Deck 19: Population, Urbanization, and Ecology

Question 1

In demographic transition theory, what stage is characterized by high birthrates, low death rates, and a population explosion?

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 3
D) stage 4

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In 1790 approximately what percentage of the United States population lived in cities?

A) 5 percent
B) 15 percent
C) 25 percent
D) 35 percent

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In Malthusian theory, which set of variables serves as preventive checks?

A) delayed marriage or celibacy
B) war, famine, plague
C) war, celibacy, famine
D) delayed marriage, plague, famine

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What are undesirable events or situations in a country, such as drought, famine, or civil war, that encourage a population to emigrate to another country?

A) push factors
B) discriminating stimuli
C) pull factors
D) population instability

Question 5

What is the creation of a desert in what was once arable land, can be partially attributed to the loss of fresh groundwater and the destruction of natural lakes called?

A) Desertification
B) Extinction of species
C) Deforestation
D) Ozone layer

Question 6

What was Durkheim's term for a society characterized by a highly sophisticated division of labor that makes individuals interdependent with one another?

A) mechanical solidarity
B) organic solidarity
C) folk society
D) urban society

Question 7

What is the scientific study of the size, composition, distribution, and changes in human population?

A) demography
B) geography
C) political science
D) geo-economics

Question 8

What is the theory of population growth that is based on birthrates in comparison to death rates?

A) the Malthusian theory
B) the population bomb
C) the Armageddon hypothesis
D) theory of demographic transition

Question 9

Who was the founder of the Chicago School of human ecology?

A) Ferdinand Toennies
B) G. William Domhoff
C) Robert Ezra Park
D) Arthur Shostak

Question 10

In the Malthusian Theory, food supply increases ________ while population grows ________.

A) exponentially; arithmetically
B) geometrically; exponentially
C) exponentially; geometrically
D) arithmetically; exponentially

Question 11

Where was the most devastating nuclear accident that included a core meltdown and the release of radioactive fallout worldwide?

A) Three Mile Island (USA)
B) Pickering Nuclear Power Plant (Canada)
C) Monju Power Plant (Japan)
D) Chernobyl (USSR)

Question 12

What was the theory proposed in 1798 that stated the world's population would increase to the point that it would strip the available food supply?

A) Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
B) Stockholm syndrome
C) Malthusian theory
D) theory of demographic transition

Question 13

In a perfectly balanced society, what would be the sex ratio?

A) 1 male for every 100 females
B) 10 males for every 100 females
C) 100 males for every 100 females
D) 1000 males for every 100 females

Question 14

Which of the following terms BEST describes the people from Eastern Europe as they arrived at Ellis Island looking for a new home in America?

A) emigrants
B) political refugees
C) displaced persons
D) immigrants

Question 15

Who wrote the book The Population Bomb and by doing so earned the reputation of being a modern- day Malthusian?

A) Michael Burawoy
B) Arthur Shostak
C) Paul Ehrlich
D) Michael Thompson

Question 16

A city or cities and its/their surrounding suburbs with a population of 50,000 or more is called a________.

A) megalopolis
B) metropolitan statistical area
C) metropolis
D) megacity

Question 17

What was the model of urban development presented by C.D. Harris and Edward Ullman that stated cities evolve from several specialized centers that shape the character and structure of the areas surrounding them?

A) the sector model
B) the concentric zone model
C) the ecological perspective model
D)the multiple-nuclei model

Question 18

In the Malthusian theory, what is the most critical factor in population growth?

A) population density
B) available food supply
C) economic instability
D) disease

Question 19

What former vice president won critical acclaim and an Oscar for his work drawing attention to the problem of global warming?

A) Daniel Quayle
B) Hubert Humphrey
C) Al Gore
D) Walter Mondale

Question 20

What is the age cohort in the United States comprising those born roughly between 1945 and 1964?

A) Generation X
B) baby boomers
C) Generation Y
D) swing kids

Question 21

What is a rise in the earth's overall temperature due to increased exposure to ultraviolet light?

A) deforestation
B) greenhouse effect
C) desertification
D) gentrification

Question 22

Who was the Green Party candidate for president in the 2000 and 2004 elections?

A) Ross Perot
B) Pat Buchanan
C) Alan Keyes
D) Ralph Nader

Question 23

What was the model of ecological arrangement of cities developed by Ernest Burgess that utilized a series of radiating circles that spread from the central business district to the commuter zone?

A) the sector model
B) the multiple-nuclei model
C) the transition model
D) the concentric zone model

Question 24

What is a community of organisms sharing the same physical environment?

A) aqueduct
B) folk society
C) ecosystem
D) sector

Question 25

What is the movement of masses of people from rural to urban areas and an increase in urban influence over all spheres of culture and society?

A) industrialization
B) suburbanization
C) ecological transition
D) urbanization

Question 26

To be qualified as a consolidated metropolitan statistical area, what is the minimum population required?

A) 100,000
B) 500,000
C) over one million
D) five million

Question 27

A residential area surrounding a city, which expands urban lifestyles into previously rural areas, is called a suburb.

Question 28

What is a subfield of sociology that focuses on recurring spatial, social, and cultural patterns within a particular social environment?

A) sociobiology
B) human ecology
C) geo-political sociology
D) bioeconomics

Question 29

What is the creation of a desert in what was once arable land due to the loss of fresh groundwater and the destruction of natural lakes?

