Deck 8: Racial and Ethnic Inequality

Question 1

Racial stratification provides Whites with a number of things,including __________.

A) better jobs
B) slave labor
C) complete political control
D) racial purity

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Martin was a British officer in India in the early 1900s.The British in India made up a tiny fraction of the overall population but held nearly all of the power.Thus,Martin was a part of the __________ group.

A) minority
B) majority
C) racial-ethnic
D) dominant

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A group labeled as a "race" by the wider society and bound together by common social and economic conditions is a __________ group.

A) racial-ethnic
B) color-blind
C) majority
D) minority

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following minority groups has the lowest life expectancy in the United States today?

A) Asian Americans
B) African Americans
C) Latino Americans
D) Native Americans

Question 5

__________ is the sociohistorical process by which races are continually being shaped and transformed.

A) Racial formation
B) Racial stratification
C) Racial-ethnic grouping
D) Environmental racism

Question 6

Racial problems have __________ foundations.

A) interpersonal
B) religious
C) scientific
D) structural

Question 7

By the middle of the twenty-first century,minority groups will comprise about __________ percent of the U.S.population.

A) 30
B) 40
C) 50
D) 60

Question 8

"Biological deficiency" theories posit that __________.

A) God predetermines people's success in life
B) social opportunities affect groups in different ways
C) cultural groups have lifestyles and value systems that keep them from succeeding
D) genetic differences in intelligence separate racial groups

Question 9

__________ refers to discrimination that is built into the operation of social institutions,including the economy,schools,and the legal system.

A) Pluralism
B) Institutional racism
C) Affirmative action
D) Segregation

Question 10

The U.S.census started to allow people to identify as members of more than one race in __________.

A) 1980
B) 1990
C) 2000
D) 2010

Question 11

Most Asian Americans are __________.

A) Japanese
B) Chinese
C) Korean
D) Vietnamese

Question 12

Ethnic groups are distinctive partially on the basis of their __________.

A) shared experiences
B) skin color
C) culture
D) political views

Question 13

A subordinate group in society is called a __________ group.

A) racial-ethnic
B) majority
C) minority
D) focus

Question 14

Which present-day group is descended from involuntary migrants to the United States?

A) Japanese Americans
B) African Americans
C) Latino Americans
D) Native American Indians

Question 15

__________ is a system of inequality in which race is the major criterion for rank and rewards.

A) Racial formation
B) Structural discrimination
C) Racial stratification
D) Gender stratification

Question 16

Those who hold great power in our society are known as the __________ group.

A) racial-ethnic
B) dominant
C) minority
D) focus

Question 17

"Hispanic," "Arab," and "Asian American" are all examples of __________.

A) racial formations
B) dominant groups
C) racial profiles
D) indigenous groups

Question 18

Malik is from Syria and has lived in the United States for over three decades.During that time,in a process known as __________,he has seen his racial category change from "Middle Easterner" to "Arab."

A) discrimination
B) racial formation
C) racial stratification
D) prejudice

Question 19

Overt acts by individuals that harm members of another race are called __________.

A) individual racism
B) institutional racism
C) racial formation
D) color blindness

Question 20

"Cultural deficiency" theories explain racial subordination by positing that __________.

A) social opportunities affect groups in different ways
B) cultural groups have lifestyles and value systems that keep them from succeeding
C) God predetermines people's success in life
D) racial groups differ in intelligence

Question 21

Which of the following groups has the lowest poverty rate?

A) Whites
B) Blacks
C) Native Americans
D) Hispanics

Question 22

The case that struck down school segregation was __________.

A) Eitzen v. Baca Zinn
B) Herrnstein v. Murray
C) Brown v. Board of Education
D) Roe v. Wade

Question 23

"Institutional racism" refers to __________.

A) social processes that, intentionally or not, protect the advantages of the dominant group while maintaining the unequal position of the subordinate groups
B) overt acts of hostility by individuals intended to harm members of other racial and ethnic groups
C) differences in institutional benefits due to expanded opportunities for more qualified individuals
D) the belief that racial groups have innate intellectual differences

Question 24

?? Bill,a conflict theorist,believes that __________ theories,which focus blame on the prejudiced attitudes of majority members for the secondary status of minorities,are the best way to explain racial stratification

A) deficiency
B) bias
C) structural discrimination
D) racial formation

Question 25

At least __________ college students are targets of racially motivated assaults each year.

