Deck 13: The Age of Dissent and Division,1500–1600

Question 1

Aside from religious motivations,many free cities in the Holy Roman Empire found Lutheranism appealing because:

A) free cities possessed enough military power to ignore the dictates of local princes and the Holy Roman Emperor.
B) Lutherans supported the construction of new monasteries, which enhanced the wealth and prestige of the merchant class.
C) town councils and guild masters could use reforms as a way to oppose local aristocrats and bishops.
D) Catholic dogma had never been too appealing to educated urban elites.
E) Lutheranism taught the same basic beliefs as the merchants of the free cities did in their guilds.

Answer 1

town councils and guild masters could use reforms as a way to oppose local aristocrats and bishops.

Question 2

Martin Luther's family background was:

A) the German peasantry; his father was a miner.
B) the German middle class; his father was a lawyer.
C) the German aristocracy; his father was a minor noble.
D) the German clergy; his father was a priest.
E) the German middle class; his father was a wool merchant.

Answer 2

the German peasantry; his father was a miner.

Question 3

Luther's doctrine of "justification by faith" meant that:

A) humans are saved by their faith in God's grace, not by the good works they do.
B) humans are saved by the good works they do.
C) faith in God can be justified by reason.
D) everyone who participates faithfully in the services of the Church will be saved.
E) faith can be justified only by the good works an individual does during his or her life.

Answer 3

humans are saved by their faith in God's grace, not by the good works they do.

Question 4

Theologically,Martin Luther was a follower of:

A) Saint Thomas Aquinas.
B) Saint Augustine of Hippo.
C) Peter Lombard.
D) Erasmus of Rotterdam.
E) Peter Abelard.

Question 5

The term Protestant was first used after:

A) Martin Luther protested against indulgences in 1517.
B) Ulrich Zwingli attacked Catholicism in Zurich in 1522.
C) Anabaptists protested the custom of infant baptism in 1525.
D) Lutherans protested the action of the German Imperial Diet of 1529.
E) the first published German Bible appeared in 1531.

Question 6

Although Luther's disputes with the Church generally dealt with matters of doctrine,he also had disputes with the papacy itself over:

A) the lifestyles of the popes themselves.
B) the means by which popes were chosen.
C) the pope's process for choosing bishops within the Germanic states.
D) his not being chosen for a bishopric in Mainz.
E) all of these

Question 7

The German Peasants' Revolt of 1525:

A) was initially supported by Martin Luther, until it became too violent.
B) was supported by Martin Luther thoroughly until its successful conclusion in November 1525.
C) did not have any impact on the religious evolution of Germany, because it was not motivated by religious issues.
D) was ruthlessly suppressed by the emperor Charles V.
E) cemented the alliance of Lutheranism with state power.

Question 8

Martin Luther joined the ___ monastic order.

A) Franciscan
B) Dominican
C) Augustinian
D) Cistercian
E) Benedictine

Question 9

Following his own advice to other former priests and monks,Martin Luther married former nun:

A) Teresa of Avila.
B) Katharina von Bora.
C) Francis Xavier.
D) Teresa of the Andes.
E) Hildegard of Bingen.

Question 10

One reason why Luther was able to win great public support for his position was the introduction of:

A) new sacraments into his religious worship.
B) printed pamphlets to disseminate his views.
C) married clergy.
D) additional feast days into the religious calendar.
E) redistribution of Church lands to the peasants.

Question 11

Luther received support from German princes for a number of reasons,such as:

A) the economic impact of the confiscation of Church lands.
B) their ability to enforce the religion of Luther in their lands.
C) the political advantage they would gain from turning away from Rome.
D) the personal religious beliefs of the individual princes.
E) all of these

Question 12

Luther's religious reforms included all of the following EXCEPT:

A) reducing the number of sacraments from seven to two.
B) denying that Christ was truly present at the Lord's Supper.
C) changing the language used for worship in Germany from Latin to German.
D) allowing priests to marry.
E) belief in the absolute authority of Scripture.

Question 13

The Church taught that indulgences worked to reduce the penance that the individual owed to God:

A) through the prayers of the faithful paid for by the indulgence.
B) by the special blessing from the pope paid for by the indulgence.
C) by drawing on the good deeds of martyrs and saints from the Treasury of Merits.
D) through the buildings paid for by the indulgences of many people.
E) by the appeal made through the indulgence for Mary to intercede with God for the individual.

