Deck 11: Sources of Prejudice

Question 1

Research suggests that randomly assigned college roommates

A) will most likely become friends.
B) will likely be unhappy about the assignment and come to dislike each other.
C) are as likely to become enemies as they are to become friends.
D) will show initial attraction that fades over time.

Answer 1

will most likely become friends.

Question 2

The need for mutual attachments meant survival for our ancestors. This need

A) is at the core of our existence and thus is characteristic of people everywhere.
B) is largely a 20th century motive that is most evident in industrialized societies.
C) is a learned motive serving our more fundamental need for self-esteem.
D) conflicts with our more basic need to survive.

Answer 2

is at the core of our existence and thus is characteristic of people everywhere.

Question 3

According to Zajonc's studies on the mere exposure effect,

A) novel stimuli are liked more after the rater has been made familiar to them.
B) novel stimuli elicit anxiety even when repeatedly introduced.
C) novel stimuli are always liked upon being introduced.
D) none of these choices.

Answer 3

novel stimuli are liked more after the rater has been made familiar to them.

Question 4

Darley and Berscheid gave university women ambiguous information about two other women. Asked how much they liked each other, the participants reported feeling more attracted to the person whom they

A) expected they would probably not meet.
B) expected they would eventually meet.
C) had read about first.
D) had read about second.

Question 5

Anticipatory liking-expecting that someone will be pleasant and compatible-increases the chance of

A) becoming involved in an inequitable relationship.
B) a dysfunctional, co-dependent relationship.
C) being exploited in the early stages of a relationship.
D) a rewarding relationship.

Question 6

One factor that will increase the likelihood that a friendship will develop is

A) the degree to which their interests compliment yours.
B) how often your paths cross.
C) avoiding repetitious exposure.
D) all of these choices.

Question 7

According to textbook, in social relations, ostracism refers to

A) our need to belong to a group.
B) the act of excluding or ignoring an individual or individuals.
C) the motivation to bond with others
D) the avoidance of social relationship.

Question 8

Rachel notices that the woman ahead of her in line at the grocery store is the same woman who she saw at the mailbox that morning. The next day on her way to work Rachel sees the same woman coming out of the new apartment building across the street. According to ___________, Rachel has a good chance of ______________ this woman.

A) the reward theory of attraction; becoming a romantic rival of
B) the idea of functional distance; becoming friends with
C) the contrast effect; comparing herself to this woman
D) the derived emotion theory; feeling good when she sees

Question 9

According to the text, if you just moved into a new place where you don't know anybody and you are an extravert, it is likely you will make friends with

A) Brian, your next-door neighbour.
B) John, a chemistry major who lives across campus.
C) Michael, an introvert who lives on the next floor.
D) Stuart, a student who lives off campus and who loves dogs.

Question 10

Functional distance refers to

A) the natural geographic route between two locations.
B) the distance between residences "as the crow flies."
C) how often people's paths cross.
D) the direction and route of travel one undertakes when deliberately seeking out a given person.

Question 11

The mere-exposure effect refers to

A) the tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more after repeated exposure to them.
B) the novelty phenomenon.
C) display liking.
D) proactive stimulation.

Question 12

A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions is the definition for

A) association anxiety.
B) the need for attachment.
C) the need to belong.
D) affiliative predisposition.

Question 13

Williams and colleagues (2000) found that "cyberostracism" (feeling ignored in a chat room or when your email is not answered) led to

A) negative mood and pain.
B) aggression.
C) hysteria.
D) confabulation.

Question 14

Research has demonstrated that experiencing social ostracism evokes a brain response similar to that triggered by

A) fear.
B) depression.
C) anger.
D) physical pain.

Question 15

Twenge and her colleagues (2002) found that

A) people who feel socially excluded become not only more likely to engage in self-defeating behaviours but also more likely to disparage or deliver a blast of noise to someone who had insulted them.
B) people who feel socially excluded become humbled by the experience and express kindness to those who push them away.
C) people who feel socially excluded respond calmly to the exclusion and accept the outcome as it unfolds.
D) both A and B are correct.

