Deck 8: Altruism: Helping Others

Question 1

According to most psychologists, our brain is the ___________ and our cultural indoctrination is the _____________.

A) software; hard drive
B) hard drive; software
C) mechanism; hard drive
D) mechanism; solution

Answer 1

hard drive; software

Question 2

Cultural diversity is best illustrated in which of the following?

A) Norms regarding incest
B) Norms regarding friendship
C) Norms regarding etiquette
D) All of these choices

Answer 2

Norms regarding etiquette

Question 3

Norms, according to the text,

A) are composed of a set of roles.
B) can be arbitrary and confining.
C) are social behaviours of typical or average people.
D) are laws that govern the distribution of social rewards.

Answer 3

can be arbitrary and confining.

Question 4

The evolutionary perspective is to the cultural perspective as ____________ is to ____________.

A) gender role; social role
B) coevolution; empathy
C) role; norm
D) human kinship; human diversity

Question 5

The fact that all human societies engage in communal sharing, rank people by authority and status, and have ideas about economic justice would be emphasized by the _____________ perspective.

A) psychoanalytic
B) communitarian
C) evolutionary
D) cultural

Question 6

Given the prevalence of ethnic conflict and racial hostilities worldwide, it is not surprising that historian Arthur Schlesinger calls _______________ "the explosive problem of our times."

A) social anarchy
B) social diversity
C) totalitarianism
D) mindless conformity

Question 7

The cultural perspective is to ______________ as the evolutionary perspective is to _______________.

A) Brown; Darwin
B) social norms; human adaptability
C) social roles; hormonal factors
D) human adaptability; natural selection

Question 8

Evolutionary psychology

A) involves studying how natural selection predisposes traits and social behaviours.
B) is the study of diversity within evolutionarily linked species.
C) involves studying animal social behaviour.
D) is the study of prehistoric behaviour and mental process.

Question 9

Norms

A) describe what most others do.
B) are rules for accepted and expected behaviour.
C) prescribe proper behaviour.
D) all of these choices.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A) Most evidence indicates that an evolutionary perspective is the most useful way to understand people.
B) Most evidence indicates that a cultural perspective is the most useful way to understand people.
C) Both an evolutionary and a cultural perspective are helpful in understanding people.
D) None of these choices.

Question 11

Which of the following is shaped by where and when we live?

A) How we define beauty
B) How we define social justice
C) Whether we tend to be expressive or reserved
D) All of these choices

Question 12

Darwin proposed the process of natural selection, whereby

A) he could explain animal and human mate selections.
B) nature selects traits that best equip organisms to survive in their environment.
C) human sexual behaviour could be understood in evolutionary terms.
D) none of these choices.

Question 13

Evolutionary psychology

A) highlights human diversity.
B) highlights human mating preferences.
C) highlights universal human nature.
D) highlights gender differences in the need for human affiliation.

Question 14

Which of the following is true?

A) There are really no truly universal norms.
B) Religion does not exist in some societies.
C) Norms can liberate us from preoccupation with what we are saying and doing.
D) A "pedestrian" would be an example of a role.

Question 15

Human kinship is to the ____________ perspective as social diversity is to the _____________ perspective.

A) evolutionary; cultural
B) cognitive; psychoanalytic
C) humanistic; cultural
D) biological; humanistic

Question 16

"We indeed are all kin beneath the skin" is an expression illustrating

A) our shared human nature.
B) individual differences.
C) our different colors.
D) our various races.

Question 17

The fact that people worldwide vary greatly in their dress habits and the specific foods they eat would be emphasized by the _____________ perspective.

A) cultural
B) individualistic
C) evolutionary
D) psychoanalytic

Question 18

Social norms

A) make social interactions run smoothly.
B) lead us to feel uncomfortable when they are violated.
C) may control us so successfully that we hardly sense their presence.
D) all of these choices.

Question 19

Seven-year-old Mary says "Thank you" after opening each birthday present she receives because her family considers it to be proper behaviour. This best illustrates the influence of a

A) norm.
B) schema.
C) role.
D) stereotype.

Question 20

Aliens who abducted a very small sample of humans, each from different cultures, would likely conclude that

A) their participants are members of different species.
B) although all are human, the participants are more different than alike.
C) when brought together on the alien planet, the humans were unable to find anything in common.
D) humans everywhere are intensely social creatures.

Question 21

A new psychology professor is disliked because she does not do research, hold office hours, or prepare lectures. From the cultural perspective, a social psychologist might say that this professor

A) has an anxiety disorder.
B) is violating her role's most important norms.
C) is violating her norm's most important roles.
D) is exhibiting hindsight bias.

Question 22

In Western culture it is generally assumed that one's life will be enriched by defining _______ and believing in _________.

