Deck 12: Consequences of Prejudice

Question 1

Sarah, who is British, believes that German people are hard-working. Gunther, who is German, dislikes Sarah because she is British. Sarah is displaying _______________, while Gunther is displaying _______________.

A) a prejudiced attitude; a faulty overgeneralization
B) a positive attitude; a negative attitude
C) a stereotypical belief; a prejudiced attitude
D) prejudice; prejudice

Answer 1

a stereotypical belief; a prejudiced attitude

Question 2

Racism and sexism are institutional practices that discriminate ___________________.

A) even when there is no prejudicial intent
B) only when there is prejudicial intent
C) both A and B are correct.
D) none of these choices.

Answer 2

even when there is no prejudicial intent

Question 3

Prejudice is defined as

A) an inaccurate idea about a group based on insufficient information.
B) a negative attitude toward a group and its individual members.
C) an intentional or unintentional policy of discriminating against outgroups.
D) a cognitive categorization based on overgeneralizations.

Answer 3

a negative attitude toward a group and its individual members.

Question 4

John's belief that women are emotional is an example of _______________. His refusal to rent an apartment to a woman is an example of _______________.

A) a stereotype; sexism
B) discrimination; prejudice
C) a stereotype; discrimination
D) racism; prejudice

Question 5

The belief that Italians are passionate is an example of _______________; the refusal to hire Hispanics is an example of _______________.

A) a stereotype; discrimination
B) a stereotype; prejudice
C) racism; prejudice
D) discrimination; racism

Question 6

According to the text, married women who keep their own surname are seen as

A) selfish.
B) non-committal.
C) assertive and ambitious.
D) arrogant and egotistic.

Question 7

According to the text, even though Canadians seem genuinely motivated to develop a truly multicultural society, it may be that

A) overt expression of prejudice has become acceptable.
B) prejudice is no longer a serious social problem.
C) prejudice may have gone underground.
D) new forms of prejudice have been created.

Question 8

Research by Ayres (1991) shows that when team members visited 90 Chicago area car dealers to negotiate a car that cost the dealer about $11,000.00,

A) white males were given a final price that averaged around $11,000 (specifically: $11,362).
B) black females were given an average price that exceeded the average price given to black males.
C) black males were given an average that exceeded the average price given to the white males and females.
D) all of these choices.

Question 9

Prejudice biases us against an individual based solely on

A) the person's appearance and behaviour.
B) our past experience with similar persons.
C) the person's identification with a particular group.
D) our present emotional state.

Question 10

James is a high-powered CEO and is known at his company to be biased against the advancement of women as executives. However, when he is directly asked, he denies such biases. The best way to evaluate James' prejudice is to

A) give him a paper-and-pencil questionnaire that asks him his feelings towards women.
B) assess his behaviour, especially when other motives seem available to hide behind.
C) ask him overt questions about women in high-powered positions.
D) show him images of women in business suits and ask him to rate them as good or bad.

Question 11

Stereotypes are to _______________ as beliefs are to _________________.

A) categories; feeling
B) attitudes; actions
C) emotions; practice
D) discrimination; behaviour

Question 12

Prejudice is to _______________ as discrimination is to _______________.

A) belief; feeling
B) generalization; practice
C) attitude; behaviour
D) stereotype; practice

Question 13

According to research on modern prejudice, we can have differing conscious and automatic attitudes towards the same target. This dynamic defines the

A) discrimination principle.
B) dual attitude system.
C) the foot-in-the door phenomenon.
D) none of these choices.

Question 14

Which of the following clearly meets the definition of a stereotype?

A) Mary believes she is underpaid as an administrative secretary.
B) Gretchen believes the British are cool and unexcitable.
C) Kershon believes sport utility vehicles are safe.
D) All of these choices.

Question 15

Racism refers to

A) institutional practices that subordinate people of a given race.
B) individuals' prejudicial attitudes toward people of a given race.
C) individuals' discriminatory behaviour toward people of a given race.
D) All of these choices.

Question 16

Jimmy often expresses his dislike of Native people, believing them to be shiftless and untrustworthy. As long as he can get away with it, he never hires them to work for his company. Jimmy is

A) displaying stereotype threat.
B) probably a victim of realistic group conflict theory.
C) best characterized as prejudiced.
D) best characterized as racist.

Question 17

According to Lee Jussim and colleagues, stereotypes may be

A) positive.
B) accurate.
C) inaccurate.
D) all of these choices.

Question 18

Some straightforward questions such as "Is it true that blacks have gotten more economically than they deserve?" can be used to measure _______________ attitudes.