A) 50
B) 500
C) 5,000
D) 500,000

Question 26

Jeremiah is a member of the KKK and frequently engages in acts of overt hostility aimed at racial minorities.He is engaging in __________ racism.

A) individual
B) institutional
C) formation
D) segregated

Question 27

__________ refers to the fact that members of some minority groups are more likely to be exposed to harmful substances in the environment.

A) Environmental racism
B) Environmental sexism
C) Toxic waste
D) Toxic ableism

Question 28

The __________,proposed by Omi and Winant,suggests that the United States is organized along racial lines from top to bottom.

A) racial-formation theory
B) racial-conduct theory
C) ethnic-hypothesis theory
D) White-Black hypothesis

Question 29

Students in lower income neighborhoods attend poorly funded schools,which limits their chances of getting a good education and going on to college.These school districts are overwhelmingly populated by racial minorities and are a big contributor to __________.

A) the minority education gap
B) environmental racism
C) racial formation
D) multiculturalism

Question 30

Whereas __________ models blame inequality on the cultural values of the majority group,__________ theories blame inequality on the individuals who are prejudiced against minority groups.

A) cultural deficiency; bias
B) bias; cultural deficiency
C) cultural deficiency; structural deficiency
D) structural deficiency; cultural deficiency

Question 31

Which of the following contributes to the minority education gap?

A) Segregation
B) Educational opportunities
C) Less funding and fewer federal programs for schools.
D) Lack of willpower

Question 32

Recently,a city government decided it needed a new landfill so it bought the cheapest land it could find,which happened to be next to a neighborhood which was predominately populated by minorities.This is an example of __________.

A) individual racism
B) institutional racism
C) environmental racism
D) nativism

Question 33

George believes that the secondary status of minorities is due to their own inferior culture and poor decision making.His beliefs align with the __________ theory.

A) deficiency
B) bias
C) structural discrimination
D) racial-formation

Question 34

As compared to Whites,African Americans and Latinos are more likely to __________.

A) be unemployed
B) work white-collar jobs
C) have a Bachelor's degree
D) work for higher pay

Question 35

The group most likely to be without health coverage is __________.

A) African Americans
B) Hispanics
C) Asians
D) Whites

Question 36

The funding of schools primarily based on property values systematically discriminates against the poor and is an example of __________ racism.

A) individual
B) institutional
C) formation
D) segregated

Question 37

Established and customary social arrangements that exclude on the basis of race are known as __________.

A) individual discrimination
B) institutional discrimination
C) cultural discrimination
D) individual racism

Question 38

As more minorities enter high-status jobs,they are confronted by new forms of discrimination in the form of __________ that limit their access to top-level jobs.

A) fake jobs
B) glass escalators
C) job ceilings
D) glass elevators

Question 39

After taking a social problems class,Josh begins to focus on the institutionalized patterns of discrimination as the sources of the secondary status of minorities because he believes in __________ theories.

A) deficiency
B) bias
C) structural discrimination
D) racial-formation

Question 40

Though not popular anymore,for years scientists spent time trying to validate __________ theories by looking at things like IQ and other intelligence tests.

A) bias
B) cultural
C) biological deficiency
D) structural

Question 41

Gains in __________ are resulting in narrowing the gap between White and Black families.

Question 42

Official government unemployment rates do not account for the nearly __________ million people who work part time or have given up seeking full-time employment.

Question 43

There are approximately __________ documented hate groups are in the United States according to the Southern Poverty Law Center.

Question 44

Rising poverty rates among Latinos have led many policymakers to conclude that they have joined inner-city African Americans to form a(n)__________.

Question 45

The authors assert that __________,which focuses on social conditions and not the morality of people,is the best way for us to understand racial impoverishment in U.S.inner cities.

Question 46

Stopping all people who appear to be Muslim or Arab at the airport and flagging them for extra screening is an example of __________.

A) racial formation
B) cultural deficiency theory
C) multiculturalism
D) racial profiling

Question 47

At least __________ hate crime(s)occur(s)on a college campus every day.

Question 48

In reference to the total population,minorities represent a __________ share of the U.S.population.

A) stable
B) declining
C) rising
D) fluctuating

Question 49

According to the text,rising poverty rates among Latinos have led many policymakers to conclude that they have joined inner-city African Americans to form a __________.

