Deck 8: Imagery

Question 1

Amanda needs to study a list of words and recall them afterwards. She ends up having an easier time remembering the word set "cat, notebook, desk" than the word set "void, inherent, hypothetical." This scenario illustrates ______.

A) auditory imagery
B) the concreteness effect
C) the bizarreness effect
D) tactile imagery

Answer 1

the concreteness effect

Question 2

Why did the author create a detailed mental picture of taking a trip on Pacific Coast Highway?

A) so he could describe it to a friend
B) to create a memory palace
C) so he could relax
D) to plan his next visit there

Answer 2

so he could relax

Question 3

In what way are the bizarreness effect and the picture superiority effect related?

A) Because picture memory is superior in most people, the picture superiority effect cancels out the bizarreness effect.
B) Because pictures are generally more distinctive from one another than words are, we tend to remember pictures better.
C) Bizarre imagery always tends to stand out, so the bizarreness effect cancels out the picture superiority effect.
D) The bizarreness effect explains the dual coding of pictures, which are coded not only visually but also on a bizarre-ordinary spectrum.

Answer 3

Because pictures are generally more distinctive from one another than words are, we tend to remember pictures better.

Question 4

Pylyshyn argued that imagining has a ______ sense and that imagery is ______.

A) territorial; interactive
B) metacognitive; interstitial
C) spatial; representational
D) temporal; propositional

Question 5

Researchers believe that pictures produce automatic encoding in ______, whereas words produce automatic encoding in ______

A) three modalities; two modalities
B) one modality; three modalities
C) two modalities; one modality
D) one modality; two modalities

Question 6

Images are most often ______.

A) visual
B) auditory
C) olfactory
D) tactile

Question 7

Which of the following is the most accepted view of mental imagery?

A) Kosslyn's propositional view
B) Pylyshyn's propositional view
C) Kosslyn's spatial view
D) Pylyshyn's spatial view

Question 8

When Kosslyn had participants access different locations of an object or scene, he called this a ______ task

A) mental travel
B) mental visual
C) mental imagination
D) mental hallucination

Question 9

You are enjoying your birthday party so much that you want to remember it for a long time. Based on what you have read, which of these would most likely help you to remember the party?

A) Create a phonological loop and include vocal or sub-vocal rehearsal.
B) Create mental images to strengthen the episodic memory.
C) Invent a pegboard mnemonic to remember each hour of the party in sequence.
D) Write down labels for each of the emotions you feel.

Question 10

Stephen Kosslyn believes that mental images are represented ______.

A) in black and white
B) spatially
C) propositionally
D) in patterns

Question 11

Objects are usually easier to remember because they are ______, whereas concepts tend to be harder to remember because they are ______.

A) auditory; visual
B) visual; auditory
C) abstract; concrete
D) concrete; abstract

Question 12

Kosslyn asked participants to move about mentally on a fictional island that they had studied on a map. He believed that participants would take ______ to travel for ______ distances

A) less time; longer
B) more time; longer
C) more time; shorter
D) the same amount of time; all

Question 13

The ______ superiority effect suggests that ______ are better remembered than ______

A) picture; pictures; words
B) word; words; pictures
C) concept; abstract concepts; concrete objects
D) sentence; sentences; individual words

Question 14

What is the theory of dual coding?

A) the idea that the mind stores words in two ways rather than one
B) the idea that the mind stores pictures in two ways rather than one
C) a suggestion that reading a word forward and backward cements it in memory
D) a suggestion that bilingual and multilingual people have better memories

Question 15

A study that asks participants to remember ______ would be likely to result in the highest rates of recall

A) a series of pictures
B) a series of word labels
C) a list of abstract concepts
D) a series of bizarre events

Question 16

What is the difference between a concrete image and an abstract concept?

A) All concrete images are the same, while every abstract concept is different.
B) Each concrete image is a sophisticated idea, while each abstract concept is a simple idea.
C) A concrete image shows something you have seen before, while an abstract concept shows something you have only imagined.
D) A concrete image is of a physical object, while an abstract concept is of an idea or feeling.

Question 17

You participate in a research study, and the researchers ask you to study and remember a list of 10 bizarre sentences. Are you likely to do better on this task than you would if you had to recall a list of 10 ordinary sentences? Why or why not?

A) Maybe. It depends on each person's level of creativity
B) Yes. Bizarre ideas are almost always easy to remember because they are so unexpected.
C) No. If all the ideas are bizarre, then none of them stand out
D) No. People tend to perform about the same on these tests regardless of the bizarreness of the imagery

Question 18

The idea that information is represented non-spatially in the mind is called a(n) ______.

A) propositional representation
B) spatial representation
C) metacognitive hallucination
D) auditory image

Question 19

How would you create an accurate, detailed mental picture of a place you had never been?

A) Read about the place and look at pictures of it.
B) Invent sounds and sensations that might happen there.
C) Create a mental picture of a similar familiar place and alter details.
D) It is not possible to do this.

Question 20

Which of these sentences would McDaniel and Einstein classify as having bizarre imagery?

A) The plumber ate the wrench instead of fixing the sink.
B) I saw a child on a scooter being pulled by a dog on a leash.
C) She is so angry she could scream.
D) The octopus escaped from its tank.

Question 21

You are designing a study of flashbulb memories, and your classmates are your research subjects. Which of these incidents would it make sense to ask your research subjects about?

A) the first time they walked on grass
B) a stock market crash that happened 20 years ago
C) a national tragedy that happened 8 years ago
D) their fifth day as a college student

Question 22

Which of these words are you least likely to remember?

A) tray
B) tree
C) truck
D) truth

Question 23

Imagery that is ______ looks like what you would see walking through your campus, but ______ imagery is a map of your campus.

