Deck 1: Understanding Exceptionalities in the 21st Century

Question 1

The developmental approach to labeling

A) defines normal according to standards established by a given culture.
B) uses statistics to describe what characteristics occur most frequently at a given age.
C) reflects an individual's perceptions about himself/herself.
D) defines normal as the absence of psychological abnormality.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

"Typical" as defined by the cultural perspective is determined by

A) values that are established within a given society.
B) a set of universal standards that can be applied from culture to culture.
C) by observing large number of individuals whose characteristics occur most frequently at a given age.
D) the range of abnormal behaviors that are present in a society.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Broadly viewed, psychology is the study of

A) the physical state of an individual.
B) neurological functioning of an individual.
C) behaviors that can be observed.
D) modern cultures and social institutions.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In one of the first attempts to personalize care for individuals with disabilities, Jean Marc Itard came to believe that

A) genetics was the primary factor in learning and that a person's behavior was not influenced by the environment.
B) behavior modification changed the way a person acted.
C) good physical conditioning would change behavior.
D) proper environment and physiological stimulation can change behavior.

Question 5

All labels are

A) positive.
B) negative.
C) based on perceptions
D) factual.

Question 6

Sabah is a person with a physical disability who uses a wheelchair. Sabah must bank by mail because the only bank in her town is not accessible by wheelchair. The term that most accurately describes the relationship between Sabah 's condition and her lack of access to the bank is a

A) disability.
B) handicap.
C) disturbance.
D) disorder.

Question 7

David is sitting in the school office waiting to talk to the principal. Students passing the office assume that he must be in trouble. The term that best describes the students' behavior is

A) self-imposed bias.
B) teacher bias.
C) contextual bias.
D) self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 8

Labels are used to

A) distinguish who is eligible for services and who is not and to help professionals communicate effectively with one another.
B) ensure that characteristics within a culture have the same meaning.
C) prohibit discrimination.
D) confirm environmental bias.

Question 9

The term "exceptional" describes individuals who

A) are limited because of environmental demands.
B) have higher than average general ability.
C) deviate either higher or lower from the norm and may require specialized services.
D) have a general malfunction of mental processing.

Question 10

Mohammed has just arrived at O'Hare Airport and is being greeted by Ms. Storm, a top executive of the Lakeshore Development Company. Ms. Storm extends her hand to Mohammed, and he becomes embarrassed and agitated. Where he lives shaking hands with a woman is considered to be inappropriate behavior. This difference is best described by the to labeling.

A) self-labeling approach
B) developmental approach
C) universal approach
D) cultural perspective

Question 11

Which of the following statements is accurate?

A) Labels affect individuals in a similar manner.
B) Labels attempt to describe, identify, and distinguish individuals who differ from the norm.
C) Labels tend to be stable across cultures.
D) Labels are given only to people who differ significantly from the average.

Question 12

The intent of a reasonable accommodation for a person with a disability is to

A) provide an advantage over people who are not disabled given years of discrimination.
B) provide that every person with a disability who wants a job can get one.
C) require employers to hire at least one person with a disability for every ten positions that come open.
D) provide an opportunity to achieve the same level of performance and enjoy benefits equal to an average, similarly situated person without a disability.

Question 13

According to the developmental approach, typical development can be determined

A) by assessing whether an individual is physically healthy.
B) by standards of parental perceptions.
C) by comparing a child's growth pattern to a group average.
D) by extensive psychological testing.

Question 14

The intent of the ADA is to

A) end racial discrimination.
B) create a fair and level playing field.
C) accommodate all needs.
D) regulate small business.

Question 15

This provision of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in federally assisted programs.

A) Public Law 94-142.
B) Public Law 94-357.
C) Section 504.
D) Section 401.

Question 16

Which of the following had the most significant impact on the evolution of education for students with disabilities during the 1940s and 1950s?

A) Parents organizing and increasing professional interest
B) Legislation
C) School administration support
D) Increasing population of people with disabilities

Question 17

A fundamental purpose of the Americans with Disabilities Act is to

A) require that every person with a disability have a job if he or she wants one.
B) prevent discrimination against people with disabilities.
C) establish a quota that requires every employer to hire at least one person with a disability.
D) provide income (cash) support to people with disabilities who are unable to work.

Question 18

The term "pathology" would most often be used by professionals in the field of

A) sociology.
B) medicine.
C) education.
D) psychology.

Question 19

Nathan is seventeen years old and a senior at Valley View High School. Nathan is exceptionally bright and excels in his academic endeavors. He is well liked by his teachers and has a small circle of close friends. Nathan views himself as being inferior to his peers because of his small stature and his lack of athletic abilities. However this view is not shared by his friends. The labeling process that best describes Nathan's view is

A) formal labeling.
B) peer-imposed labeling.
C) self-imposed labeling.
D) culturally-imposed labeling.

Question 20

Reactions to being labeled

A) are the same for everyone.
B) are all negative.
C) are all positive.
D) vary greatly from person to person.

Question 21

Recreational programs assist individuals in creating more satisfying lifestyles.

Question 22

The Americans with Disabilities Act defines a person with a disability as having both a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits him or her in some major life activity.

Question 23

How did the work of nineteenth-century physicians and philosophers contribute to our understanding of people with disabilities?

Question 24

In the early twentieth century, Watson shifted the content of psychology to

A) the science of conscious experience.
B) observable behavior and mental events.
C) examination of one's inner beliefs.
D) learning and motivation.

Question 25

Mark is a twenty-five-year-old individual who resides in a mental institution. He believes that he is Abraham Lincoln and spends most of the day trying to free the other patients. It is most likely that Mark has a

A) neurotic disorder.
B) paranoid eccentric behavior disorder.
C) psychotic disorder.
D) sociopathic disorder.

Question 26

The best way to describe human differences is the cultural approach.

Question 27

Social service professionals are primarily concerned with

A) behavior patterns of individuals or animals.
B) pathological deficits of an individual.
C) mental processing deficits.
D) modern cultures and group behaviors.

Question 28

Determining who will be labeled socially deviant is guided by the principle that

A) social deviance is an illness.
B) social deviance is caused solely by an individual's experience with the environment.
C) normal and deviant behaviors are only determined by psychology professionals.
D) normal behavior must meet societal expectations.

Question 29

Your text describes three labeling approaches that can be used to describe the nature and extent of differences. Briefly describe one of the three approaches and provide an example.

Question 30

Some labels may be permanent, others may be temporary, but all are negative.

Question 31

What was the role of families in bringing about social change for people with disabilities?

Question 32

Suggested inclusion for people with disabilities requires

A) encouraging the inclusion of people with disabilities in communities and families.
B) appropriate support needs to be provided to help individuals become more independent.
C) the community needs to strive for ways to reduce barriers and increase inclusion .
D) appropriate support needs to be provided to help individuals become more independent and the community needs to strive for ways to reduce barriers and increase inclusion.

Question 33

Describe the services for people with disabilities through most of the twentieth century.

Question 34

A recent N.O.D/Harris poll found that there were no differences in the employment rate of people with disabilities and those who were not disabled.

Question 35

Individuals who are exceptional should be viewed from a broader perspective than that projected by a single profession.

Question 36

The term "handicapped" literally means "cap in hand."

Question 37

Why do we label people?

Question 38

The fundamental purpose of the Americans with Disabilities Act is to guarantee that every person with a disability gets a job.

Question 39

As a result of the ADA, people with disabilities are moving from small, community based settings, to living in large, isolated, congregate, care centers.

Question 40

"Disability" refers to an individual who has a loss of physical functioning or difficulty in learning and social adjustment.

Question 41

According to the medical model, how is "normalcy" defined?

A) Absence of disabilities
B) Absence of physical deformities
C) Absence of a biological problem
D) Absence of mental or physical pathology

Question 42

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is the most sweeping civil rights legislation in the United States since the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Discuss how the law defines eligible persons with a disability, and describe the overall purpose of the Act.

Question 43

What is a barrier-free facility?

Question 44

How should services and supports be designed to ensure that a person with disabilities is able to learn and live successfully in community settings?

Question 45

Rosenhan's investigation demonstrated that the environment in which observations are made will bias the perception of what is

A) the correct label.
B) the correct diagnosis.
C) wrong.
D) normal.

Question 46

A comparison of working and nonworking individuals with disabilities revealed that working individuals were

A) less satisfied with life.
B) more satisfied with life.
C) as satisfied with life as those who were not working.
D) None of the answers are correct.

Question 47

Labels are used extensively despite the potential negative consequences. Discuss the rationale for labeling people with disabilities.

Question 48

What must people with disabilities have access to in order to ensure a bright future?

Question 49

Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act was the precursor to

A) Rehabilitation Act.
B) Civil Rights Act of 1964.
C) Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.
D) The Americans with Disabilities Act.

Question 50

How are barrier-free facilities created?

A) By requiring that buildings and public transportation incorporate barrier-free designs
B) By boycotting businesses that refuse to implement barrier-free design
C) By providing ground-floor bathrooms in all public buildings
D) By providing "handicapped parking" for all public buildings

Question 51

The definition of disability in the Americans with Disabilities Act requires that the person

A) have a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity.
B) must be in need of special education and related services.
C) has never been discriminated against in the past.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 52

Trephining, the earliest known treatment for mental disorders, involved

A) immersing an individual in warm water.
B) removing the frontal lobe of the brain.
C) drilling holes in the skull to release evil spirits.
D) electrical stimulation of three primary neurons in the brain.

Question 53

Physicians in community practice often need more training in the aspects of disability.

A) medical
B) psychological
C) educational
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 54

The belief that all people with disabilities are able to learn runs counter to the position of

A) Watson.
B) Pinel.
C) Itard.
D) Locke.

Question 55

Jane has been diagnosed with a disturbance in normal functioning. This broad diagnosis would be most accurately considered a

A) disorder.
B) disability.
C) handicap.
D) exceptionality.

Question 56

The major provisions of the ADA apply

A) only to job recruitment and not to job training or advancement.
B) only to existing public facilities, such as restaurants, and not to new construction.
C) to all new public transit buses, bus and train stations, and rail systems.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 57

In 1999, the Supreme Court ruling in L.C. & E.W. v. Olmstead held that it was a violation of ADA to discriminate against persons with disabilities by providing

A) only community services when people could be served in institutions.
B) only institutional services when people could be served through community-based services.
C) both institutional and community services.
D) None of the answers are correct.