Deck 3: Physiologists of Mind: Brain Scientists from Gall to Penfield

Question 1

In general,which kinds of memories are most affected by head injuries?

A) visual memories
B) early memories
C) recent memories
D) memories of the type corresponding to the area of the brain that is injured

Answer 1

recent memories

Question 2

A rare condition in which patients' only linguistic symptoms are frequent mispronunciations and an inability to repeat back what has been said to them is called:

A) Broca's aphasia.
B) sensory aphasia.
C) conduction aphasia.
D) oral aphasia.

Answer 2

conduction aphasia.

Question 3

Which of the following was the major technique used by Pierre Flourens in his attempts to refute phrenological theory?

A) experimental ablations from the brains of animals
B) careful observation of brain-injured human patients
C) observation of human patients recovering from brain surgery
D) electrical stimulation of different parts of animals' brains

Answer 3

experimental ablations from the brains of animals

Question 4

Franz Gall made which of the following contributions?

A) He made a good case that the brain is the organ of the mind.
B) He made several fundamental anatomical discoveries about the brain.
C) He founded the science which came to be known as phrenology.
D) all of the above

Question 5

A patient who can make vocal sounds and exclamations,can understand spoken speech,but cannot utter ordinary declarative sentences,is said to suffer from:

A) motor aphasia.
B) sensory aphasia.
C) conduction aphasia.
D) paraphasia.

Question 6

Fritsch and Hitzig inaugurated the new era in brain research when they electrically stimulated the cortex of a dog in 1870. The functional area they discovered when they did so was the:

A) auditory area.
B) visual area.
C) motor strip.
D) both a and b above

Question 7

Flourens's conception of the brain emphasized:

A) specific actions propres in large subdivisions of the brain.
B) cooperative action commune among the different brain parts.
C) the localization of sensory functions in specific parts of the brain.
D) both a and b

Question 8

David Ferrier discovered he could produce fast movements in the eyes of monkeys,as if they were looking at something,when he stimulated the:

A) sensory strip, immediately behind the motor strip.
B) visual center, in the occipital (rear) lobe of the cortex.
C) visual center, in the frontal lobe of the cortex.
D) either a or b above

Question 9

_________ was an earlier proponent of the plasticity and equipotentiality of the brain who directly influenced Karl Lashley's research on the subject.

A) John B. Watson
B) Shepherd Ivory Franz
C) Wilder Penfield
D) Donald Hebb

Question 10

Damage to Wernicke's area produces:

A) inability to understand the spoken words of others or oneself.
B) mispronunciation in one's own speech.
C) inability to utter declarative sentences.
D) both a and babove

Question 11

Which of the following assumptions was an error of Gall's in his phrenological theory?

A) Specific psychological functions may be localized in specific brain parts.
B) The shape of the skull accurately reflects the shape of the brain lying beneath.
C) The language function is localized near the front of the cortex.
D) all of the above

Question 12

The discovery of several different sensory and motor regions of the brain in the 1870s proved that:

A) there was more localization of function than Flourens had believed, but it was of a different kind from that hypothesized by phrenologists.
B) the brain acts as a unit, as postulated by Flourens's theory of action commune.
C) many phrenological localizations had been surprisingly accurate.
D) it was futile to expect to learn anything from ablation studies.

Question 13

In Lashley's experiments,the two most important determinants of learning loss were the:

A) amount of brain tissue destroyed and the difficulty of the previously learned tasks.
B) location of the destroyed tissue and the age at which the learning had occurred.
C) amount of brain tissue destroyed and the location of the lesion.
D) difficulty of the task and the age at which it was first learned.

Question 14

Pierre Flourens showed that the brain center for the coordination of movement was the:

A) cortex, which phrenologists thought was the center for "will."
B) cortex, which phrenologists thought was the center for all higher faculties.
C) cerebellum, which phrenologists thought was the center for "amativeness."
D) cerebellum, which phrenologists thought was the center for "acquisitiveness."

Question 15

The notion that a single memory may be "stored" in several different specific locations scattered throughout the brain is known as:

A) Pribram's hologram theory.
B) the redundancy hypothesis.
C) the cerebellar theory.
D) the multiple-memory theory.

Question 16

The electrical stimulation of a conscious human brain by Bartholow in 1874:

A) was performed on a retarded patient who did not understand what was happening to her.
B) produced painful sensations and convulsions in the patient.
C) was terminated sooner than planned because of the death of the patient.
D) all of the above

Question 17

Karl Lashley tried to test the localization of memory hypothesis by observing the effects of ablations on:

A) the natural behavior of birds.
B) human beings suffering from incurable diseases.
C) rats who had previously learned to run mazes.
D) all of the above

Question 18

If the brain's language areas are damaged in infancy:

A) language functions may develop normally, nonetheless.
B) language functions are unlikely to ever develop.
C) there may be partial recovery, but less than for similar injuries in adults.
D) specialized deficits such as stuttering may result.

Question 19

Lashley's principle that "the efficiency of performance of an entire complex function may be reduced in proportion to the extent of the brain injury" is known as:

A) the principle of constancy.
B) the principle of equipotentiality.
C) Lashley's law.
D) the law of mass action.

Question 20

In the famous case of Tan,the lesion responsible for his aphasia apparently began in the:

A) right temporal lobe, near Gall's organ of acquisitiveness.
B) right occipital (rear) lobe, near Gall's organ of language.
C) left frontal lobe, near Gall's organ of verbal memory.
D) cerebellum, Gall's organ of amativeness.

Question 21

In his later life Wilder Penfield came to believe that:

A) mental functions would soon be completely explained in terms of brain mechanisms.
B) the most important mental functions were largely confined to the temporal lobe of the brain.
C) mental functions were localized evenly and randomly throughout the brain's cortex.
D) "mind" and "brain" were two independent though interacting entities.

Question 22

Wilder Penfield showed that the nature of an epileptic patient's aura is a function of the:

A) location of the diseased focus at which the seizure begins.
B) mental state of the patient when the seizure begins.
C) personality of the patient.
D) extent of the brain injury causing the epilepsy.

Question 23

Milner's discoveries about differing memory systems represented part of the development of which emerging field of psychology?

A) Clinical psychology
B) Cognitive psychology
C) Developmental psychology
D) Evolutionary psychology

Question 24

Why was Donald O.Hebb's seminal work entitled The Organization of Behavior (1949)important?

A) It related learning and other behavior to the hypothetical functioning of "neurological networks."
B) It confirmed many of the localization theories previously put forth by Broca and Wernicke.
C) It confirmed Penfield's epilepsy theories.
D) It related sensation and perception to the hypothetical functioning of "neurological networks."

Question 25

Penfield referred to responses such as a sense of déjà vu,unfamiliarity,guilt,or euphoria as _______________responses,and found that they could be produced by stimulation in the _______________.

A) experimental; secondary visual area
B) interpretive; temporal lobe
C) emotional; experiential cortex
D) conditioned; cerebellum

Question 26

Milner's work with H.M.led her to contribute which major new idea to memory research?

A) There were multiple but integrated memory systems.
B) Short-term memory lasted longer than previously thought.
C) Working memory and long-term memory were really the same thing.
D) Information cannot be transferred from long-term to short-term memory.

Question 27

One should be cautious in interpreting Penfield's "experiential responses" as evidence for the localization of memory because of which of the following?

A) Experiential responses are more vivid and lifelike than ordinary memories.
B) The effect of electrical stimulation may be to inhibit rather than to excite the normal functioning of cortical neurons.
C) both a and b above
D) none of the above

Question 28

Penfield showed that auditory hallucinations such as Beethoven symphonies or complete conversations could be produced by stimulating the:

A) interpretive cortex.
B) sensory strip.
C) primary auditory area.
D) secondary auditory area.

Question 29

What is the term for the brain's neural plasticity,in which healthy areas have the ability to take over the functions of damaged areas?

A) experientiality
B) equipotentiality
C) physiognomy
D) ablation

Question 30

The major deficit of Milner's patient H.M.was that he:

A) could understand language, but could not remember comprehension.
B) could not transfer information from working memory to long-term storage.
C) could not access his procedural memory.
D) could access his declarative memory much faster than normal people.