Question 14

Politically,the German princes who supported Luther benefited by:

A) consolidating power through appointing pastors in their territories.
B) no longer having to send money to Rome.
C) severely limiting the jurisdiction of Church courts.
D) guaranteeing the political and religious boundaries of their territory were the same.
E) all of these

Question 15

Luther believed that works of piety and charity were:

A) vital acts that determined a Christian's state before God.
B) not important in the life of a Christian.
C) the natural outgrowth of justification and Christian devotion.
D) unnecessary after Pope Sixtus IV more clearly defined the Treasury of Merits.
E) were only necessary for unbelievers who wanted a chance at salvation.

Question 16

As a young monk,Luther:

A) was confident that he would be saved by God, because he did so many good works.
B) believed that a corrupt Church could not save his soul.
C) was diligent in his duties and was not concerned with theology; that would come later.
D) avoided confession, because he thought it was unnecessary for salvation.
E) was fearful that he could never do enough good deeds to deserve salvation.

Question 17

One might claim that Luther had established a new church when:

A) he nailed his Ninety-five Theses to a church door.
B) various German princes protected him after the Diet of Worms.
C) he married a former nun.
D) he declared that he would thereafter be a "minister" rather than a priest.
E) he burned the edict issued by Pope Leo X condemning his writings.

Question 18

In the year 1500,the social and economic prospects of Europe were:

A) on the rise, spurred by thriving monastic orders and the influential reforms of conclavist thinkers.
B) on the rise, spurred by commercial expansion and a new religious enthusiasm among the laity.
C) on the decline, weakened by destabilized national monarchies and a falling population.
D) on the decline, weakened by a papacy with no support from the major European rulers.
E) relatively unchanged from the two prior centuries.

Question 19

Luther's confrontation with Charles V at the Diet of Worms demonstrated:

A) the Holy Roman Emperor's commitment to Lutheran reforms.
B) Luther's ability to compromise for the sake of his reforms.
C) the willingness of the papacy to allow German princes to manage their own religious affairs.
D) the fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire and the power of princes within it.
E) all of these

Question 20

Luther's Ninety-five Theses objected primarily to:

A) the building of Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome.
B) the corruption of the late-medieval papacy.
C) the Church's ability to appoint abbots and new bishops in the Holy Roman Empire.
D) the idea that people could skip confessing their sins if they bought an indulgence.
E) the emperor's ability to appoint abbots and new bishops in his realm.

Question 21

In Switzerland,Protestant reforms were usually imposed by:

A) popular vote.
B) leading citizens.
C) territorial princes.
D) the lesser nobility.
E) the peasants threatening rebellion.

Question 22

In comparison to Lutheranism,Calvinism was much more:

A) hierarchical in its structures of church government.
B) emotional in its piety.
C) passive toward the world and its problems.
D) authoritarian with respect to personal conduct and morality.
E) relaxed in its imposition of morality on individuals.

Question 23

Protestantism began as a dissent against the Church and had many radical manifestations,but it eventually became "domesticated" due to:

A) the fact that all radical movements eventually lose their radicalism and moderate.
B) the changing character of its leadership when the initial leaders died.
C) a dependence of Protestant leaders on local political leaders.
D) the teachings of John Knox, the Scottish Calvinist leader.
E) the co-option of the movement by the Catholic Counter-Reformation.

Question 24

When Henry VIII broke with the Church of Rome,it was over his desire to marry:

A) Anne Boleyn.
B) Catherine of Aragon.
C) Katharina von Bora.
D) Mary Tudor.
E) Catherine Parr.

Question 25

In contrast to Lutherans,Zwinglians,and Calvinists,Anabaptists:

A) believed that only adults should be baptized, not children.
B) believed that everyone should belong to a single, universal church.
C) supported religious revolution, through violence if necessary.
D) were communists and polygamists.
E) were pacifists who believed that only through prayer could their movement succeed.

Question 26

During the sixteenth century,the most successful missionaries were the:

A) Lutherans.
B) Catholics.
C) Russian Orthodox Church.
D) Calvinists.
E) Puritans.

Question 27

The first English monarch to enforce Protestant theology in the English church was:

A) King Henry VIII.
B) King Edward VI.
C) Lady Jane Grey.
D) Queen Mary.
E) Queen Elizabeth I.

Question 28

Protestantism took hold and spread initially:

A) only in the German territories.
B) in Germany and then in southern Europe.
C) in Germany and then mostly in northern Europe.
D) in Germany and then it spread into eastern Europe.
E) in central Europe and then to the Americas.

Question 29

John Calvin's most famous theological work was entitled:

A) Summa Theologica.
B) Institutes of the Christian Religion.
C) Spiritual Exercises.
D) The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women.
E) On Temporal Authority.

Question 30

Calvin's theology emphasized first and foremost:

A) the absolute obedience owed to the Consistory.
B) membership in the Calvinist church.
C) the importance of proper conduct in the world.
D) the paradox that some are predestined to heaven and others to hell.
E) the sovereignty and omnipotence of God.

Question 31

After 1525,Protestantism was "domesticated" by becoming more politically conservative and by focusing on:

A) the reform of monastic institutions.
B) educational opportunities for women and children.
C) the patriarchal family as the central institution of reformed life.
D) a compromise with Anabaptist leaders and believers.
E) doctrinal matters to ensure all denominations followed the same sacraments.

Question 32

In the secular world,Protestantism served to:

A) free people from the constraints of political leaders.
B) allow local leaders to maintain their control over people.
C) bind people more closely to their local churches.
D) free people from close control by their local church.
E) make for a better work force for the guilds.

Question 33

After 1534,Anabaptists were greatly feared by secular authorities in Europe because they:

A) were associated with extremist groups that threatened the social order.
B) converted to Catholicism and joined in the persecution of Protestants.
C) adopted the pacifism of Menno Simons.
D) emphasized personal faith over good works.
E) were closely allied with the orthodox Byzantines.

Question 34

Under Calvin's guidance,Geneva's government can best be described as:

A) a theocracy.
B) a democracy.
C) a dictatorship.
D) a republic.
E) an oligarchy.

Question 35

The main function of the Calvinist Consistory of Geneva was:

A) to supervise the churches of Geneva.
B) to supervise public and private morals.
C) to enforce laws against crime.
D) to organize the city's defenses against its enemies.
E) to run the secular government while Calvin looked to the spiritual and moral needs of people.

Question 36

The English heretical group that helped prepare England for Protestant ideas was called:

A) the Hussites.
B) the Waldensians.
C) the Cathars.
D) the Goliards.
E) the Lollards.

Question 37

Why would Clement VII not permit King Henry VIII of England to divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn?

A) Because the Catholic Church does not permit divorce and remarriage under any circumstance whatsoever.
B) Because the pope believed Henry's marriage to Catherine was valid.
C) Because the pope wanted the Tudor dynasty to come to an end.
D) Because Catherine's nephew, Emperor Charles V, controlled Rome at the time and disapproved of Henry's request for a divorce.
E) Because the pope believed such a union would be sinful as Anne was Catherine's sister.

Question 38

During the sixteenth century,in both Protestant and Catholic countries,marriage practices changed so as to encourage:

A) a more independent choice of marriage partner.
B) an earlier marriage age for both men and women.
C) more parental control over their children's choice of marriage partners.
D) easier elopements.
E) as many people to marry as possible by legalizing mutual consent as the means to get married.

Question 39

Which of the following religious changes generally associated with Protestantism did King Henry VIII enforce in England?

A) closing monasteries and convents and confiscating their property
B) holding church services in English and using an English Bible
C) permitting priests to marry
D) reducing the number of sacraments from seven to two
E) the baptism of adults only: no infant baptisms whatsoever

Question 40

For Zwingli,the Eucharist:

A) offered Christ's real presence through the communion elements.
B) was an important commemoration of Christ's historical sacrifice on the cross.
C) was the one Roman Catholic sacrament that did not need to be reformed.
D) was a corrupt rite that no longer needed to be celebrated in Christian churches.
E) was a sacrament that had no basis in Scripture.

Question 41

Protestants believed that people were naturally good.

Question 42

The "tower experience" refers to Saint Paul's experience in jail.

Question 43

In Calvinist Geneva,inns were the only places citizens were allowed to eat or drink without saying grace or to stay up after 9:00 P.M.

Question 44

Prior to founding the Society of Jesus,Ignatius Loyola was:

A) a Benedictine monk.
B) a Franciscan abbot.
C) the Spanish crown-prince.
D) a mercenary soldier.
E) the bishop of Granada.

Question 45

Puritanism was a branch of Calvinism.