A) your possible selves; the power of your unique culture.
B) your collective self; the power of your unique culture.
C) your unique self; your power of personal control.
D) your possible selves; your power of personal control.

Question 23

Individualism is

A) the concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and dealing one's identity in terms of personal attributions rather than group identification.
B) the concept of giving in to somebody else's goals over individual goals and dealing with one's identity in terms of group identification rather than personal attributions.
C) identification with one's country.
D) identification with two or more people.

Question 24

Collectivism refers to

A) one's identity as a person.
B) giving priority to the goals of one's groups (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.
C) giving priority to the individual in the culture and identifying with the culture.
D) none of these choices.

Question 25

Which of the following illustrates a violation of Roger Brown's "universal norm"?

A) Jennifer is raped by her step-father.
B) Howard sits too close to John during a business luncheon.
C) Seth, an undergraduate, invites his social psychology professor out for a drink.
D) Kim, the office supervisor, invites Ken, a new employee, to lunch.

Question 26

Collectivism is to _______________ as individualism is to ________________.

A) individual; self.
B) self; individual.
C) group; individual.
D) individual; group.

Question 27

Uprooted and placed in a foreign land one's identity

A) remains intact.
B) changes.
C) develops.
D) is threatened.

Question 28

Leung and Bond found that people from different cultures vary in the extent to which they endorse and apply five universal dimensions of social beliefs. These dimensions are

A) social complexity, mysticism, communal welfare, fate, and opportunity.
B) cynicism, spirituality, fate control, reward for application, and social complexity.
C) spirituality, reward for communal behaviour, belief in circumstance, status, and cynicism.
D) behavioural accountability, social complexity, affiliation, fairness, interactions.

Question 29

Identity in individualistic cultures is

A) private issues-contained.
B) self-contained.
C) family issues-contained
D) ideal self-contained

Question 30

In languages that distinguish between the two forms of "you," the familiar form is used with _____ and the respectful form is used with _____.

A) children; adults
B) intimates; strangers
C) inferiors; superiors
D) All of these choices.

Question 31

Which of the following would be least likely to be considered a role?

A) college president
B) bicyclist
C) father
D) wife

Question 32

Which of the following is not one of the universal norms that cultures seem to hold in common?

A) Respect the privacy of friends and don't give away their secrets.
B) Parents do not have sexual relations with their children.
C) Lower-status individuals can advance intimacy if approved of by the higher-status person.
D) Actions and communication with higher-status individuals differs from those with lower-status individuals.

Question 33

A _______ is a set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave.

A) role
B) social status
C) tradition
D) performance standard

Question 34

The more you occupy and internalize a role,

A) the more socially awkward you may feel.
B) the less self-conscious you feel.
C) the more discrepant your attitudes and actions become.
D) all of these choices.

Question 35

After years of life as a happy father and devoted husband, former bank robber Stephen Reid robbed a bank and shot at a police officer. Which is the best social psychological explanation for this puzzling change?

A) Reid was a bank robber all along and only pretended to be a good family man.
B) Reid's Id overruled his Superego.
C) Our actions depend on our dispositions as well as our social situations.
D) True androgyny is impossible.

Question 36

Individualism is most prevalent in

A) small cultural groups.
B) large cultural groups.
C) industrialized western cultures.
D) developing countries.

Question 37

It takes a whole cluster of ____________ to define a role.

A) traditions
B) relationships
C) positions
D) norms

Question 38

According to Brown, forms of address communicate social distance, ___________, and correlate with ____________.

A) self-esteem; intimacy
B) social status; advances in intimacy are usually suggested by the higher-status person
C) social status; level of education
D) social status; gender

Question 39

Sanjai has recently come to Canada from another culture. At first, he feels very awkward and is constantly aware of how he acts and speaks with others. After several months, he is starting to learn the Canadian norms for communication and behaviour, and how these relate to people in various social roles. As Sanjai continues to interact with other Canadians, he will likely

A) feel the desire to share his cultural norms with other Canadians.
B) develop a sense of individuality within Canadian culture and create his own social role.
C) copy their behaviour exactly, losing his own cultural identity in the process.
D) begin to internalize these social roles and feel less self-conscious.

Question 40

Which of the following illustrates Roger Brown's "universal norm"?

A) Brothers do not have sexual relations with their sisters in Daneria.
B) The King of Sindab invites subjects to his castle for dinner before they invite him to their huts for dinner.
C) Friends in Transylvania do not divulge things said in confidence.
D) Males rather than females initiate sexual relations in Wallonia.

Question 41

Which statement is not reflective of Western culture?

A) "I did it my way."
B) "I gotta be me."
C) "I should respect and follow my parents' values."
D) "The greatest love of all is loving oneself."

Question 42

Threaten our __________ identity and we'll feel angrier and gloomier than when someone threatens our __________ identity.