Question 16

Spencer just moved to Vancouver from Halifax to start his bachelor's degree. He doesn't know anyone in Vancouver, and has a hard time making friends because he is so shy. He really misses his friends and family from back home, and finds himself thinking of them often. He starts to feel lonely and depressed, and withdraws more from his new surroundings. This example best demonstrates

A) how depression can result from social ostracism.
B) that relocation can be difficult depending on personality.
C) the power of the need to belong and feelings experienced when this need is unmet.
D) proximity is not the strongest predictor of friendships.

Question 17

According to Williams's (2000) study of ostracism in social relation, cyber-ostracism means

A) finding friends on the Internet.
B) feeling attachment to others on the Internet.
C) feeling ignored in a chat room or when our email goes unanswered.
D) avoiding social interaction on the Internet.

Question 18

If you are new in the office and want to make new friends, your best bet is to get a desk

A) that is smaller than that of anyone else.
B) in the quietest corner of the office.
C) near the coffeepot.
D) next to the air conditioner.

Question 19

The text suggests that our tendency to like people with whom we need to have continuing interactions even though we may not have chosen them

A) short-circuits critical thinking.
B) leads to inefficient use of time.
C) is adaptive.
D) demonstrates how the need to belong becomes dysfunctional.

Question 20

You feel ambivalent about your brother's new girlfriend, but you want to like her. According to the text you should

A) think about pleasant conversations you could have with the girlfriend when you next see her.
B) think about how much you liked your brother's last girlfriend.
C) talk to your mother about the girlfriend.
D) think about all the things you dislike about her, and tell yourself that they are unimportant.

Question 21

The mere-exposure effect will be stronger

A) when people perceive stimuli without awareness.
B) if the repetitions are incessant rather than distributed over time.
C) if one's initial reactions to the stimulus are negative.
D) for animate than for inanimate objects.

Question 22

The tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits defines the

A) attractiveness phenomenon.
B) matching phenomenon.
C) mere exposure effect.
D) None of the above

Question 23

Robert Zajonc found that the mere-exposure effect works with which of the following stimuli?

A) nonsense syllables
B) people's faces
C) musical selections
D) all of these choices

Question 24

In experiments by Robert Zajonc and his coworkers, participants were exposed to brief novel passages of music while they focused their attention on other tasks. Results indicated that mere exposure leads to liking

A) only when the exposed stimulus is task-related.
B) only when people are consciously attending to the exposed stimulus.
C) even when people are unaware of what they have been exposed to.
D) unless background stimuli create a distraction and interfere with the processing of the task.

Question 25

A university student notices that an election for school president is being held. He has seen posters for L. V. Smith around campus, but he doesn't know anything else about the candidates who are running. He will likely choose the candidate named L. V. Smith instead of the one named W. P. Daoust because of

A) the mere-exposure effect.
B) his preference for men over women.
C) his reactance against his need for originality.
D) none of these choices.

Question 26

Elaine Hatfield and her coworkers matched University of Minnesota freshmen for a Welcome Week computer dance. When the students were asked to evaluate their dates, what determined whether they liked each other?

A) similarity of values
B) similarity of academic competence
C) physical attractiveness
D) common family background

Question 27

According to research,

A) good physical matches may be conducive to good relationships.
B) those couples who were more similar in physical attractiveness were more likely, nine months later, to have fallen more deeply in love.
C) married couples are more closely matched for attractiveness
D) all of these choices.

Question 28

A political campaign booklet seems to be applying the _____________ when it says, "Repetition breeds familiarity and familiarity breeds trust."

A) matching phenomenon
B) mere-exposure effect
C) equity principle
D) disclosure reciprocity effect

Question 29

Researchers provide men and women students with various pieces of information about someone of the other sex, including a picture of the person or a brief introduction, and later ask them how interested they are in dating the participant. Results show that

A) women are as influenced by a man's looks as men are by a woman's.
B) men are somewhat more influenced by a woman's looks than women are by a man's.
C) women are somewhat more influenced by a man's looks than men are by a woman's.
D) men are influenced by a woman's looks, while women are not influenced at all by a man's looks.

Question 30

When Mita, Dermer, and Knight showed female students and their close friends photographs of the students and asked them to state their preferences among them, they found that the students themselves liked the _____ photographs best.

A) black-and-white
B) color
C) mirror-image
D) true-image

Question 31

The fact that people prefer letters appearing in their own name illustrates

A) the belongingness effect.
B) the proximity effect.
C) the mere-exposure effect.
D) the matching effect.

Question 32

A stranger rides the same bus you do to school every day. According to the mere-exposure effect, as the days pass you will come to view the stranger

A) merely as another student.
B) more unfavourably.
C) more critically.
D) more favourably.

Question 33

If Taline wanted to increase the likelihood that her teacher would like Taline's essay, she could use the mere-exposure effect in this way:

A) Make sure that the teacher graded a really good paper before she read Taline's essay.
B) Make sure that the teacher graded a really bad paper before she read Taline's essay.
C) Ask her teacher to proofread her paper a few days before the teacher reads it for grading.
D) None of these choices.

Question 34

On the basis of his research on the mere-exposure effect, Robert Zajonc argues that our emotions are often more _______________ than our thinking.

A) sophisticated
B) instantaneous and primitive
C) slowly aroused
D) complex

Question 35

The owners of a new dating service for men and women want to avoid the superficiality of photographs and physical descriptions, and match people based only on their scores on personality and aptitude tests. Given your knowledge of predicting attraction, what do you advise?

A) The owners should make sure to use reliable measures of personality to match potential partners.
B) The owners should match people based on their incomes because people are attracted to similar others.
C) The owners should match people based on the subjects they study in school.
D) The owners should match people based on their attractiveness because people tend to pair off with equally attractive others.

Question 36

Which of the following principles is supported by the research on social attraction?

A) Familiarity breeds fondness
B) Opposites attract
C) Beauty times brains equals a constant
D) Absence makes the heart grow fonder

Question 37

Men who place a personal ad that emphasizes their income and education

A) receive more responses to their ads.
B) receive fewer responses to their ads.
C) are rated as less desirable by women.
D) are more likely to attract unattractive women.

Question 38

Zajonc has demonstrated that the more times people see a foreign word, the more likely they are

A) to say it means something good.
B) to say it means something bad.
C) to dislike the word once they find out what it means.
D) to like the word, but only after they find out what it means.

Question 39

The fact that there are a disproportionate number of dentists named Dennis or Denise, and that Toronto has an excess of people whose last names begin with "Tor", demonstrates what phenomenon?

A) the naming effect.
B) the mere-exposure effect.
C) the familiarity effect.
D) the justification effect.

Question 40

A young woman's physical attractiveness is a moderately good predictor of

A) how frequently she dates.
B) her ultimate educational level.
C) her marital happiness.
D) All of these choices

Question 41

Mary is quite attractive (a 4 on a 5-point scale), but Liz is strikingly attractive (a 5 on a 5-point scale). Research suggests that if Mary makes $35,000 a year on her job, Liz will probably make ____________ doing the same job.

A) $33,000
B) $35,000
C) $37,000
D) $70,000

Question 42

The physical-attractiveness stereotype refers to the idea that

A) what is beautiful is good.
B) beauty is only skin deep.
C) beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
D) beauty fades, personality lasts.

Question 43

According to the text people across cultures tend to ___________ in terms of who is and who is not attractive.

A) agree
B) disagree
C) strongly agree
D) strongly disagree

Question 44

According to evolutionary psychology, in general, men prefer women

A) with external resources and capable of providing physical protection.
B) with attractive physical features and a healthy appearance.
C) who exhibit aggressive behaviour.
D) who are jealous.

Question 45

Studies of computer composites of faces show that

A) perfectly average is quite attractive.
B) perfectly average is quite unattractive.
C) modest caricatures of attractive features are quite unattractive.
D) None of these choices.

Question 46

According to the text, attractiveness probably most affects

A) long-term romantic relationships.
B) first impressions.
C) the likelihood of academic success.
D) co-habiting couples rather than married couples.

Question 47

Daniel is in a psychology experiment where he is shown a bunch of words as stimuli and is supposed to categorize them as "good" or "bad" as quickly as possible. Although he doesn't know it, he is also very briefly (below the threshold of perception) shown an image of an attractive or unattractive face prior to the presentation of each word. What type of face will be associated with the fastest response time for "good" words?

A) attractive
B) unattractive
C) both faces will increase reaction time due to the facial priming effect.
D) both faces will decrease reaction time will interfere with word processing.

Question 48

Cross-cultural research on attractiveness has indicated that

A) culture is the strongest factor in dictating definitions of attractiveness.
B) variations in who is attractive reflect the diversity of each particular culture.
C) there is strong agreement within and across cultures about who is and who is not attractive.
D) culture has no influence on attractiveness over individual preferences.

Question 49

Which of these situations illustrates the physical attractiveness stereotype?

A) Eve finds that classmates listen more carefully to her opinions after she has her nose straightened.
B) Chris did not have time to shave, comb his hair, or dress nicely before arriving to teach his first social psychology class. He notices that his students seem inattentive.
C) Shannon is not physically attractive, but is very happy. Few people believe her when she says how happy she is.
D) All of these choices.

Question 50

Physically dominant males gain more access to females. Over many generations this has served to enhance male aggression and dominance. This is an explanation of sex differences in behaviour favoured by

A) aggression theorists.
B) anthropologists.
C) biological psychologists.
D) evolutionary psychologists.

Question 51

Small average differences between attractive and unattractive people in areas like self-confidence and social skills are probably the result of

A) self-fulfilling prophecies.
B) personality traits that are genetically linked with physical appearance.
C) psychological reactance to social expectations.
D) social and economic differences in family background.

Question 52

According to evolutionary psychology, sex differences in behaviour is due to

A) nature selecting for people who are stronger.
B) nature selecting males more than females.
C) nature selecting for traits that make it more likely one's genes will be passed onto the next generation.
D) nature doesn't have any role in humans' sex behaviour.

Question 53

The preference for those who are physically attractive is evident among

A) adults judging adults and children.
B) children judging other children.
C) babies gazing at faces.
D) all of these choices.

Question 54

Which of the following traits is not assumed of physically attractive people?

A) intelligence
B) happiness
C) sexual warmth
D) honesty

Question 55

According to evolutionary psychology, sex differences in male and female behaviour is related to

A) mating and reproduction.
B) male and females' different mental capability.
C) male and females' adaptation with nature.
D) male and female different social roles.

Question 56

Evolutionary psychology suggests that _______________ gain more access to females.

A) more passionate males
B) stronger males
C) more attractive males
D) physically dominant males

Question 57

According to research, ______________ is quite attractive, and what's attractive therefore feels ______________ than what atypical and unattractive.

A) perfectly average; more familiar
B) below average; more familiar
C) above average; more familiar
D) above average; less familiar

Question 58

Kalick had Harvard students indicate their impressions of eight women, judging from photos taken before or after cosmetic surgery, and found that

A) presurgery women were judged to be more genuine, honest, and appealing.
B) postsurgery women were judged to be kinder and more likable.
C) presurgery women were judged to be more intelligent and competent.
D) postsurgery women were judged to be more independent and insensitive.

Question 59

Clifford and Hatfield showed fifth-grade teachers identical information about a boy or girl, with the photograph attached of an attractive or unattractive child. The teachers judged _____ as being _____.

A) attractive children; more honest and concerned about others
B) unattractive children; more independent and assertive
C) attractive children; more intelligent and successful in school
D) unattractive children; less popular but probably harder workers and better students

Question 60

Evolutionary psychologists have found that physical strength and dominance in men has been important in the past, but also that today's women prefer men ____________________ even more.

A) who are sensitive
B) with high incomes
C) who are intelligent
D) who are proportionate

Question 61

The tendency for opposites to mate or marry

A) has only been documented among teenage couples.
B) has increased in the United States since 1960.
C) is just as powerful as the similarity-attraction connection.
D) has never been reliably demonstrated.

Question 62

At a party a good host will introduce strangers by telling them each others' names and indicating something that they have in common. This demonstrates use of the

A) likeness-leads-to-liking phenomenon.
B) social facilitation effect.
C) differential sensibility phenomenon.
D) social exchange theory.

Question 63

Which of the following proverbs finds greatest support in the research on social attraction?

A) "Familiarity breeds contempt."
B) "Absence makes the heart grow fonder."
C) "You can't tell a book by its cover."
D) "Birds of a feather flock together."

