Deck 25: Turmoil between the Wars

Question 1

How did Mussolini manage the Italian state's long-standing conflict with the Catholic Church?

A) by banning Catholic political groups throughout Italy
B) by denying diplomatic recognition to the Vatican in 1925
C) by asking prominent Catholic politicians to join the fascist regime
D) by staging a public reconciliation with the Church, including independence for the Vatican in 1929
E) by forcibly appointing a new pope, Pius XI, when Benedict XV died in 1929

Answer 1

by staging a public reconciliation with the Church, including independence for the Vatican in 1929

Question 2

Who were the "Whites?"

A) ardently Catholic politicians who supported Mussolini's rise to power in Italy
B) royalist opponents of the revolutionary communists in Russia
C) paramilitary opponents of the Weimar Republic in Germany
D) the remnants of the Menshevik faction in Russia, reformed in opposition to the Bolshevik regime
E) noncombatants who attempted to care for the sick and wounded during the Russian Civil War

Answer 2

royalist opponents of the revolutionary communists in Russia

Question 3

As a result of the economic innovations instituted by Mussolini during the 1920s,Italy's plight during the Great Depression was:

A) significantly better for Italian farmers, although city dwellers were much worse off.
B) significantly better than any other European country during the 1930s.
C) no different than any other country in Europe during the 1930s.
D) somewhat better for industrial workers but no different for farmers.
E) significantly better for urban industrial workers but much worse for farmers.

Answer 3

no different than any other country in Europe during the 1930s.

Question 4

Who were the "Red Leagues"?

A) the rural organizations of the early Communist party in Russia after 1917
B) paramilitary opponents of the Freikorps in Germany during 1919 and 1920
C) organizations of workers and intellectuals in Western nations formed in support of the Bolshevik cause in Russia
D) socialist agrarian groups in Italy that attempted to break up large estates and reduce rents
E) supporters of Mussolini in Sicily during his rise to power in the 1920s

Question 5

During the Russian Civil War,the communists' primary opponents were monarchists,but they were also opposed by anarchist peasant groups who opposed all central state power and who were known as:

A) the "Reds."
B) the "Whites."
C) the "Greens."
D) the "Blues."
E) the "Blacks."

Question 6

Having sidelined all his opposition within the Bolshevik party,Stalin solidified his control in 1929 by removing _________ from the ruling Politburo.

A) Iosep Jughashvili
B) Leon Trotsky
C) Aktybinsk Kazakhstan
D) Nikolai Bukharin
E) Gregory Zinoviev

Question 7

The Bolsheviks won the civil war due in no small measure to the hierarchical,disciplined military machine of 5 million men created by the new commissar of war:

A) Leon Trotsky.
B) Nikolai Bukharin.
C) Josef Stalin.
D) Iosep Jughashvili.
E) V. I. Lenin.

Question 8

To what does the term gulag refer?

A) the first collective farms in the Soviet Union
B) forced-labor camps populated by political prisoners of Stalin's government
C) Stalin's institutional replacement for the rural Soviets
D) the technical term for Stalin's first Five-Year Plan as it applied to industry
E) prisoner-of-war camps for "White" Russian partisans during the Civil War

Question 9

What was the Dawes Plan?

A) a proposed treaty to begin genuine disarmament among the former Allies
B) a diplomatic effort to return the Rhineland to Germany as a demilitarized zone
C) the diplomatic effort to fully implement the Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawing war
D) an attempt to bring the Soviet Union into the League of Nations
E) a new system of war reparations for Germany, intended to ease the financial strain

Question 10

To facilitate his policy of collectivization,Stalin moved with particular viciousness against a group of peasants known as:

A) streltsy.
B) boyars.
C) kulaks.
D) serfs.
E) zaporozhsky.

Question 11

Which of the following was the most prominent beneficial effect of the New Economic Policy (NEP)?

A) the recovery of Russian agriculture to prewar levels of prosperity
B) the increase of agricultural goods, especially food, flowing into Russian cities
C) greatly increased public faith in the communists' ability to manage the Soviet economy
D) the sudden leap forward in Soviet industrial production
E) the increased support for the communists from the wealthy landowners, the kulaks

Question 12

Which of the following describes a way in which Stalin's "Great Terror" defeated its own purpose?

A) The effort to create a more unified socialist country cut the Soviet Union off from overseas outlets to spread revolution.
B) In trying to take direct control over economic and political life, Stalin managed to eliminate many of his most talented subordinates.
C) Speeding up the rate of industrialization created unemployment that even communism could not manage.
D) By eliminating his major political opponents, Stalin only increased opposition on the part of minor officials who previously supported him.
E) Stalin's actions galvanized opposition to his rule and led, in 1938, to his overthrow by Nikita Khrushchev.

Question 13

The Stalin revolution of the 1920s and 1930s extended even into the families of ordinary Russians with Stalin's policies of:

A) legalization of divorce, homosexuality, religious marriages, and abortion.
B) declaring illegal homosexuality, marriage, and abortion.
C) legalizing homosexuality but refusing to allow abortions or religious marriages.
D) establishing kibbutzim: the means by which children would be raised communally.
E) making divorce difficult and abortions illegal except to save the mother's life.

Question 14

The Bolsheviks were able to begin consolidating their power in Russia by negotiating a separate peace with the Germans and ending their involvement in the war with the Treaty of:

A) Berlin.
B) Brest-Litovsk.
C) Versailles.
D) Paris.
E) Petrograd.

Question 15

The 1919 election in the Weimar Republic resulted in a coalition government of:

A) communists, Nazis, and social democrats.
B) Nazis, liberal democrats, and Catholics.
C) socialists, Catholics, and liberal democrats.
D) Catholics, social democrats, and communists.
E) Catholics, Nazis, and communists.

Question 16

During the unstable period following the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II,many armed bands grew in number and influence.Among them were the Freikorps,who were:

A) militantly pro-democratic.
B) anticommunist and pro-Catholic.
C) anti-Nazi, anticommunist, and pro-democratic.
D) anti-Catholic, anticommunist, and anticapitalist.
E) anti-Marxist, anti-Semitic, and antiliberal.

Question 17

After leading a failed attempt to overthrow the Bavarian state government,Adolf Hitler was sentenced to seven months in prison where he wrote his autobiography-cum-political manifesto entitled:

A) Mein Kulturkampf.
B) Mein Katzenjammer.
C) Mein Kauderwelsch.
D) Mein Kampf.
E) Mein Kinderkampf.

Question 18

Although Lenin wanted to establish,for the short term,a state-capitalist economic system in Russia,which resembled the successful European wartime economies,the necessities of the civil war pushed the government to a more radical economic system known as:

A) socialism for the masses.
B) socialism with a human face.
C) peacetime communism.
D) mercantile communism.
E) war communism.

Question 19

What phrase best describes the early membership of Mussolini's fasci?

A) young, ardently nationalist idealists
B) disaffected Italian war veterans
C) reactionary established merchants and businessmen
D) stridently anti-Catholic workers
E) dedicated anticommunist, anti-Catholic, anticapitalist anarchists

Question 20

Fascism,as a political form of government developed in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s:

A) was based solely on the support of the military.
B) required that all industry and businesses be controlled by the state.
C) rested on the principles of statism, nationalism, militarism, and an economy that fully supports the government while remaining free.
D) required that all aspects of a society be totally controlled by the state-from the economy to the military to people's individual lives.
E) was based on the support of industrialists and the military.

Question 21

Nazi Germany stressed its legitimacy by fostering traditional German values such as:

A) a strong religious faith by their support of the Lutheran Church and toleration of all other faiths.
B) pacifism through the establishment of a government Ministry of Peace.
C) education through their support of new scholarships and the creation of several new universities.
D) motherhood by their encouragement of women to leave the workplace and assume their proper role as mothers and wives.
E) toleration for all peoples by their signing of the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

Question 22

One reason for the increase in support for the National Socialist Party in Germany in elections in the early 1930s was the work of the party's propagandist:

A) Joseph Goebbels.
B) Heinrich Himmler.
C) Hermann Göring.
D) Albert Speer.
E) Leni Riefenstahl.

Question 23

According to Joseph Goebbels in his pamphlet Why Are We Enemies of the Jews,the Nazi party was founded on the twin hatreds of Jews and:

A) capitalism.
B) socialism.
C) nationalism.
D) militarism.
E) communism.

Question 24

The first racially motivated policy of Nazi Germany was their law regarding:

A) the closure of Jewish businesses.
B) intermarriage between Jews and Germans.
C) Jews holding public office.
D) forced sterilization of undesirables.
E) banning of all immigration from Africa.

Question 25

The event in 1933 that led to Hitler being given unlimited power was:

A) the collapse of the Deutschmark.
B) the death of President Paul von Hindenburg.
C) the Great Depression.
D) the Reichstag fire.
E) the occupation of the Rhineland by France.

Question 26

The poet _________ presented a philosophy in his poetry that bordered on despair-life is a living death,to be endured as boredom and frustration.

A) W. H. Auden
B) James Joyce
C) John Steinbeck
D) T. S. Eliot
E) Marcel Proust

Question 27

In elections of the early 1930s,the Nazis drew votes from every segment of German society EXCEPT:

A) small property holders.
B) the rural middle class.
C) industrial workers.
D) handicraft workers.
E) domestic workers.

Question 28

Which of the following statements best describes the way Nazi propagandists tried to portray Hitler?

A) a patriotic defender of German businesses and monarchical sentiments
B) a capable former soldier who would apply his political and organizing skills to rebuilding German power in Europe and regaining foreign allies
C) a charismatic leader with magnetic energy who would act as a bulwark against communism and cultural pollution
D) a creative economic thinker who would resolve the material disasters of the Great Depression
E) all of these

Question 29

Artists of the postwar period pushed conventions to new limits.Some,such as the _________,went so far as to reject the existence of reason.

A) impressionists
B) expressionists
C) cubists
D) dadaists
E) post-impressionists

Question 30

The changes in culture in the time between the two world wars affected:

A) the static arts.
B) architecture.
C) music.
D) literature.
E) all of these

Question 31

The first actions taken by national governments to the threat posed by the Great Depression dealt with:

A) foreign policy.
B) social policy.
C) military policy.
D) industrial policy.
E) monetary policy.

Question 32

In Nazi Germany's attempt to blur class distinctions in order to infuse a new national spirit in all Germans,they created many organizations such as the _________ for young boys.

A) National Labor Service
B) Hitler Youth
C) Bund Deutscher Mädel
D) Deutsches Altevolk
E) Young Germany

Question 33

As one response to the Great Depression,the United States adopted one idea from Germany,that of:

A) nationalization of heavy industry.
B) full employment through the institution of military conscription.
C) the Social Security system.
D) a public works program to build new highways across the country.
E) renunciation of all foreign debt.

Question 34

Who was/were the SA?

A) the most prominent fascist organization in France, which engaged in acts of civil disobedience
B) organized socialist militias that attempted to start a socialist revolution in Germany during 1919
C) the paramilitary arm of the Nazi party, which engaged in intimidating acts of public violence
D) militant rural socialists in Russia who rejected the Bolsheviks' brand of communism
E) the Société l'agricole, militant rural reformers in France during the 1920s and 1930s

Question 35

During the 1920s,the British government,under the leadership of the Conservative party,pursued a policy of "deflation" in an attempt to:

A) break the power of labor unions.
B) reduce the influence of the Labor party.
C) regain its position in the League of Nations as the preeminent country.
D) regain its position as the leading industrial and financial power in the world.
E) control the banking industry in Britain and strengthen the Bank of England.

Question 36

The Nuremberg Decrees of 1935:

A) deprived Jews of Reich citizenship.
B) forbade Jews from holding public office.
C) prohibited Jews from joining the army.
D) allowed Jews to marry non-Jews.
E) allowed Jews to teach in national universities.

Question 37

Under the influence of John Maynard Keynes,the Roosevelt administration instituted policies aimed at getting the country "back on its feet" by first abandoning:

A) the idea of a balanced budget.
B) the policy of currency management.
C) the system of relief programs.
D) the public works projects.
E) the states to their own fates.

Question 38

Although the collapse of prices on the New York Stock Exchange in October 1929 caused severe problems in the United States,it had immediate and disastrous consequences in Europe because:

A) European royalty was the primary source of investment capital on Wall Street.
B) the central banks of all European countries had invested heavily in American companies.
C) the United States had become a primary international creditor during World War I.
D) national European exchanges were not large enough to handle the influx of investors.
E) European stock exchanges listed the same stocks and therefore crashed with New York.

Question 39

What was the Night of Broken Glass?

A) a general attack by the SA against Jewish stores and synagogues across Germany in 1938
B) the Nazis' nickname for the attack that burned the Reichstag in 1933
C) a show of force by Mussolini's fasci against communist groups after the march on Rome
D) the first, mass public roundup of political prisoners in Stalin's Great Terror
E) a nickname for the first round of arrests that sent thousands of German Jews into concentration camps

Question 40

What was the Night of the Long Knives?

A) a round of brutal street fighting between Nazi and communists gangs immediately after Hitler's rise to power
B) an attack on the Reichstag in Berlin by anarchists
C) a nickname for the first round of arrests that sent thousands of German Jews into concentration camps
D) a lethal purge of Hitler's SA in 1934, killing over a thousand officials he considered too radical
E) the nickname for the coordinated attacks made on Jewish businesses and synagogues in 1938

Question 41

The Catholic People's Party rose in Italy as a conservative party,sponsored by the pope,in order to counter the radical socialists who appealed more to the common people.

Question 42

Which of the following technological innovations became a major tool of political campaigning during the Great Depression?

A) television
B) modern highways
C) airplanes
D) motion pictures
E) radio

Question 43

The term fascio means group or band and derives from the symbol of an ax bundled with sticks that represented the authority of the Roman state.

Question 44

One of the greatest German film directors,__________________,left Germany in 1933 for the United States rather than work for the Nazis.

A) F. W. Murnau
B) Fritz Lang
C) Leni Riefenstahl
D) Walter Gropius
E) Charlie Chaplin

Question 45

In 1940,one of the greatest American film personalities,Charlie Chaplin,made The Great Dictator as:

A) a great homage to his hero Adolf Hitler.
B) a parody of Nazi pomposities.
C) a critique of Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
D) a tribute to America's ally, Stalin.
E) a parody of President Franklin Roosevelt.

Question 46

The interwar period may be viewed as a series of failures typified by:

A) the collapse of democracies across Europe.
B) the failure of capitalism in the Great Depression.
C) the failure of the League of Nations to deal with totalitarian regimes.
D) the apprehension and dread with which most people looked to the future.
E) all of these

Question 47

Some artists of the 1920s and 1930s sought to express pain and outrage directly to a mass audience in graphic detail.Most notable among these artists were:

A) Diego Rivera and Thomas Hart Benton.
B) Reginald Marsh and Emiliano Zapata.
C) José Clement Orozco and J. Alfred Prufrock.
D) Pancho Villa and John J. Pershing.
E) Thomas Hart Benton and J. Alfred Prufrock.

Question 48

The Moscow-White Sea Canal was evidence of the superior new technology and industrialization of Russia,providing a valuable connection from the Moscow factories to the seaports of the north.

Question 49

The NEP was primarily successful in the urban centers of Russia,but left the peasants in a difficult position of subsistence living and frequent food shortages.

Question 50

The Five-Year Plan resulted in enormous growth in population and in industrialization of Russia.

Question 51

With the Great Depression came a wave of politicized literature in the 1930s best exemplified by:

A) The Wretched of the Earth.
B) The Grapes of Wrath.
C) The Darkness at Noon.
D) The Worst of Times.
E) Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry.

Question 52

The Bolsheviks won the civil war in Russia because they were better organized than the Whites and others who opposed the socialist state.

Question 53

The victory of Mussolini's "black shirts" was a bloody ordeal that eventually killed more Italians than the wars of unification before the war.

Question 54

What important theory of physics did Werner Heisenberg propose?

A) the "uncertainty principle," demonstrating that it was impossible to measure both the position and speed of an object
B) the earliest explanation of what Einstein later developed into the theory of relativity
C) a mathematical proof of physics indicating that the universe had defined limits
D) the nuclear structure of atoms that might then be split into their component parts
E) the theory that light was emitted in short, independent units he labeled as "quantum"

Question 55

What film by Leni Riefenstahl was a visual hymn to the cultural power of the Nazi regime?

A) Der letzte Mann
B) Triumph of the Will
C) The Great Dictator
D) Metropolis
E) Tiefland

Question 56

Stalin had originally been destined for a career in the priesthood before taking up politics.

Question 57

Of all the changes after the war,the widespread presence of democracy was one of the few positive achievements of the conflict.

Question 58

Fritz Lang,one of the greatest German film directors,is known for his films M and

A) Der letzte Mann.
B) Metropolis.
C) Jew Suss.
D) Triumph of the Will.
E) Tiefland.

Question 59

Italy emerged from the war with the least amount of debt and little loss of life and therefore was one of the few democracies not in distress.

Question 60

The original work in physics that eventually led to the development of the atomic bomb was done by:

A) Otto Hahn.
B) Fritz Strassman.
C) Albert Einstein.
D) Werner Heidelberg.
E) Max Planck.

Question 61

The Nazis were especially popular among the youth of Germany for their more liberal codes.

Question 62

Hitler proclaimed his new government to be the Third Reich,claiming it to be the successor to the First Reich,which was the Roman Empire,and the Second Reich,which was the Carolingian Empire of the Middle Ages.

Question 63

What role did famine play in allowing Stalin to accelerate his program for collectivization of agriculture?

Question 64

The Freikorps (free corps)of Germany was made up of veterans from the First World War and other young nationalists who acted as counterrevolutionaries.

Question 65

Although the Stalinist revolution was intent on modernizing Russia,what was the effect on society?

Question 66

How did the war contribute to the emergence of fascism in Italy?

Question 67

What role did the economy play in the collapse of the Weimar Republic?

Question 68

How did Mussolini use the three doctrines of fascism-statism,nationalism,and militarism-to unify Italy?

Question 69

In Mein Kampf,Hitler argues for the popular theory that Germany was betrayed by its enemies and that the country needs strong leadership to regain international prominence.

Question 70

Who were the victims of the "Great Terror," and what was the effect on Russia?

Question 71

The SS (Schutzstaffel)was created as an alternative to the radical and possibly revolutionary SA (Hitler's storm troopers).

Question 72

Why was democracy facing collapse in the wake of the Great War?

Question 73

Who supported the Nazis' rise to power and why?

Question 74

What caused the Great Depression,and how did it end?

Question 75

How was "mass culture" different from older forms of popular culture,and what factors contributed to its rise?