A) collective, independent
B) interdependent, collective
C) personal, collective
D) collective, personal

Question 43

In their study, Michael Morris and Kaipin Peng had students evaluate of a number of possible descriptions of a tragedy. They found that American students emphasized ___________ causes and Chinese students emphasized ____________ causes.

A) situational, personal.
B) personal, situational.
C) personal, mental.
D) situational, social.

Question 44

Jana is a first-year university student and is very critical of her own success in school. She doesn't need others to affirm her success, but she feels it is very important to please her family and succeed so that she can honour those she loves. Jana is likely from which of the following places?

A) Britain
B) Australia
C) Malaysia
D) Ireland

Question 45

Marlon has just graduated with a business degree, and is starting his career at a large corporation. He feels confident in his abilities and defines himself as a business man who worked hard to achieve his own success. He strongly believes that the harder he works the more rewards he will earn for himself in the future. Marlon is likely from which of the following places?

A) Japan
B) Australia
C) Malaysia
D) South America

Question 46

Which statement is true?

A) Culture doesn't affect Western people's sense of self.
B) Culture doesn't affect Eastern people's sense of self.
C) Culture has a negative effect on the development of self.
D) Culture shapes our sense of self.

Question 47

In his study on cultural differences in thought, Nisbett compared groups of American and Japanese students' perception of an underwater scene with fish. Which statement reflects his findings?

A) Japanese students recalled more peripheral features and spoke of objects in terms of relationships than American students.
B) Japanese students recalled more of the central features of the scene (the fish) than American students.
C) American students recalled more of the background features of the scene and spoke about how they would make the scene better if they designed it.
D) American students recalled the central and background features at the same level of accuracy, whereas Japanese students recalled background features better than central.

Question 48

Which of the following does not apply to a person with an interdependent self?

A) They are self-critical.
B) They have a low need for positive self-regard.
C) Their identity is defined in relation with others.
D) They are self-centred.

Question 49

Which of the following is seen less in cultures where individualism flourishes?

A) traditional values
B) mobility
C) urbanism
D) mass media

Question 50

Self-esteem in collective cultures is closely correlated with

A) "what others think about me and my group."
B) "what others think about my group."
C) "what I think about myself and my group."
D) "what I think about my group."

Question 51

"They have not one self but many selves." This statement defines people who have a/an

A) dependent self.
B) independent self.
C) interdependent self.
D) mature self.

Question 52

With an interdependent self, one has a greater sense of

A) self-esteem.
B) belonging.
C) his/her culture.
D) his/her social support.

Question 53

For minorities or other marginalized groups who have suffered from prejudice, "outside" appraisal of oneself and one's group is __________ than for the rest of the community.

A) less important
B) more important
C) less enjoyable
D) more enjoyable

Question 54

Which of the following groups tend to define themselves more in terms of their group identity?

A) Americans
B) Japanese
C) Australians
D) British

Question 55

When discussing the relationship between individualism-collectivism, some researchers argue that

A) these distinctions are rooted in evolutionary forces that shaped status hierarchies and affiliation needs.
B) self-concept is shaped independent of whether one's culture is individualistic or collectivistic.
C) there are few regional or political variations within a particular culture as they endorse the broader culture viewpoint.
D) pigeonholing cultures as one or the other oversimplifies the variation within each culture.

Question 56

___________ self-esteem is ____________ among Asian immigrants who have lived a long time in Canada than among more recent immigrants.

A) Interdependent; higher
B) Individual; higher
C) Individual; lower
D) Independent; lower

Question 57

In societies where people have ________________, the goal of social life is to harmonize with and support one's community.

A) social self.
B) interdependent selves
C) dependent self.
D) independent self.

Question 58

Western culture celebrates the ________ individual more than the person who __________.

A) creative; follows others
B) self-reliant; fulfills others expectations
C) active; is passive
D) cooperative; is self-reliant

Question 59

Conversation is less direct and more polite in communities where, in general, people have a more

A) interdependent self.
B) dependent self.
C) independent self.
D) mature self.

Question 60

People who have ________________ are more self-critical.

A) interdependent selves
B) dependent selves
C) individualistic selves
D) none of the above

Question 61

Hoshino-Browne and colleagues (in press) tested the concept of cognitive dissonance in two different countries and found that

A) Canadian students justified the choices they made for themselves but not the choices they made for their friends.
B) Canadian students justified their choices.
C) Japanese students justified the choices they made for their friends and the choices they made for themselves.
D) Japanese students made no clear choices.

Question 62

The tendency to see the world holistically in Eastern culture and analytically in Western culture seems rooted in the cultures' _________________.

A) scientific achievements.
B) economic advancements.
C) histories and philosophies.
D) political systems.