Question 64

Shantelle has just finished watching the Miss Universe beauty pageant before she heads out to dinner with her friends. When she checks her appearance in the mirror, she is decides to change because she feels fat and doesn't think she looks good. Shantelle's self-perception is most likely due to

A) the proximity effect.
B) evolutionary pressures on beauty.
C) the contrast effect.
D) the social facilitation hypothesis.

Question 65

To men who have recently been viewing pornographic material, average women seem _______ attractive, confirming the _______.

A) more; contrast effect
B) more; mere exposure effect
C) less; contrast effect
D) less; mere exposure effect

Question 66

According to Norman Li's study of how we screen potential mates, the similarity between genders was that both men and women seek

A) physical attraction.
B) kindness and intelligence.
C) a younger mate.
D) a more jealous mate.

Question 67

Based on research concerning the link between love and perceived attractiveness, one might say. "The grass may be greener on the other side, but happy gardeners are

A) less likely to notice."
B) not interested in grass."
C) always flitting from flower to flower."
D) the most critical gardeners of all."

Question 68

According to the _______________ hypothesis, people are attracted to those whose needs are different in ways that complete each other.

A) accentuation
B) matching
C) complementarity
D) reciprocity

Question 69

Men everywhere tend to marry younger women. Evolutionary psychologists believe that it shows natural selection predisposes men to feel attracted to female features associated with

A) beauty.
B) external appearance.
C) physical shape.
D) fertility.

Question 70

There is no research that demonstrates ______________, despite the concept's popularity, but plenty of research that demonstrates ______________ effect.

A) the mere-exposure effect; the anticipation of interaction
B) the complementarity hypothesis; the mere-exposure
C) the contrast effect; the proximity
D) the anticipation of interaction; the complementarity

Question 71

Jen is more in love with Stan today than the day she married him. According to research on the relationship between love and perceived attractiveness,

A) Jen probably finds Stan to be more attractive today than the day she married him.
B) Jen probably finds Stan to be less attractive today than the day she married him.
C) Stan probably finds Jen less attractive today than the day he married her.
D) Stan and Jen probably see each other as equally attractive.

Question 72

Which of the following proverbs is clearly not supported by the research findings?

A) "Opposites attract."
B) "Familiarity breeds fondness."
C) "Out of sight, out of mind."
D) "Even virtue is fairer in a fair body."

Question 73

Partners may overestimate their attitude similarities due to a phenomenon called

A) the similarity hypothesis.
B) the contrast effect.
C) attitude alignment.
D) likeness-leads-to-liking effect.

Question 74

In general, dissimilar attitudes ________ liking more than similar attitudes ________ it.

A) enhance; depress
B) depress; enhance
C) encourage; discourage
D) create; prevent

Question 75

Carla went to a male strip bar one afternoon and then left to meet a man she'd just started to date. When she met her date, she felt disappointed in his __________, likely due to the ___________.

A) intelligence; herd mentality.
B) attractiveness; contrast effect.
C) attentiveness; social facilitation hypothesis.
D) attractiveness; sheer proximity.

Question 76

Research has found that both men and women prefer ___________________ that suggests health and vigour.

A) clear skin
B) a waist-to-hip ratio
C) a muscular physique
D) minimal body fat

Question 77

The increase in rates of cosmetic surgery in the United States and Canada reflects the fact that

A) standards of beauty have been evolutionarily important in attracting mates.
B) societal values change what is defined as beautiful.
C) both men and women are becoming more and more superficial.
D) beauty is the primary and most important factor in what attracts us to potential mates.

Question 78

At a party, Ellie meets Rob and Blake. The three get involved in a philosophical discussion that lasts through the evening. By the end of the evening she has discovered that she and Blake see things eye-to-eye, whereas she and Rob see things differently. All else equal, Ellie will probably

A) like Rob better.
B) like Blake better.
C) like Rob and Blake equally.
D) like a stranger she merely anticipates meeting more than either Rob or Blake.

Question 79

The evolutionary psychologists suggest that men are motivated to attain and display the sort of status and resources that

A) society asks of them.
B) they feel their family will approve of.
C) women will find attractive.
D) make them less likely to be ostracized by the group.

Question 80

According to the text, the contrast effect that makes average people feel homely in the company of beautiful people makes __________ people more conscious of their __________ in the company of cheerful people.

A) happy; misery
B) sad; misery
C) sad; happiness
D) none of these choices.