Deck 2: The Self in a Social World

Question 1

Baldwin and his colleagues (1989) found that subliminal priming influences self-evaluations. They found that Catholic women who were invested in their faith rated themselves lower on various dimensions of their self-concept when exposed to a subliminal picture of a frowning Pope, relative to a frowning stranger or blank image. This study is an example of

A) controlled processing.
B) automatic processing.
C) naturalistic processing.
D) explicit processing.

Answer 1

automatic processing.

Question 2

Nisbett and Schacter (1966) investigated whether people who were given a fake pill that supposedly gave them reactions mimicking those of being electrocuted would tolerate more shock than those who did not take any pills. They found that

A) people given the fake pill took two times as much shock.
B) people given the fake pill took three times as much shock.
C) people given the fake pill took four times as much shock.
D) people given the fake pill could tolerate less shock than those that did not take the pill.

Answer 2

people given the fake pill took four times as much shock.

Question 3

According to research in your text, people overestimate the enduring impact of emotion-causing negative events. For example,

A) people tested for HIV predict that they will feel misery over bad news and elation over good news, but research shows that five weeks later it is more likely for the bad news recipients to be less distraught than the good news recipients.
B) people tested for HIV predict that they will feel misery over bad news and elation over good news, but research shows that five weeks later the bad news recipients are more distraught than they anticipated and the good news recipients are not as elated as they thought they will be.
C) people tested for HIV predict that they will feel misery over bad news and elation over good news, but research shows that five weeks later the bad news recipients are more distraught than they anticipated originally and the good news recipients more elated than they thought they will be.
D) people tested for HIV predict that they will feel misery over bad news and elation over good news, but research shows that five weeks later it is more unlikely for the bad news recipients to be less distraught than the good news recipients.

Answer 3

people tested for HIV predict that they will feel misery over bad news and elation over good news, but research shows that five weeks later it is more likely for the bad news recipients to be less distraught than the good news recipients.

Question 4

The most researched topic in psychology today is

A) the self.
B) attitudes.
C) cultural influence.
D) problem solving.

Question 5

A research participant who suffered brain injury and whose vision has been reduced by the injury is shown a bunch of stimuli that could be perceived if she had normal vision. She is then tested on her accuracy of remembering the position of the objects as shown during the testing. She gets them all right. This is an example of

A) emotional reaction.
B) schema thinking.
C) self-knowledge.
D) blindsight.

Question 6

According to the text, several researchers investigated the effects of people's intuition about what factors affect their mood. Their results show that

A) there is a high correlation between people's perceptions of how well a factor predicted their mood and how well it actually did so
B) there is low correlation between people's perceptions of how well a factor predicted their mood and how well it actually did so
C) there is a moderate correlation between people's perceptions of how well a factor predicted their mood and how well it actually did so
D) there is no correlation what so ever between people's perceptions of how well a factor predicted their mood and how well it actually did so

Question 7

Which of the following is a practical implication of findings discussed in the chapter on the self?

A) The sincerity with which people report their experience is one useful indicator of their testimony's accuracy.
B) Self-reports are less erroneous and more trustworthy than the reports of external observers.
C) The persuasiveness of personal testimonies is highly predictive of their accuracy.
D) Introspective self-reports are often untrustworthy.

Question 8

Your description of what qualities encompass who you are defines your

A) self-esteem.
B) possible self.
C) self-concept.
D) social identity.

Question 9

Wilson et al. (1989; 2002) found that

A) people's expressed attitudes toward things, situations, or people usually do not predict later behaviour well, nor does the overanalysis of their feelings.
B) people's expressed attitudes toward things, situations, or people usually do not predict later behaviour well, and overanalysis of their feelings also renders future behaviour predictions useless.
C) people's expressed attitudes toward things, situations, or people usually predict later behaviour well, as does the overanalysis of their feelings.
D) people's expressed attitudes toward things, situations, or people usually predict later behaviour well; overanalysis of their feelings, however, renders future behaviour predictions useless.

Question 10

Which of the following represents and example of automatic thinking?

A) explicit recollections
B) emotional reactions
C) reciting a poem
D) naming all prime ministers of Canada

Question 11

According to research cited in your text, people have difficulty predicting

A) the intensity of their future emotions.
B) the duration of their future emotions.
C) the intensity and duration of their future emotions.
D) any behaviour.