A) deforestation
B) the greenhouse effect
C) the polarization effect
D) desertification

Question 30

What is the form of urban rehabilitation that involves selling property in historical areas for as low as one dollar in return for the promise that it will be restored to code and utilized as a retail shop, restaurant, or single-family dwelling?

A) red lining
B) enterprise zoning
C) modernization
D) gentrification

Question 31

Where did the first cities develop approximately 4,000 years ago?

A) the Tigris-Euphrates River Valley
B) the Amazon River Basin
C) equatorial Africa in the Congo
D) along the Mekong River in Southeast Asia

Question 32

In what year was the first systematic census taken of the United States population?

A) 1790
B) 1800
C) 1810
D) 1820

Question 33

In Malthusian theory, which set of variables serves as positive checks?

A) celibacy, delayed marriage, birth control
B) celibacy, war, birth control
C) war, plague, famine
D) plague, famine, delayed marriage

Question 34

In the concentric zone model, where would one find Chinatown, Little Italy, Polish Hill, and other areas heavily populated by foreign born immigrants?

A) zone 2
B) zone 3
C) zone 4
D) zone 5

Question 35

What are the three main sources of water pollution?

A) foreign bacteria, viral contamination, recreational abuse
B) industrial discharge, viral contamination, recreational abuse
C) domestic wastewater, industrial discharge, agricultural runoff
D) viral contamination, recreational abuse, agricultural runoff

Question 36

The largest metropolitan statistical areas with populations in excess of one million people are called metropolises.

Question 37

The world's current population is approximately 6.7 billion.

Question 38

Based on the U.S. Census, the two states with the lowest percentage of population growth between 2000 and 2009 were California and Florida.

Question 39

What social scientist developed a theoretical continuum to analyze the differences between rural and urban living using the terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft?

A) Émile Durkheim
B) Ferdinand Toennies
C) Robert Redfield
D) Michael Burawoy

Question 40

Demographic transition theory is based on the relationship between population growth and the available food supply.

Question 41

The key to understanding Malthusian theory is that population grows exponentially and food supply grows arithmetically.

Question 42

Air pollution becomes less serious south of the Rio Grande River toward Mexico City.

Question 43

Drought, famine, and plague are classified as being pull factors when examining migration patterns.

Question 44

Environmentalists across the nation were elated when George W. Bush and Dick Cheney won the presidential elections in 2000 and 2004.

Question 45

Durkheim's term of a society characterized by tradition, unity, consensus of norms and values, and strong internal pressure to conform is mechanical solidarity, while his term for a society with a highly sophisticated division of labor that makes individuals interdependent with one another is organic solidarity.

Question 46

Based on demographic transition theory, the stage of transition occupied by complex industrial nations, such as the United States, is ________.

Question 47

The term used to describe how a population is dispersed geographically and the number of people per square mile is ________.

Question 48

A city, or a city and its surrounding suburbs, with a population of 50,000 or more is called a metropolitan statistical area (MSA).

Question 49

The major problem facing cities today is generating enough revenue to provide adequate services and protection for their residents.

Question 50

The theoretical model for analyzing the interdependence between human beings and the physical environment is called the ecological perspective.

Question 51

Based on Toennies theoretical continuum, a community characterized by a relatively small population, a simple division of labor, and face-to-face interaction is called ________.

Question 52

Gesellschaft is to Toennies' typologies of society as ________ is to Durkheim's model.

Question 53

The number of emigrants subtracted from the number of immigrants per 1,000 population is called ________.

Question 54

The worst nuclear accident in the United States was in Hanford, Washington, in 1979 when a nuclear power plant experienced a core meltdown.

Question 55

According to the concentric zone model, the most elegant homes and highest standard of living were found in zone one.

Question 56

Developed nations will account for a greater percentage of the world's population as we get further into the twenty-first century.

Question 57

In the 1980s and 1990s over half the population growth in the United States occurred in California, Texas, and Florida.

Question 58

The powerful chemical pesticide DDT has a serious negative effect of killing various species of birds as well as the insects it is intended to control.

Question 59

Ultraviolet light has been linked to sunburn, skin cancer, cataracts, and damage to the immune system as well as increased carbon dioxide production, which may contribute to global warming.

Question 60

The United States and parts of Western Europe have achieved zero population growth by averaging between 1.8 and 2.1 children per family.

Question 61

The subarea of sociology that identifies, studies, and explains the specific traits of urban social phenomena is called ________.

Question 62

Two or more major metropolitan areas linked politically, economically, socially, and geographically is a ________.

Question 63

The extent of human reproduction in a society is called ________.

Question 64

Identify and compare the theoretical models of rural and urban living developed by Toennies, Durkheim, and Redfield.

Question 65

What is demography and what are the population factors demographers most concentrate on?

Question 66

In the theory of demographic transition, the two variables on which the theory is based are ________ and ________.

Question 67

A major urban area that includes a large central city surrounded by several smaller incorporated cities and suburbs that join to form one large recognizable municipality is called a ________.

Question 68

Define the ecological perspective and discuss the major threats to the environment.

Question 69

Compare and contrast Malthusian theory and demographic transition theory. Which do you feel has greater validity and why?

Question 70

How did cities develop and what important factors were linked to the ability of cities to develop?