Question 46

Queen Elizabeth I offended some extreme Protestants by:

A) prohibiting priests and ministers from marrying.
B) allowing monasteries and convents to reopen.
C) insisting that church services be held in Latin.
D) retaining Church government by bishops.
E) accepting papal authority over the monasteries and convents.

Question 47

In Calvinism,the Eucharist rather than the sermon was the center of worship.

Question 48

In attempting to restore Catholicism in England,Queen Mary did all of the following EXCEPT:

A) burn Protestant leaders at the stake.
B) prohibit priests from marrying.
C) restore the Latin Mass.
D) accept papal authority over the Church of England.
E) restore the property of monasteries and convents.

Question 49

Protestant congregations could punish wrongdoers by private counseling,public confession,public shaming,and even imprisonment.

Question 50

Luther nailed Pope Leo's bull,ordering him to recant,to the church door.

Question 51

One of the most famous mystics who aided in the reform of the Church in the sixteenth century was:

A) Teresa of Avila.
B) Hildegard of Bingen.
C) Francis Xavier.
D) Teresa of the Andes.
E) Katharina von Bora.

Question 52

At the Council of Trent,the Catholic Church:

A) modified many of its doctrines to make them more difficult for Protestants to attack.
B) reaffirmed almost all of the doctrinal claims that Protestants criticized.
C) condemned the doctrine of indulgences.
D) declared the supremacy of a general council over even the pope.
E) reaffirmed the doctrines of indulgences and papal supremacy, but rejected most of the doctrines to which Protestants had objected.

Question 53

The Counter-Reformation brought the most sweeping changes to the Catholic Church's:

A) doctrinal teachings.
B) internal organization and discipline.
C) attitudes toward religious orders.
D) attitudes toward the religious roles of women.
E) relations with Protestant churches.

Question 54

A leading churchman in the Church's effort to reform itself was:

A) Pope Paul III.
B) Ignatius Loyola.
C) Francis Xavier.
D) Pope Pius V.
E) Francisco Ximenes de Cisneros.

Question 55

Extreme Anabaptists were shunned for their practice of polygamy.

Question 56

Luther wrote in his On Temporal Authority that all rulers must be obeyed,even tyrants.

Question 57

Indulgences are special remissions of the penitential obligations imposed on Christians by their priests.

Question 58

Loyola's Spiritual Exercises offers an interesting contrast to Luther's writings because in Loyola's work:

A) it is not possible to discern sinful behavior from moral behavior.
B) the pope, not Jesus Christ, is the central focus of meditation.
C) Christians must accept their limited abilities and rely on God's grace.
D) Christians can master their will and work toward their salvation.
E) Christians should remove themselves completely from the world and devote their lives to meditation.

Question 59

The popes of the Counter-Reformation period were noted for their:

A) ability to administer the Church ably.
B) ineffectiveness against Protestantism.
C) inability to find able administrators.
D) self-indulgent lifestyles.
E) austere withdrawal from worldly affairs.

Question 60

The Counter-Reformation drew its inspiration primarily from:

A) the Society of Jesus.
B) Christian humanism.
C) monastic reformers.
D) laypeople.
E) the papacy.

Question 61

Why was Mary's attempt at a Counter-Reformation unsuccessful?

Question 62

How was the question of national religion in England resolved?

Question 63

Why were the Anabaptists harshly persecuted by Catholics and Protestants?

Question 64

Was the Reformation just another attempt at reformation?

Question 65

What were the major differences between Protestantism and humanism?

Question 66

Why were Luther's ideas particularly appealing to Germany?

Question 67

In what ways was the relationship between Luther and the German princes a symbiotic one?

Question 68

Henry VIII wanted his marriage to Catherine annulled on the formal charge that she had been his brother's wife.

Question 69

What was the outcome of the confrontation with Tetzel,and what was the impact on Luther's ideals of reformation?

Question 70

The Index of Prohibited Books included works by the Catholic humanist Erasmus.

Question 71

The Jesuits were not only missionaries but also soldiers who fought secular wars on behalf of the papacy.

Question 72

What was the role of predestination in Calvinism?

Question 73

How were the Jesuits used as a tool for fighting Protestantism?

Question 74

In Catholicism,the Bible and the traditions of apostolic teachings are of equal authority.

Question 75

The only success in Queen Mary's counterrevolution was the capture of Calais.