A) prejudicial
B) stereotypical
C) discriminatory
D) racist

Question 19

A belief about the personal attributes about a group of people is

A) prejudice.
B) a stereotype.
C) discrimination.
D) racism.

Question 20

A state police force has set a height requirement of 5 feet 10 inches for all officers. This requirement is irrelevant to job effectiveness but generally excludes Hispanics, Asians, and women from the force. Such a requirement most clearly reflects

A) racism and sexism.
B) scapegoating and ingroup bias.
C) stereotyping and prejudice.
D) Gause's law and realistic conflict theory.

Question 21

Norms for males and females define

A) stereotypes.
B) gender roles.
C) discrimination.
D) prejudice.

Question 22

Experiments where words or faces prime stereotypes of some racial, gender, or age group illustrate the principle of

A) automatic stereotyping.
B) implicit stereotyping.
C) automatic prejudice.
D) all of these choices.

Question 23

Jackman and Senter (1981) found that

A) both men and women think that women were more emotional.
B) men think that women are more emotional than men.
C) women think that women are more emotional than men.
D) None of the above.

Question 24

A motivation to have one's group be dominant over other social groups defines

A) prejudice.
B) stereotyping.
C) social dominance orientation.
D) none of these choices.

Question 25

Culture is

A) what's shared by a large group.
B) transmitted across generations.
C) encompasses ideas, attitudes, behaviours, and traditions shared by a group.
D) all of these choices.

Question 26

The text indicates that, until recently, prejudice was greatest in regions where slavery was practised. This fact is clearly consistent with the principle that __________ breeds prejudice.

A) frustration
B) unequal status
C) conformity
D) authoritarianism

Question 27

Randy makes a comment that his girlfriend is "overemotional, hyper-sensitive, and too career-oriented to deal with everyday life". Randy's comment is an example of

A) benevolent sexism.
B) hostile sexism.
C) gender discrimination.
D) gender roles.

Question 28

Correll and colleagues (2002) invited people to press buttons quickly to "shoot" or "not shoot" men who suddenly appeared on-screen holding either a gun or a harmless object such as a flashlight or bottle. Their results show that _______________ more often mistakenly shot targets who were Blacks.

A) Whites
B) both Whites and Blacks
C) Blacks
D) none of these choices

Question 29

According to the text, we _______________ the competence of those high in status and _______________ those who agreeably accept a lower status.

A) like; respect
B) respect; like
C) respect; respect
D) like; like

Question 30

According to the text, most people like

A) women more than they like men.
B) men more than they like women.
C) men and women equally.
D) none of these choices.

Question 31

According to the social dominance orientation, individuals high in this orientation often ___________ policies that maintain hierarchies (i.e., tax cuts for the well-off) and ___________ policies that undermine the hierarchy (i.e., affirmative action).

A) support; support
B) support; oppose
C) oppose; oppose
D) oppose; support

Question 32

Which of the following examples describes gender discrimination?

A) Two-thirds of the world's unschooled children are girls.
B) In Saudi Arabia, women are forbidden to drive.
C) Around the world, people tend to prefer having baby boys.
D) All of these choices.

Question 33

Suzanne is reading her 4-year old son Michael a story before he goes to bed. The story is about friendship between a boy named Billy who fixes cars and a girl named Tara who is a seamstress. This story provides an example of how _________________ occurs and creates behavioural expectations for males and females.

A) prejudice
B) stereotypes
C) gender socialization
D) misogyny

Question 34

Stereotypes are _______________.

A) beliefs
B) prejudices
C) not prejudices
D) both A and C

Question 35

According to the text, newer research reveals that behaviours associated with leadership are perceived

A) less favourably when enacted by a man.
B) less favourably when enacted by a woman.
C) more favourably when enacted by a woman.
D) none of these choices.

Question 36

Which of the following statements best describes benevolent sexism?

A) Women have a superior moral sensibility.
B) Once a man commits, she puts him on a tight leash.
C) Women are intuitive.
D) Women are ferocious.

Question 37

Between 1980 and 1997, the percentage of women in the full-time workforce has steadily increased from

A) 19 to 39%.
B) 32 to 39%.
C) 5 to 39%.
D) none of these choices.

Question 38

_______________ help(s) us rationalize unequal status; _______________ help(s) justify the economic and social superiority of those who have wealth and power.

A) Prejudice; stereotypes
B) Stereotypes; prejudice
C) Unequal status; prejudice
D) Prejudice; unequal status

Question 39

According to the text, overt prejudice against _______________ is less common today than it was four decades ago.

