Deck 22: The Respiratory System

Question 1

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the uvula.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Vibrissae are

A) specialized cells in the larynx that react to vibrations of air.
B) large hair-like projections on epithelial cells that line the trachea.
C) nose hairs.
D) the sensory organs of the inner ear.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which structure is both a lower respiratory structure and in the conducting zone?

A) the laryngopharynx
B) a respiratory bronchiole
C) any bronchus
D) an alveolus

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Most foreign substances in inspired air fail to reach the lungs because of the

A) ciliated epithelium and mucus that line the respiratory passages.
B) abundant blood supply to the nasal mucosa.
C) porous structure of the nasal conchae.
D) action of the epiglottis.

Question 5

What type of epithelium occurs in the respiratory mucosa?

A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
B) simple squamous epithelium
C) simple columnar epithelium
D) stratified squamous epithelium

Question 6

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 7

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates a muscular tube that serves as a common passageway for food and air.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 8

The main function of the elaborate venous plexus in the nasal mucosa is

A) diapedesis of leukocytes.
B) to replace vessels broken in nose bleeds.
C) to supply extra blood to the brain and supplement the dural sinuses.
D) to warm and moisten inhaled air.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a function of the nasal conchae?

A) They deflect particulates to the mucosa.
B) They help warm the air.
C) They decrease the turbulence in the flow of air through the nasal cavity.
D) They moisten the air.

Question 10

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates a flexible tube that has C-shaped cartilaginous rings that keep it from collapsing.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 11

The paranasal sinuses

A) are located in the frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, and palatine bones.
B) are lined by simple squamous epithelium.
C) help to warm and moisten the inhaled air.
D) drain into the oropharynx.

Question 12

Which of these does not act as a protective mechanism in the respiratory system?

A) ciliated epithelium lining the respiratory tract
B) mucous lining the respiratory tract
C) alveolar macrophages in the lungs.
D) acidic secretions from the lining of the trachea

Question 13

Which of the following puts the pathway air travels to the alveoli in the correct order?

A) larynx - trachea - primary bronchi - lobar bronchi - segmental bronchi - bronchioles
B) trachea - larynx - segmental bronchi - primary bronchi - lobar bronchi - bronchioles
C) larynx - primary bronchi - trachea - lobar bronchi - bronchioles - segmental bronchi
D) larynx - trachea - lobar bronchi - primary bronchi - bronchioles - segmental bronchi

Question 14

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates structures that assist in filtering, heating, and humidifying inspired air.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 15

Anatomical region of the nasal cavity containing nose hairs.

A) nasal septum
B) olfactory mucosa
C) nasal conchae
D) vestibule
E) uvula

Question 16

Which part of the nose is composed of dense fibrous connective tissue?

A) the apex
B) the border where the nostril attaches to the maxilla
C) the nasal septum
D) the surface connecting to the nasal bones

Question 17

Which structure is not located within the nasopharynx?

A) opening of the pharyngotympanic tube
B) palatine tonsil
C) pharyngeal tonsil
D) tubal tonsil

Question 18

Of the following, which is the only organ that is not an upper respiratory structure?

A) bronchi
B) oropharynx
C) vestibule of the nose
D) nasal cavity

Question 19

The superior and middle nasal conchae are bony projections from the

A) vomer.
B) ethmoid bone.
C) sphenoid bone.
D) maxillary bone.

Question 20

Which portion of the nasal cavity is lined with sebaceous and sweat glands and numerous hair follicles?

A) hard and soft palate
B) nasal conchae
C) roof (ceiling)
D) vestibule

Question 21

The ________ flaps over the glottis when we swallow food.

A) uvula
B) epiglottis
C) palate
D) vocal fold

Question 22

The passageway between the nasopharynx and the middle ear is the

A) oval window.
B) internal acoustic meatus.
C) mastoid sinus.
D) pharyngotympanic tube.

Question 23

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the fibromusculocartilaginous layer with hyaline cartilaginous rings that allow the trachea to bend and elongate but not collapse.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 24

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the cartilage that anchors the vocal cords posteriorly.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 25

Of the three different layers of tissue in the wall of the trachea, the outermost layer is the

A) adventitia.
B) lamina propria.
C) submucosa.
D) muscularis.

Question 26

The medial opening between the vocal folds through which air passes.

A) glottis
B) vestibule
C) rima glottidis
D) thyrohyoid membrane
E) cricothyroid ligament

Question 27

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the vocal fold, or true vocal cord.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 28

An aortic aneurysm that presses on the left recurrent laryngeal nerve could lead to

A) paralysis of the diaphragm.
B) hoarse speech.
C) complete loss of speech.
D) inability of the carotid sinus to monitor blood gases.