Question 12

Carlos often thinks about his future and looks forward to graduating, getting married, and having children. He feels strongly that these events will make him a very happy man and he will feel a deep sense of contentment and satisfaction. According to the research by Wilson and Gilbert (2003) that has found that people often mispredict how they will feel at some point in the future, Carlos' beliefs about his future happiness

A) will be accurate because he knows himself and his feelings very well.
B) have no relationship to how he will actually feel in the future.
C) will be more accurate than his friend's predictions of how happy these events would make Carlos.
D) will not be accurate because we are vulnerable to the impact bias.

Question 13

Research suggests that drawing people's attention to ____________ diminishes the usefulness of attitude reports in predicting behaviours driven by ____________.

A) values underlying their behaviour; self-esteem
B) reasons for their behaviour; feelings
C) feelings underlying their behaviour; physical safety
D) reasons for their behaviour; cognitions

Question 14

The text book defines the type of thinking that is reflective, deliberate, and conscious as

A) self-schema
B) automatic
C) controlled
D) implicit

Question 15

Popular advocates of intuitive thinking believe that when judging others and ourselves we should

A) tap into the resources of our right brain.
B) tune into our hunches.
C) listen to our premonitions.
D) all of the above.

Question 16

Gilbert and his colleagues (2004) report that

A) major trauma can be much more distressing than minor routine irritations (e.g., getting caught in traffic each morning on your way to work).
B) major negative events can be less enduringly distressing than minor irritations.
C) major negative events are just as hard to endure as minor irritations.
D) we are not resilient to intense emotional experiences.

Question 17

According to the text, people

A) err frequently when predicting the fate of their relationships.
B) make accurate predictions when it comes to predicting the fate of their relationships.
C) receive less accurate than their own from parents and roommates when it comes to predicting the fate of their relationships.
D) are likely less accurate when predicting negative behaviours than positive behaviours.

Question 18

Jan waited weeks to learn if she would land her dream job, then found out that she did get the job. When she finally starts the new job, which scenario is most likely to be true?

A) She is much happier than she had expected.
B) She is less happy than she had expected.
C) She is more worried about her performance than she had expected.
D) She is less happy than if she had not gotten the job.

Question 19

Epley and Dunning (2000) discovered that we can

A) better predict people's behaviour by asking them to predict others' actions rather than their own.
B) better predict people's behaviour by asking them to talk about their behaviour in the past.
C) better predict people's behaviour by asking them what their behaviour is going to be.
D) not predict people's behaviour irrespective of what strategy we use.

Question 20

Why might a large-scale survey not be the best method for a social psychologist to study self-knowledge?

A) It is too difficult to achieve a truly representative sample.
B) One cannot reach cause-and-effect conclusions through survey research.
C) It is impossible to measure a person's self-knowledge.
D) Self-report data are often unreliable.

Question 21

The notion that we often have implicit attitudes that differ from our explicit attitudes defines the concept of

A) an independent self-construal.
B) dissonance.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) dual attitudes.

Question 22

Emily and her two sisters are all musicians. According to research on the self-esteem maintenance model, Emily will be most motivated to act in ways that maintain her own self-esteem if

A) she is the best musician of the three.
B) her older sister is a better musician than she is.
C) her younger sister is a better musician than she is.
D) of the three, she is the least interested in a music career.

Question 23

According to ____________ theory, a ballet dancer who excelled during her time with a local dance company may find her self-esteem threatened once she joins a nationally famous dance company.

A) social identity
B) self-monitoring
C) social comparison
D) self-schema

Question 24

A person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth constitutes his or her

A) self-efficacy.
B) self-awareness.
C) possible self.
D) self-esteem.

Question 25

Jessica attends a friend's wedding wearing last year's fashions. Jessica feels as if everyone is looking at her and noticing her dress, and as a result, feels very self-conscious and uncomfortable. Her self-evaluations are related to the concepts of

A) naturalistic and self-evaluative fallacies.
B) implicit and explicit processing.
C) the looking-glass self and social comparisons.
D) social comparison and the dual attitude system.

Question 26

Our self-concept is often shaped by

A) the roles we play.
B) our successes and failures.
C) other people's judgments.
D) all of these choices.

Question 27

According to the concept of dual attitudes, although __________ attitudes may change with education and persuasion, ___________ attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits.

A) implicit; explicit
B) explicit; implicit
C) reasons; feelings
D) feelings; reasons

Question 28

Which group of people is somewhat more vulnerable to assorted clinical problems including anxiety, loneliness, and eating disorders?

A) Individualistic people.
B) People with low self-esteem.
C) People with high self-esteem.
D) Narcissistic people.

Question 29

In an experiment by Bushman and Baumeister (1998), high-self-esteem individuals who had previously been criticized by their opponent were

A) more likely to lose a reaction time game with that person.
B) more likely to win a reaction time game with that person.
C) exceptionally aggressive after beating their opponent (compared to those with low self-esteem).
D) less aggressive after beating their opponent (compared to those with low self-esteem).

Question 30

Children that have just learned how to read tend to have more positive school self-concepts in classes with fewer students that know how to read. This fact reflects

A) the self-reference effect.
B) self-handicapping.
C) self-concept
D) social comparison processes.

Question 31

Monica was participating in a psychology experiment and was asked to discuss her sense of who she is. She mentioned that she is a psychology major, volleyball player, Canadian, woman, daughter, sister, and a volunteer. This definition of who Monica is best encompasses her

A) social comparisons.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-concept.
D) social identity.

Question 32

We come to know ourselves in part by looking at others and evaluating our abilities and opinions in light of those others. This process is known as

A) social comparison.
B) social identity.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) self-esteem.

Question 33

Research on self-knowledge suggests that

A) you are the best judge of how your romantic relationship will turn out.
B) your mother is a better judge than you of how your romantic relationship will turn out.
C) your romantic partner is the best judge of how your romantic relationship will turn out.
D) None of these choices.

Question 34

Cooley (1902) argued that we come to know ourselves by seeing our reflection in how we appear to others. Other people's judgments, then, help to shape what he called

A) the social self.
B) the perceived self.
C) the looking-glass self.
D) self-appraisal.

Question 35

In your first year of university, it appeared that all your professors thought you were a very competent student. As a result, you enter second year confident of your academic abilities. This is an example of

A) the self-referencing effect.
B) the looking-glass self.
C) the self-monitoring effect.
D) the self-serving bias.

Question 36

According to the text, which people are more likely to be shy, modest, and self-effacing?

A) People with low self-esteem.
B) People with high self-esteem.
C) Depressed people.
D) Individualistic people.

Question 37

According to research by Abraham Tesser, who among the following is likely to have the strongest motive for self-esteem maintenance?

A) An adult whose spouse depends on him or her for support.
B) An adult whose opposite-sex sibling has been fired from his or her job.
C) A child whose parents have moderate hopes for him or her.
D) An older child whose younger sibling is very talented.

Question 38

If you wanted to improve the self-evaluations of your sales staff, when would be the best time to show them a video celebrating the achievements of a top sales representative?

A) When they are being newly trained for the job.
B) After their first few months on the job.
C) After at least one year on the job.
D) All of these choices.

Question 39

Baumeister and colleagues (2003) have researched the "dark side of self-esteem" and found that individuals with low self-esteem, when feeling bad or threatened, are more likely to

A) notice and remember others' worst behaviours and to think others don't love them.
B) internalize their feelings and act aggressively towards themselves.
C) portray themselves as having high self-esteem in attempts to deny or overcome their feelings.
D) act aggressively against others in order to conceal their inner insecurities and feel a sense of control over their situation.

Question 40

Which group of people is more likely to be obnoxious, to interrupt, and to talk at people rather than with them?

A) People with low self-esteem.
B) People with high self-esteem.
C) Depressed people.
D) Individualistic people.

Question 41

Jordan and colleagues (2003, 2005) have found that individuals have two forms of self-esteem: explicit and implicit. When individuals show a high explicit self-esteem but negative implicit views of themselves, they are said to have ___________ self-esteem. On the other hand, high explicit self-esteem and positive implicit views are associated with _________ self-esteem.

A) fragile; secure
B) self-defeating; self-inflating
C) incongruent; congruent
D) unrealistic; realistic

Question 42

Low self-esteem predicts increased risk of drug abuse, some forms of delinquency, and

A) schizophrenia.
B) depression.
C) personality disorders.
D) child abuse.

Question 43

James is a highly narcissistic male with a big ego. He participates in a psychology experiment where he first received negative feedback from another student about his performance on a writing task, and then played a game against this student and won. As a result of winning, James was given the task of deciding the intensity and duration of an aversive auditory stimulus that would be played to the other student. According to research, James would have administered ________ auditory torture compared to people with normal self-esteem because wounded pride motivates ___________.

A) the same amount of; humility.
B) more; retaliation.
C) less; embarrassment.
D) no; shame.

Question 44

When they find their favourable self-esteem threatened, people often react by

A) putting others down, sometimes with violence
B) telling a lie
C) crying
D) laughing

Question 45

We are more likely to be conscious of our social identity when our social group

A) is in the majority.
B) is in the minority.
C) is esteemed by others.
D) is threatened.

Question 46

Which people are less likely to inflate those who like them and berate those who don't?

A) Those with low self-esteem
B) Competitive people
C) Those with secure self-esteem
D) Those with need for achievement

Question 47

Research indicates that people with high self-esteem tend to

A) be very modest when explaining their successes.
B) note that there are as many weaknesses as there are strengths in their own group.
C) see others' strengths as more important than their own.
D) none of these choices.

Question 48

Jenny, who has low self-esteem, has also recently experienced difficulties in her relationship with her boyfriend Travis. She

A) does not appreciate the love and affection Travis feels toward her, and lacks security in their relationship.
B) does not appreciate the love and affection Travis feels toward her, but feels secure in their relationship.
C) appreciates the love and affection Travis feels toward her, but lacks security in their relationship.
D) appreciates the love and affection Travis feels toward her, and feels secure in their relationship.

Question 49

Which people are more often found defending the victims of bullying?

A) Those with low self-esteem
B) Those with defensive self-esteem
C) Those with high self-esteem
D) Those with secure self-esteem

Question 50

The aspect of our self-concept that comes from our group memberships is called

A) collective efficacy.
B) social identity.
C) personal identity.
D) social comparison.

Question 51

According to social identity theory, when is Rose most likely to be aware of being female?

A) on a date with her boyfriend.
B) at a night-club with her female friends.
C) at home with her brothers and sisters.
D) at a piano recital with her male friends.

Question 52

Imagine that John is a white man attending a multi-racial support group for stay-at-home-parents. There are 40% Whites, 30% Blacks, and 30% Hispanics attending. Ninety percent of the group are mothers. John is most likely to be conscious of his identity as

A) a parent.
B) a White person.
C) a man.
D) an unemployed person.

Question 53

In response to a threat to self-esteem, high-self-esteem people become considerably more

A) co-operative.
B) altruistic.
C) antagonistic.
D) individualistic.

Question 54

Which groups of people is most likely to exhibit a defensive, self-aggrandizing form of self-esteem?

A) Depressed people
B) Individualistic people
C) Those with need for achievement
D) Bullies

Question 55

When facing failure, high-self-esteem people sustain their self-worth by

A) perceiving other people as failing, too, and by exaggerating their superiority over others.
B) perceiving themselves as interdependent and thus as only part of a larger group effort.
C) engaging in altruistic acts.
D) refusing to think about the failure and by practising self-forgetfulness.

Question 56

According to the text, when a youth with a big ego is threatened or deflated by social rejection, he or she is

A) potentially dangerous.
B) potentially an altruistic person.
C) in danger of mental disorders.
D) in danger of suicide.

Question 57

Which people, when feeling bad or threatened, are more likely to notice and remember others worst behaviours and to think their partners don't love them?

A) people with low self-esteem.
B) people with high self-esteem.
C) competitive people.
D) individualistic people.

Question 58

Which people feel secure self-worth without seeking to be the centre of attention?

A) Those with low self-esteem
B) Those with high self-esteem
C) Those with need for achievement
D) Those with high self-esteem (and positive implicit views)

Question 59

Teen gang leaders, extreme ethnocentrists, and terrorists tend to

A) have higher than average self-esteem.
B) suffer from schizophrenia.
C) suffer from depression.
D) have lower than average self-esteem.

Question 60

Teen males who engage in sexual activity at an "inappropriately young age" tend to

A) suffer from depression.
B) suffer from schizophrenia.
C) have higher than average self-esteem.
D) have lower than average self-esteem.

Question 61

Which of the following situations best portrays learned helplessness?

A) Feeling frightened about starting university after a successful high school career.
B) Feeling depressed after failing your first exam in university.
C) Not trying to make friends at university because you couldn't make friends in high school.
D) Avoiding the purchase of lottery tickets because you've never won in the past.

Question 62

In a musical performance, Ayube makes a small mistake. Research on the self-reference effect suggests Ayube will

A) underestimate how much the audience noticed.
B) overestimate how much the audience noticed.
C) feel like he is a failure.
D) act as though it did not occur.

Question 63

The top-down view of self-esteem holds that

A) people with generally high self-esteem are more likely to accept their specific attributes.
B) people with positive specific attributes are more likely to have high self-esteem.
C) people with low self-esteem are more likely to accept their specific attributes.
D) people with positive specific attributes are more likely to struggle with low self-esteem.

Question 64

According to the "top-down" theory of global self-esteem, if Jerzy feels _______ about himself in general, he is likely to feel _________ about his ability to pass an exam.

A) positive; positive
B) positive; negative
C) negative; positive
D) either B or C

Question 65

Our perceiving ourselves as musical, intellectual, artistic, or assertive constitutes our

A) egocentric beliefs.
B) interdependent self.
C) self-schemas.
D) self-references.

Question 66

The images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future constitute our ___________ selves.

A) unlikely
B) imaginary
C) future
D) possible

Question 67

After moving into a nursing home and experiencing little control over his daily schedule, Mr. Roark became apathetic, stopped eating, and even seemed to lose the will to live. Mr. Roark's reaction most clearly illustrates

A) learned helplessness.
B) the interdependent self.
C) self-handicapping.
D) internal locus of control.

Question 68

When information is relevant to our self-concepts, we process it quickly and remember it well. This is concept is referred to as

A) self-handicapping.
B) self-actualization.
C) false uniqueness.
D) self-reference.

Question 69

Martin Seligman notes a basic similarity between learned helplessness in dogs and _____________ in people.

A) conformity
B) collective efficacy
C) schizophrenia
D) depression

Question 70

People who learn a sense of helplessness by suppressing forbidden thoughts

A) tend to follow the group's direction when given unsolvable puzzles.
B) tend to become highly aggressive.
C) more readily take the initiative to complete the puzzles.
D) subsequently quit faster when given unsolvable puzzles.

Question 71

John works out everyday. He also tends to notice others' bodies and athletic skills. Compared to Tim, who never works out and doesn't pay any attention to others' physiques, John probably has

A) "athletic" as part of his self-schema.
B) a higher self-reference effect.
C) less self-handicapping.
D) more positive possible selves.

Question 72

The bottom-up view of self-esteem means

A) people have high self-esteem when they feel good in particular domains important to their self-esteem.
B) people who value themselves in a general way - those with high self-esteem are more likely to accept their looks and abilities.
C) self-esteem has multiple causes.
D) self-evaluation happens before self-esteem.

Question 73

Baumeister and Exline (2000) suggest that self-control

A) operates like an engine: it needs fuel to keep it going.
B) operates like muscular strength: it's weaker immediately after exertion but strengthened with exercise.
C) operates like a finite resource: once used up, it cannot be replenished.
D) none of these choices.

Question 74

Prisoners given some control over their environments (e.g., being able to move chairs, control TV sets, and switch the lights)

A) become more manipulative of prison officials over time.
B) commit less vandalism.
C) experience greater stress and more health problems.
D) experience stronger guilt feelings over past misconduct.

Question 75

Langer and Rodin found that nursing home residents improved in alertness, activity, and happiness if they were

A) cared for by professionals who met all their needs.
B) cared for by affectionate, sympathetic volunteers.
C) periodically transported to visit close friends and relatives.
D) asked to make personal choices and given responsibilities to fulfill.

Question 76

The experience of repeated uncontrollable bad events contributes to

A) an internal locus of control.
B) an interdependent self.
C) learned helplessness.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 77

The self-reference effect illustrates that

A) our sense of self is at the centre of our world.
B) self-efficacy promotes achievement.
C) individualism leads to social isolation.
D) most of us suffer from a negative self-image.

Question 78

Although you heard your teacher give everyone in your group feedback about your group presentation, you can really only recall her comments about your own particular role. Why might this be?

A) Your personal identity is most important to you.
B) Your social identity is most important to you.
C) You are engaging in social comparison behaviour.
D) You are engaging in self-referencing behaviour.

Question 79

Given that every time he falls in love with a woman he gets dumped no matter how hard he tries to please her, John has decided not to get involved in any love relationships with women. John's behaviour most clearly demonstrates

A) self-serving bias.
B) unrealistic optimism.
C) learned helplessness.
D) a self-monitoring tendency.

Question 80

Psychologists would consider your dream of becoming a famous politician and your recurrent fear of being unemployed to be part of your

A) self-esteem.
B) possible self.
C) anticipatory self.
D) unlikely self.