A) people of colour
B) women
C) homosexuals
D) all of these choices

Question 40

Amy is disgusted by homeless individuals and believes that they are lazy individuals who are "milking the system". If she was given a brain scan and asked questions about her beliefs and feelings about homeless people, what regions of Amy's brain would be involved in automatic and overt stereotyping?

A) amygdala and frontal cortex
B) cerebellum and hippocampus
C) amygdala and hippocampus
D) frontal cortex and occipital lobe

Question 41

According to the text, which of the following is a true statement?

A) If we define religiousness as church membership, then the more religious people are the more racially prejudiced they are.
B) Bigots often rationalize bigotry with religion.
C) If we assess depth of religious commitment with criteria other than church membership, the very devout are less prejudiced.
D) All of these choices.

Question 42

Betsy and Tina, both third-graders in the same classroom, are assigned by their teacher to different groups that will compete in a spelling bee. Betsy and Tina each believe that their own group is composed of the better spellers. The girls' beliefs best illustrate

A) the just-world phenomenon.
B) ingroup bias.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) authoritarianism.

Question 43

The "we" aspect of our self-concept is

A) social competence.
B) social identity.
C) ingroup bias.
D) ethnicity.

Question 44

Researchers suspect that the _______________ prominence given to the faces of men and the bodies of women both reflects and perpetuates _______________.

A) visual; gender bias
B) visual; prejudice
C) tactile; discrimination
D) tactile; prejudice

Question 45

According to the text, when the cause of our frustration is intimidating or vague,

A) we go inward.
B) we often redirect our hostility.
C) we conform.
D) none of these choices.

Question 46

The scapegoat theory is to the social identity theory as _____________________ is/are to ______________________.

A) feeling superior to others; frustration and aggression
B) frustration and aggression; feeling superior to others
C) prejudice; discrimination
D) discrimination; stereotypes

Question 47

Believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups defines which of the following concepts?

A) ethnocentric
B) socialization.
C) prejudice
D) discrimination

Question 48

According to the correlations found between religion and prejudice, which of the following individuals is likely to be the most prejudiced?

A) Sarah, a member of a small fundamentalist Christian church
B) Jesse, who thinks that religion is an end in itself and has strong religious values
C) Martin, who scores high on Gallup's "spiritual commitment" index
D) Erin, who is a minister in a Protestant church.

Question 49

Individuals with authoritarian tendencies have

A) an intolerance for weakness.
B) a punitive attitude.
C) a submissive respect for ingroup authority.
D) all of these choices.

Question 50

Which of the following does the text cite as a social source of prejudice?

A) scapegoating
B) authoritarianism
C) just-world phenomenon
D) unequal status

Question 51

Ingroup bias can be promoted

A) by the mere experience of people's being formed into groups.
B) only by the consistent lesson that other groups are inferior.
C) only by the repeated experience that one's ingroup is superior.
D) only by direct competition between ingroup and outgroups.

Question 52

Which of 14-year-old Katya's following statements clearly reflects an aspect of her social identity?

A) "I am fun-loving."
B) "I want to be a social worker."
C) "I am Canadian."
D) all of these choices.

Question 53

A group that is perceived as distinctive from one's own group is generally called

A) an outgroup.
B) a low-status group.
C) a minimal group.
D) ingroup favouritism.

Question 54

Gordon Allport concluded, "The role of ______________ is paradoxical. It makes prejudice and it unmakes prejudice."

A) power
B) religion
C) self-esteem
D) education

Question 55

Contemporary studies of right-wing authoritarians by Bob Altemeyer at the University of Manitoba confirm that there are individuals whose fears and hostilities surface as _______________.

A) discrimination
B) prejudice
C) enthocentrism
D) none of these choices

Question 56

According to social identity theory, people readily

A) categorize themselves and others.
B) identify with certain groups.
C) compare their group with other groups.
D) all of these choices.

Question 57

Realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises

A) whenever people try to live together.
B) when a new group moves into an area.
C) between groups who fail to communicate clearly with each other.
D) when groups compete for scarce resources.

Question 58

Conformity

A) maintains gender prejudice.
B) maintains stereotypes.
C) cultural attitudes.
D) none of these choices.

Question 59

Schools reinforce

A) dominant cultural attitudes.
B) cultural intuitions.
C) attitudes.
D) prejudice.

Question 60

According to the text,

A) religion causes prejudice.
B) prejudice causes religion.
C) religion and prejudice are correlated.
D) the relationship between religion and prejudice depends on how we ask the question.