Question 29

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the ciliated pseudostratified epithelium of the trachea.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 30

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates a muscular tube that propels swallowed food to the stomach.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 31

In a runner who is breathing heavily during a race, the rima glottidis is

A) half closed.
B) half open.
C) open as far as possible.
D) all the way closed.

Question 32

The pharyngeal tonsil is

A) scattered throughout the pharynx.
B) in the fauces.
C) the largest tonsil.
D) also called the adenoids and located in the roof of the nasopharynx.

Question 33

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the vestibular fold, or false vocal cord.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 34

The trachealis muscle

A) constricts the trachea.
B) controls the length and tension of the vocal cords.
C) initiates the cough reflex.
D) raises the larynx when swallowing.

Question 35

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the soft portion of the wall of the trachea that allows the esophagus to expand anteriorly.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 36

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the cartilage that folds over the opening of the larynx that function to prevent aspiration of foods and liquids into the lower respiratory tubes.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 37

The ability to vary the pitch of the voice results from varying

A) the force of air passing over the vocal folds.
B) the tension in the vocal folds.
C) the size of the laryngeal cartilages.
D) the shape of the cricoid cartilage.

Question 38

The vocal ligaments attach between the thyroid cartilage and the

A) arytenoid cartilage.
B) corniculate cartilage.
C) cricoid cartilage.
D) cuneiform cartilage.

Question 39

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the cartilage that has a laryngeal prominence that is also known as the "Adam's apple."

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 40

Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Identify the letter that indicates the trachealis muscle.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 41

Specific location within the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

A) terminal bronchioles
B) carina
C) bronchopulmonary segments
D) alveoli
E) respiratory membrane

Question 42

Some bronchi have names such as the "right upper-lobe bronchus," "left lower-lobe bronchus," and "right middle-lobe bronchus." These are ________ bronchi.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) very small (about fifteenth-order)

Question 43

In a preserved cadaver, the first rib is likely to form a groove on which surface of the lung?

A) basal
B) mediastinal
C) inferior costal
D) apical (apex)

Question 44

Sympathetic stimulation of terminal bronchioles causes

A) bronchoconstriction.
B) a decrease in blood supply to the bronchioles.
C) bronchodilation.
D) secretion of less surfactant.

Question 45

The left lung

A) has three lobes.
B) is supplied entirely by a secondary bronchus.
C) receives oxygenated blood from the heart via the left pulmonary artery.
D) has a cardiac notch.

Question 46

The lobes of a lung are easy to recognize and distinguish from one another because

A) they all have slightly different colors.
B) they are separated by fissures.
C) each is supplied by a primary bronchus, and the primary bronchi are easy to find.
D) carbon from the air accumulates between and outlines the lobes in most people (even if they breathe almost-unpolluted air).

Question 47

The correct definition of bronchopulmonary segments is

A) arbitrary subdivisions of a lung, about as large as a fist (0.3 liter).
B) parts of the lung that are easy to remove during surgery.
C) parts of the lungs that are separated by the oblique and horizontal fissures.
D) parts of the lung that are supplied by a single tertiary bronchus (and its branches).

Question 48

Alveolar cells that allow rapid diffusion of respiratory gases.

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) alveolar macrophages
D) endothelial cells
E) pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells

Question 49

In the wall of the trachea and bronchi, the cartilage rings lie within which tissue layer?

A) inner epithelium
B) mucosa
C) submucosa
D) fibromusculocartilaginous layer

Question 50

The smallest airway of the bronchial tree that is primarily responsible for creating bronchoconstriction.

A) primary bronchi
B) bronchopulmonary segment
C) lobe of lung
D) bronchiole
E) alveoli sac

Question 51

The respiratory mucosa is present throughout each of the following areas except the

A) bronchi.
B) nasal cavity.
C) nasopharynx.
D) superior laryngopharynx.

Question 52

The lungs are located in the

A) mediastinum.
B) abdominopelvic cavity.
C) thoracic cavity.
D) pleural cavity.

Question 53

Which of the following changes does not occur as the conducting tubes of the respiratory tree become smaller?

A) Cartilage rings are replaced by irregular plates of cartilage.
B) The lining epithelium thins.
C) Elastin in the walls disappears.
D) Cartilage disappears in the bronchioles.

Question 54

Supportive cartilage disappears from the bronchial tree at the level of the

A) alveolar duct.
B) bronchioles.
C) lobar bronchi.
D) respiratory bronchiole.

Question 55

The fissure separating the upper and middle lobes of the right lung is the ________ fissure.

A) horizontal
B) oblique
C) carina
D) superior
E) inferior

Question 56

Which cells produce surfactant?

A) Type I cells
B) Type II cells
C) alveolar macrophages
D) chondrocytes

Question 57

The region of the lung served by secondary, or lobar, bronchi.