Question 63

Despite some cross-cultural differences people share many similarities in how they ___________ emotions.

A) categorize
B) express
C) interpret
D) evaluate

Question 64

People from Eastern cultures perceive the world more ____________ and less ____________ than people from Western culture.

A) analytically; consistent
B) holistically; consistent
C) analytically; holistically
D) holistically; analytically

Question 65

Susan was born in China and immigrated to Canada to go to university. She went to a flea market with some of her friends that she met at school. They were looking through bins of used CD's and judging how good they were. Susan chose an instrumental CD, and her friend Jane chose a blues CD. They continued looking at CD's after their purchase and rating how good they thought they were. Based on studies of cognitive dissonance, which statement is most accurate?

A) Jane's ratings of CD's wouldn't change, whereas Susan would start to rate other instrumental CDs as more desirable.
B) Susan's ratings of CD's wouldn't change, whereas Jane would start to rate other blues CDs as more desirable.
C) Both Susan and Jane would rate CDs that correspond to what they just purchased as more desirable.
D) Neither Susan's nor Jane's ratings would change.

Question 66

In a study of Chinese and American students, Norenzayan and colleagues found that both groups greatly overestimated the correlation between behaviour in one context with behaviour in another. This finding shows that it seems people from both Eastern and Western cultures

A) overestimate the frequency of usual events.
B) don't recognize the actual correlation between two events.
C) believe that people have stable disposition.
D) believe that people are inconsistent in their behaviour.

Question 67

It seems our biology has provided

A) different capacities for expressing emotions.
B) all of us with the same set of emotional facial expressions.
C) a limited capacity for expressing a limited number of emotions.
D) an unlimited capacity for expressing many different emotions.

Question 68

Reasoning that emphasizes considering all possible influences and balancing competing forces is called ________________ reasoning.

A) situational
B) analytical
C) holistic
D) personal

Question 69

Which statement is not true?

A) Easterners and Westerners alike see other people as having coherent enduring personalities.
B) Studies have found huge cultural differences in people's reasoning capacity.
C) To date, the research on cultural differences in reasoning has focused primarily on differences between people in Eastern and Western culture.
D) Human brains seem to share a remarkably similar capacity for reasoning.

Question 70

Reasoning that emphasizes the proper use of rules and that contradictory statements cannot be true is called ________________ reasoning.

A) situational
B) analytical
C) holistic
D) personal

Question 71

When _________________, Easterners see personality as just as potent a cause of behaviour as Westerners do.

A) the situation is not salient
B) the situation is salient
C) the personality is not mature
D) the personality is mature

Question 72

According to cultural research by Heine and Lehman (1999) on cognitive dissonance,

A) Canadians protect their individualistic self-concepts by seeing their choices as good choices.
B) Canadians do not protect their individualistic self-concept by seeing their choices as good choices.
C) Italians protect their individualistic self-concepts by seeing their choices as good choices.
D) Italians do not protect their individualistic self-concepts by seeing their choices as good choices.

Question 73

Although people from Eastern cultures believe people have stable personalities, they make more situational attributions because they perceive world

A) more holistically.
B) more analytically.
C) less holistically.
D) more consistent.

Question 74

Eastern cultures have been heavily influenced by ______________ philosophy and western cultures have been heavily influenced by _______________ philosophy.

A) India, European
B) Chinese, American
C) Indian, Greek
D) Chinese, Greek

Question 75

In seeing the world more holistically, Eastern people

A) do not see personality as an important cause of behaviour.
B) see genes as an important cause of behaviour.
C) are more sensitive to the social constraints of the situation.
D) are more sensitive to social cues.

Question 76

According to research on cognitive dissonance,

A) culture makes no one immune to cognitive dissonance.
B) culture can shape the experience of cognitive dissonance.
C) being an individualistic or collectivistic culture does not matter.
D) people experience cognitive dissonance differently and no two cultures share the same cognitive dissonance experience.

Question 77

Cohen and Gunz's study of ambiguous facial expressions showed that students born in Canada projected ______________ onto the ambiguous face, whereas students born in Asia projected ______________ onto the ambiguous face.

A) complementary emotions, context related emotions
B) context related emotions, complementary emotions
C) the complementary emotion, their own feeling
D) their own feelings, complementary emotions

Question 78

People from Western cultures are more likely than people from Eastern cultures to prefer ____________ rather than ____________ explanations for others' behaviour.

A) personal, situational
B) situational, personal
C) personal, social
D) social, situational

Question 79

When the situation is not salient, Easterners see ______________ as just as potent a cause of behaviour as Westerners do.

A) education
B) individual differences
C) situation
D) personality

Question 80

In individualistic cultures the display of emotions tends to be ______________ than in collective cultures.

A) more shallow
B) less shallow
C) more intense
D) less intense