Question 61

The tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called

A) the justification effect.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) the peace phenomenon.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 62

Meindl and Lerner found that ______________ provoked English-speaking Canadian students to express increased hostility toward French-speaking Canadians.

A) a happy event
B) an unhappy event
C) a humiliating experience
D) an uplifting experience

Question 63

According to researchers who study stereotyping, prejudicial reactions

A) are inevitable.
B) are not inevitable.
C) correlate with fatigue.
D) none of these choices.

Question 64

Stereotyping is more likely to occur when

A) we are not preoccupied.
B) we are not pressed for time.
C) we are tired.
D) we are not emotionally aroused.

Question 65

Ingroup bias will result when the groups formed

A) share at least one demographic characteristic (e.g., racial identity).
B) share a birthday.
C) share the last digit in their social insurance number.
D) all of these choices.

Question 66

The just-world assumption

A) takes into account uncontrollable factors and prevents discrimination.
B) discounts the uncontrollable factors that can derail one's efforts.
C) has nothing to do with discrimination.
D) has nothing to do with people's negative evaluations of others.

Question 67

In ______________, prejudice is often greater among those low or slipping on the socioeconomic ladder and among those whose positive self-image is being threatened.

A) Europe
B) North America
C) Africa
D) Both A and B

Question 68

Women who are victims of sexual assault are often perceived as "to blame" in some way for what happened to them. This type of thinking reflects how our impressions can be shaped by

A) the just-world phenomenon.
B) the justification effect.
C) impression management theory.
D) antagonism management.

Question 69

The perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup members is called

A) self-perception.
B) racial categorization.
C) outgroup homogeneity effect.
D) homogeneity of variance.

Question 70

Patricia Devine suggests that even for the low-prejudice person, overcoming prejudice is like learning to

A) break a bad habit.
B) play a musical instrument.
C) write a novel.
D) walk a tightrope.

Question 71

A Black in an otherwise White group, a man in an otherwise female group, or a woman in an otherwise male group seems

A) less prominent than the others in the group.
B) less responsible for what is happening in the group.
C) to have both fewer good and fewer bad qualities than others in the group.
D) none of these choices.

Question 72

According to the text,

A) outgroup stereotypes prosper when people keenly feel their ingroup identity.
B) at a club meeting we sense most strongly our differences from those in another club.
C) when anticipating bias against our group we more strongly disparage the outgroup
D) all of these choices.

Question 73

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Categorization can provide useful information about people with minimum effort.
B) It is difficult to resist categorizing people into groups.
C) Categorization provides a cognitive foundation for prejudice.
D) All of these choices.

Question 74

Research suggests that we are most prone to ingroup bias when

A) the ingroup is lower in status than the outgroup.
B) one's self-esteem has just been threatened.
C) we identify very strongly with the ingroup.
D) all of these choices.

Question 75

In general, the greater our familiarity with a social group, the more we see its

A) members as similar.
B) flaws rather than its strengths.
C) diversity.
D) strengths rather than its flaws.

Question 76

Olivia and Joanne are in a psychology experiment. The researcher divides the girls and the other participants into two groups, Team Y and Team Z, by the flip of a coin. Research suggest that dividing groups in the two teams with no logical basis will

A) produce strong ingroup bias and resulting overt between-group prejudice.
B) produce some ingroup bias as people define "us" versus "them" groups
C) not produce bias as there is no basis for the division.
D) not produce any prejudice at all.

Question 77

According to Mikulincer and Shaver (2001), when the need to belong is met,

A) people are just as aggressive.
B) people are just as discriminating.
C) people become more accepting of outgroups.
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 78

Team spirit for the Edmonton Oilers is never as high as it is when they play their top rivals the Calgary Flames. According to your text, this type of ingroup bias most likely results because

A) we have a need to perceive our own group as good.
B) the fans are conflicted between good hockey and team loyalty.
C) the fans are conforming to group norms.
D) perception of a common enemy unites a group.

Question 79

Rich and Steve find out that they share the same birthday. Steve and Bill discover they're from the same hometown. Bill and Bob are both men. Which of these similarities is a sufficient basis for promoting ingroup bias?

A) sharing the same hometown
B) being of the same sex
C) none of them are sufficient to promote ingroup bias
D) all of them are sufficient for promoting ingroup bias

Question 80

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Stereotyped beliefs and prejudiced attitudes exist because of social conditioning.
B) Stereotyped beliefs and prejudiced attitudes exist because they enable people to displace hostilities.
C) Stereotyped beliefs and prejudiced attitudes exist as by-products of normal thinking processes.
D) All of these choices.