A) bronchopulmonary segment
B) lobe
C) lobule
D) lingular
E) cardiac notch

Question 58

The detergent-like molecule that keeps the alveoli from collapsing between breaths is called

A) bile.
B) hemoglobin.
C) surfactant.
D) oxygen.

Question 59

Alveolar pores

A) allow gases to transfer from the alveoli to the blood.
B) allow pleural fluid to enter the alveoli and keep their walls from sticking together.
C) are the openings between the alveolar duct and the alveolus.
D) equalize air pressure throughout the lung.

Question 60

Lung cancer occurs slightly more frequently in the right lung than in the left lung (about 53% versus 47% of the time). The most logical explanation for this is that

A) the tissue of the right lung is more susceptible to carcinogens.
B) the right nostril is closed more often than the left one, so it blocks the exhalation of cigarette smoke and causes smoke to back up into the right lung.
C) most people are right-handed, so everything affects the right side of the body more intensely.
D) the right primary bronchus is wider than the left one (and the right lung is larger than the left lung), so the right lung receives slightly more carcinogenic cigarette smoke with each puff.

Question 61

How does pulmonary surfactant keep the alveoli open at all times?

A) It reduces the surface tension between the walls of the alveoli.
B) It increases the water content in the lungs.
C) It reduces friction within the alveoli.
D) It actively pulls the alveoli open as we inhale.

Question 62

The alveoli continue to form until

A) birth.
B) early childhood.
C) late childhood.
D) young adulthood.

Question 63

Which muscle contracts during forced expiration?

A) internal oblique
B) serratus anterior
C) sternocleidomastoid
D) pectoralis major

Question 64

Which structure does not enter or exit from the hilum of a lung?

A) bronchial vein
B) phrenic nerve
C) pulmonary artery
D) pulmonary plexus

Question 65

The aortic bodies

A) sense the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
B) give rise to the pulmonary arteries.
C) are innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
D) are in the hilum of the lung.

Question 66

Which muscle is used for both quiet inspiration and forced expiration?

A) external intercostals
B) internal intercostals
C) latissimus dorsi
D) scalenes

Question 67

Embryologically, the lower respiratory organs develop from the

A) olfactory pits.
B) laryngotracheal bud.
C) respiratory placode.
D) splanchnic ectoderm

Question 68

Which of the following us true about the lungs in elderly individuals?

A) Their elasticity declines.
B) They have greater capacity to fill due to increased flexibility of the thoracic wall.
C) Their protective mechanisms increase, reducing the risk of illness.
D) They produce more alveoli.

Question 69

Embryologically, the nasal cavity develops from

A) invagination of the ectoderm of the olfactory placode.
B) the nasopharynx.
C) a cranial extension of the mouth.
D) the early precursor of the paranasal sinuses.

Question 70

The only laryngeal cartilage to form a complete ring is the cuneiform.

Question 71

The serous membrane lining of the wall of the thoracic cavity.

A) visceral pleura
B) parietal pleura
C) mucous membrane
D) parietal pericardium
E) visceral pericardium

Question 72

These are peripheral chemoreceptors that monitor changes in respiratory gasses and blood acidity levels.

A) ventral respiratory center
B) vagus nerve
C) reticular activating system
D) carotid bodies
E) medulla oblongata

Question 73

The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles are all located within the lungs.

Question 74

The groove through which air passes between nasal conchae is called a choana.

Question 75

The ventral respiratory group (VRG), a group of neurons that generates the basic respiratory rhythm, is located within the

A) forebrain.
B) medulla oblongata.
C) midbrain.
D) pons.

Question 76

When the diaphragm contracts, the size of the thoracic cavity ________, the pressure inside the thoracic cavity ________, and air flows ________ the lungs.

A) decreases; rises; into
B) increases; drops; into
C) decreases; drops; out of
D) increases; drops; out of

Question 77

The vocal ligaments are attached between the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages.

Question 78

In emphysema, the alveoli become enlarged due to deterioration of the alveolar walls. How does this lead to a lack of oxygen?

A) The surface area for exchange of oxygen is reduced due to the breakdown of the walls and increased size of the alveoli.
B) The alveolar walls thicken, making exchange more difficult.
C) The enlarged alveoli put pressure on the capillaries in the lung, causing them to break down.
D) The alveoli walls become impermeable to oxygen as they enlarge.

Question 79

The respiratory zone begins at the large bronchioles.

Question 80

The pleura

A) contains fluid between the two layers, which allows the lungs to glide over the thoracic wall with each breath.
B) includes the parietal pleura, which is directly connected to the lungs.
C) is located solely in the mediastinum.
D) secretes pleural fluid, which lubricates the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing.