectothermic.
C) doesn't secrete milk.
D) lays eggs.
E) is found in Australia.

Question 29

The most primitive primates are considered to be the

A) prosimians.
B) apes.
C) New World monkeys.
D) Old World monkeys.
E) humans.

Question 30

The organ of nutrition used in fetal development in the most successful mammals is the

A) mammary gland.
B) egg.
C) pouch.
D) placenta.
E) amniote egg.

Question 31

Vertebrates possessing a four-chambered heart are mostly

A) bipedal.
B) all birds.
C) endothermic.
D) ectothermic.
E) reptiles.

Question 32

Because most birds travel through the air at high speeds, they must have

A) a crop and a gizzard.
B) highly sensitive sensory systems.
C) complex songs.
D) eggs and no placenta.
E) a three-chambered heart.

Question 33

Which of the following inaccurately describes primates?

A) nails on hands and feet
B) stereoscopic vision
C) well-developed brain
D) opposable thumb
E) rapid growth after birth

Question 34

The fossil called Lucy, which lived about 3.18 million years ago, is a member of which of the following species?

A) Australopithecus afarensis
B) Australopithecus africanus
C) Proconsul
D) Homo habilis
E) Homo erectus

Question 35

The respiratory advantage provided by a four-chambered heart over a three-chambered heart in vertebrates is

A) the combining of oxygen-rich blood with oxygen-poor blood.
B) a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin required.
C) decreased dependency on lungs.
D) separation of oxygen-rich blood and oxygen-poor blood.
E) a greater surface area for the diffusion of oxygen into the blood.

Question 36

Which of the following characteristics applies to both birds and mammals?

A) having hair
B) having mammary glands
C) maintaining a constant body temperature
D) having young born alive
E) having a bladder

Question 37

The primary distinguishing characteristic of all mammals is the presence of

A) constant internal temperature.
B) four limbs.
C) a four-chambered heart.
D) hair and mammary glands.
E) a placenta.

Question 38

Which of these characteristics is associated with flight requirements in birds?

A) light, hollow bones
B) a light, horny beak with no teeth
C) respiratory air sacs and lungs with one-way air flow
D) an enlarged breastbone with strong muscles attached
E) All of the answers list requirements for flight in birds.

Question 39

Animals with a three-chambered heart would include

A) amphibians.
B) mammals.
C) fish.
D) sharks.
E) birds.

Question 40

Which type of mammal lays eggs?

A) monotremes
B) marsupials
C) placentals
D) snakes
E) birds

Question 41

Nonvertebrate chordates, tunicates, and lancelets differ from other chordates in that

A) they do not have a notochord.
B) they have gills, while other chordates have lungs.
C) they do not have jaws, while all other chordates do have them.
D) the notochord of nonvertebrate chordates does not become a vertebral column.
E) nonvertebrate chordates do not have an internal bony skeleton, while all other chordates do.

Question 42

The out-of-Africa hypothesis (replacement model) of human evolution proposes that Homo sapiens evolved from

A) earlier Homo species only in Europe, and then modern humans migrated to Asia, where they replaced the existing species about 100,000 years ago.
B) earlier Homo species only in Africa, and then modern humans migrated to Asia and Europe, where they replaced the existing species about 100,000 years ago.
C) Old World monkeys.
D) New World monkeys.
E) earlier Homo species only in North America, and then modern humans migrated to Africa, Asia, and Europe, where they replaced the existing species about 100,000 years ago.

Question 43

Which of these made advanced tools and produced artwork?

A) Homo erectus
B) Homo habilis
C) Cro-Magnon man
D) Neanderthal man
E) Homo ergaster

Question 44

The stone tools and the dentition of Homo habilis indicate that early humans probably

A) were herbivores.
B) were carnivores.
C) were omnivores.
D) were predators.
E) cooked with fire.

Question 45

Which form of weapon was first established by Cro-Magnon?

A) spears
B) guns
C) fire
D) traps
E) scraper

Question 46

The ray-finned fishes are believed to have evolved into the amphibians.

Question 47

The first member of genus Homo to use fire is

A) Australopithecus robustus.
B) Australopithecus africanus.
C) Homo habilis.
D) Homo erectus.
E) Homo sapiens.

Question 48

The ability to throw spears and kill animals from a distance gave Cro-Magnons an advantage in their environment.

Question 49

Identify the three living lineages of mammals and describe the feature that makes each one unique.

Question 50

What is the correct evolutionary pathway for the key features of chordates?

A) notochord-vertebrae-jaws-bony skeleton-lungs-4 limbs-amniotic egg-mammary glands
B) vertebrae-notochord-jaws-bony skeleton-lungs-4 limbs-amniotic egg-mammary glands
C) notochord-vertebrae-jaws-bony skeleton-lungs-amniotic egg-4 limbs-mammary glands
D) notochord-vertebrae-jaws-bony skeleton-mammary glands-lungs-4 limbs-amniotic egg
E) mammary glands-notochord-vertebrae-jaws-lungs-4 limbs-amniotic egg-bony skeleton

Question 51

Which hominid is considered to be the first to use tools?

A) gorilla
B) Lucy
C) Homo habilis
D) Homo erectus
E) chimpanzee

Question 52

Which of the following are believed to be the first group of hominids that buried their dead?

A) Homo habilis
B) Homo erectus
C) Peking man
D) Homo neanderthalensis
E) Cro-Magnon

Question 53

The main features that place Homo habilis in the genus Homo rather than Australopithecus are

A) human facial appearance and lack of hair.
B) advanced use of language and total carnivorous diet.
C) brain size, posture, and dentition.
D) care of young and altruistic behavior.
E) hand grip, extensive use of tools, and house-building.

Question 54

Which of the following groups is thought to have evolved in Europe?

A) Homo erectus
B) Homo habilis
C) Homo rudolfensis
D) Homo ergaster
E) Homo heidelbergensis

Question 55

Identify the four morphological traits unique to the chordates.

Question 56

Sometimes biologists are alleged to have said that "humans evolved from monkeys." The correct way for a modern biologist to explain the apparent sequence of human evolution is

A) monkeys have evolved less than humans.
B) humans and monkeys share a common ancestor.
C) humans and monkeys are biologically identical.
D) evolution leads toward more perfect forms and humans therefore came after modern monkeys.
E) humans continue to evolve while monkeys do not.

Question 57

Both echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes. This means that

A) they have a similar development in their embryonic stages.
B) they both have eyes with retinas.
C) they both start with radial symmetry in their early embryonic stages.
D) they both use calcium-based endoskeletons.
E) they are both invertebrates.

Question 58

Which species is believed to be the first creature to walk erect and possibly be the first hominin?

A) Ardipithecus kadabba
B) Australopithecus anamensis
C) Ardipithecus ramidus
D) Australopithecus afarensis
E) Homo habilis

Question 59

Based on molecular data, the split between apes and humans is thought to have occurred about

A) 1 million years ago.
B) 2 million years ago.
C) 3 million years ago.
D) 5 million years ago.
E) 6 million years ago.

Question 60

Which feature distinguishes birds from the rest of the reptiles?

A) endothermic
B) scales
C) egg laying
D) lungs
E) four appendages

Question 61

List the features that make amphibians different than the fishes.