A) abstract; scenographic
B) scenographic; auditory
C) olfactory; auditory
D) visual; olfactory

Question 24

Researchers have found that when research subjects see a picture of gears, it takes them longer to imagine the gears moving if the movements required are ______.

A) less complex
B) more complex
C) faster
D) slower

Question 25

In which of these situations would using a pegword mnemonic most likely help you?

A) figuring out where you left your wallet or purse
B) improving your general memory abilities
C) remembering the names of all your ancestors in your family tree
D) inventing a new coding language for computers

Question 26

Paivio's dual-coding theory suggests that pictures have a(n) ______ code and a(n) ______ code.

A) verbal; nonverbal
B) visual; tactile
C) olfactory; visual
D) auditory; olfactory

Question 27

You vividly remember the place and time you first heard that a favorite relative of yours was seriously ill. This is an example of a ______ memory.

A) geographic
B) flashbulb
C) wayfinding
D) pegboard

Question 28

You are conducting a study of flashbulb memories. "I remember it like it was yesterday," one of your research subjects tells you. How likely is this person's memory to be accurate?

A) very likely, since he or she has an emotional connection to the memory that strengthens it and allows it to remain accurate
B) somewhat likely, but errors in memory may be possible
C) somewhat unlikely, since emotions cloud and distort memories
D) very unlikely, since someone who has read about an event has better recall than someone with a flashbulb memory of it

Question 29

Jaronda believes that if athletes mentally imagine themselves practicing their basketball free throws, they will get better at it in real life. This supports the ______.

A) concreteness effect
B) bizarreness effect
C) visual imagery theory
D) motor imagery theory

Question 30

Elizabeth Loftus suggested that ______ an event could cause false memories of the event.

A) imagining
B) experiencing
C) observing
D) sleeping through

Question 31

Elizabeth Loftus showed that subjects who are asked to "remember" incidents from their childhood, even though they did not really experience these events, ______.

A) were uncertain about whether they had experienced them
B) told her they did not remember the events
C) created stories to go along with the events
D) thought they were hallucinating

Question 32

In the ______, words that rhyme with numbers are placeholders in an ordered list.

A) pegword mnemonic
B) method of loci
C) concreteness effect
D) bizarreness effect

Question 33

Before you give your speech as your class's valedictorian, you make a mental rehearsal of what you will do and say and how you will act. Cognitive psychologists call this an example of ______.

A) nonverbal intelligence
B) intellectual interference
C) social agility
D) grounded cognition

Question 34

You are developing an app that helps people walk to local destinations. Based on what you have read, which of these approaches would make it easier for your users to remember the paths they have taken?

A) Make all information auditory so that users can focus on what they are seeing.
B) Eliminate scenographic information from your directions; keep them simple and map-like.
C) Include scenographic and abstract information, but put the emphasis on scenographic images.
D) Include auditory and other nonvisual imagery.

Question 35

The ______ is a memory aid in which a person creates images of to-be-remembered information and pairs them with locations along a familiar route or place.

A) pegword mnemonic
B) method of loci
C) bizarreness effect
D) picture superiority effect

Question 36

Which of these is an example of auditory imagery?

A) wondering when an alarm will ring
B) hearing a door slam
C) imagining the sound of wind in the trees
D) flinching at an unexpected noise

Question 37

Which types of imagery does a pegword mnemonic use?

A) visual and auditory
B) visual only
C) olfactory and auditory
D) auditory only

Question 38

Which of the following sentences are you most likely remember?

A) The high school student impatiently waited for the bell to ring.
B) Rashad went to the grocery store to buy an eagle.
C) Three photographers took pictures at the concert.
D) Keith sat on the warm white sand and felt the cool breeze.

Question 39

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the findings of Crutcher and Beer?

A) It is easier to memorize images than the words that name them.
B) It is harder to memorize ordinary sounds than bizarre ones.
C) It is harder to memorize ordinary images than bizarre ones.
D) It is easier to memorize sounds than the words that name them.

Question 40

In which situation would you be most likely to apply what you have learned from the work of Decety and Grèzes?

A) You are taking your weekly run around the track.
B) In a few minutes, you will meet your fiancé's mother.
C) You need to memorize a list of words for a biology exam.
D) A friend urges you to relax about an upcoming deadline.

Question 41

Differentiate between the picture superiority effect, the concreteness effect, and the bizarreness effect. Describe how you could use each one to improve your memory recall in your everyday life.

Question 42

Neurophysiological studies indicate that imagery may precede many social interactions.

Question 43

Kosslyn argued against the idea of imagery being represented spatially.

Question 44

Define the two types of imagery that contribute to "working map" representations. How would you design a study to determine which type of imagery people rely on more?

Question 45

People have an easier time imagining abstract concepts than concrete objects.

Question 46

Imagery plays only a small role in episodic memory.

Question 47

Explain the role of imagery in motor performance, and propose a way that you could test it.

Question 48

The bizarreness effect shows that distinctiveness causes recall to worsen in most test subjects.

Question 49

Compare and contrast Kosslyn's and Pylyshyn's views of mental imagery. Provide examples to support your answer.

Question 50

Pylyshyn argued that mental images represent propositional representation.

Question 51

Images can be not only visual, but also auditory, olfactory, or tactile.

Question 52

Discuss the idea that being able to create mental images may be harmful. Cite examples from published research.

Question 53

A person is told to imagine an image of a plane and asked to begin each trial by focusing on the cockpit. In the first trial, he or she is asked a question about the engine. In the second trial, he or she is questioned about the tail. According to Kosslyn's theory, it should take the person longer to answer the question about the engine of the plane as compared to the question about the tail.

Question 54

Studies have shown that mentally rehearsing actions such as volleyball serves helps improve the actual action.

Question 55

It is possible to use imagery to help us plan future behaviors.