A) hopeless underworld
B) hopeless underclass
C) useful coalition
D) racial-ethnic group

Question 50

The idea that race no longer matters in explaining inequality or policymaking because racism has been overcome is called __________.

A) color blindness
B) individual racism
C) institutional racism
D) nativism

Question 51

A person who uses IQ tests to justify differential treatment of minority groups is basing his/her viewpoint in __________ theory

Question 52

As the United States is becoming a multiracial society there has been a(n)__________.

A) backlash against civil rights reforms
B) rejection of educational policy reforms
C) increase in opportunities for more qualified minorities
D) elimination of hate groups

Question 53

Mark,who is African American,was recently pulled over by the police.When he asked why he was stopped,the officer did not say anything specifically and Mark did not think he was committing a violation.Mark suspects he was being profiled and pulled over for __________.

A) speeding
B) driving while Black
C) drunk driving
D) swerving

Question 54

The __________ theories postulate that racial groups differ in basic intelligence.

Question 55

Minorities are __________ likely to be without medical insurance coverage than members of the dominant group.

Question 56

The __________ theory,proposed by Omi and Winant,asserts that race is the factor which determines and structures life in the United States.

Question 57

Those who espouse a color-blind approach to understanding the world are __________ affirmative action policies.

A) less likely than others to support
B) more likely than others to support
C) instrumental in setting
D) equally as supportive as others of

Question 58

Hurricane Katrina left thousands of racial minorities stranded in central city New Orleans without an adequate evacuation plan or emergency response.This social disaster highlights __________.

A) the problematic dilemma of racial formation
B) multiculturalism in central cities
C) the social isolation of minorities in U.S. inner cities
D) overt racism by those in the suburbs

Question 59

"Profiling" refers to __________.

A) racism that is tolerated by social institutions and affects many different types of people
B) overt acts of hostility committed by individuals to harm other individuals
C) the problem of police targeting (and sometimes savagely mistreating) minorities
D) the stereotypical features given to minority suspects by police sketch artists

Question 60

In this post-civil rights era,Chris does not believe that race matters in terms of determining one's life chances.He has a(n)__________ approach to understanding the world.

A) racial
B) racist
C) color-blind
D) ethnic

Question 61

The terms "majority" and "minority" refer to the actual numbers of people in certain groups.

Question 62

Discuss the trends in racial and ethnic relations.What are the implications of each?
Ideal

Question 63

Differentiate among deficiency,bias,and structural discrimination theories of racial and ethnic inequality.Which of these theories do you think best explains current race relations in the U.S.? Why? Be specific and use examples.
Ideal

Question 64

As more minorities enter high-status jobs,they are confronted by new forms of discrimination in the form of the "job ceilings" that limit their access to top-level jobs.

Question 65

Whereas cultural deficiency models blame inequality on the cultural values of the majority group,bias theories blame inequality on the minority groups' own prejudice and racism.

Question 66

The U.S.census has always allowed people to identify themselves as belonging to more than one racial class.

Question 67

Hispanics have the highest level of high school completion among minority populations.

Question 68

According to the authors of the text,"Racial classification in the United States is based on a Black-White dichotomy." What do they mean by this?

Question 69

What is the significance of the census allowing citizens to choose more than one racial category?

Question 70

Explain the differences in White and minority income.

Question 71

A minority may have more political power than the majority.

Question 72

Institutional racism refers to overt acts of racism by individuals that harm other individuals or their personal property.

Question 73

Which groups in society are most disadvantaged with regard to education? Discuss why this phenomenon exists.What are the long-term implications of this gap?
Ideal

Question 74

Discuss access of different ethnic and racial groups to employment opportunities.What are the implications of this?

Question 75

Where minority groups have narrowed the gap in educational attainment between themselves and Whites,they have also narrowed the economic differences.

Question 76

What is the difference between health outcomes of Whites and minorities? Explain how these differences are related to institutional and interpersonal racism.
Ideal

Question 77

Discuss the historical processes that have led to the current position of Native American Indians in American society.

Question 78

By 2004,U.S.schools were finally less segregated than they were in the days of Brown v.Board of Education.

Question 79

What is the difference between institutional racism in comparison to individual racism? Which do you think has a bigger impact on contemporary U.S.society? Use examples.
Ideal

Question 80

The Latino/a experience is uniformly the same for all.