Deck 1: Adjusting to Modern Life

Question 1

In spite of countless time­saving devices-automobiles,telephones,photocopiers,fax machines,and so on-most of us complain about a relative lack of

A)time.
B)money.
C)information.
D)work.

Answer 1

time.

Question 2

Until the 1950s,psychologists were found almost exclusively in

A)private industry.
B)academic institutions.
C)mental health facilities.
D)the psychiatric wards of hospitals.

Answer 2

academic institutions.

Question 3

Compared to other methods of drawing conclusions about behavior,the major advantages of the scientific approach are

A)emphasis on empiricism;subjectivity.
B)bias;ability to generalize the findings.
C)clarity and precision;relative intolerance of error.
D)freedom to make value judgments;use of statistics.

Answer 3

clarity and precision;relative intolerance of error.

Question 4

Which of the following is the best definition of psychology?

A)The study of consciousness
B)The study of behavior and the profession that applies knowledge from these studies to solving practical problems
C)The study of abnormal behavior and the profession that applies knowledge from these studies to diagnosing and treating people with mental illness
D)The study of motivation,emotion,and memory

Question 5

The rapid growth of clinical psychology was stimulated mainly by

A)the demands of World War II.
B)the growing interest in self-help approaches.
C)the inability of physicians to cure most psychological disorders.
D)psychological problems resulting from the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Question 6

According to Schwartz,increased freedom of choice available in modern societies

A)has resulted in improved mental health.
B)has enhanced tranquility.
C)has led to fewer postdecision regrets.
D)has contributed to depression and anxiety.

Question 7

"Psychobabble" is best defined as

A)professional psychological terminology.
B)textbook definitions.
C)ill-defined terminology.
D)technical terminology.

Question 8

Which of the following should you look for in self-help books?

A)Clarity in communication
B)Focus on a particular kind of problem
C)Some mention of the theoretical or research basis for the advice
D)All of the above

Question 9

This text assumes the key to effective adjustment is to

A)take charge of your own life.
B)meet problems head-on.
C)take an active role in improving the quality of your life.
D)all of the above.

Question 10

You can reasonably expect some assistance from a book that is intended to help you to

A)lose 20 pounds every month.
B)learn to eat more healthily and gradually include more exercise in your weekly routine.
C)build muscle overnight.
D)find the thin person trapped inside of you.

Question 11

"Any overt response or activity by an organism" defines the term

A)behavior.
B)empiricism.
C)psychology.
D)mental process.

Question 12

Clinical psychology is primarily concerned with

A)discovering the mechanisms of learning.
B)the physiological processes involved in behavior.
C)research dealing with the structure of consciousness.
D)the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems.

Question 13

__________ is the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation.

A)Self-help
B)Codependence
C)Empiricism
D)Subjectivism

Question 14

The paradox of progress in the textbook refers to the idea that

A)for every step forward,we take two steps back.
B)despite unparalleled advances in technology,we seem to have more social and personal difficulties.
C)our biggest problems now involve making technology work properly.
D)technology has prolonged life for many people,causing environmental problems.

Question 15

Which of the following is the basis of empiricism?

A)Correlation
B)Logic
C)Systematic observation
D)Common sense

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT one of the underlying assumptions of this textbook?

A)You can change your behavior only by consulting a professional psychologist.
B)The key to effective adjustment is to take charge of your own life.
C)Critical thinking involves skeptical scrutiny.
D)Knowledge of psychological principles may be of value in everyday life.

Question 17

Modern Western society has made extraordinary technological progress

A)and,therefore,has seen decreases in social problems.
B)but social and personal problems seem more prevalent and more prominent than ever before.
C)and,therefore,has seen a boom in time spent engaging in leisure activities.
D)but social and personal problems are just as prevalent as they were in the past.

Question 18

Technology has enabled humankind to exercise unprecedented control over many aspects of the physical world but at the same time has also created serious

A)environmental problems.
B)microscopic defects.
C)medical costs.
D)underconsumption.

Question 19

The term __________ refers to the psychological processes through which people manage or cope with the demands and challenges of everyday life.

A)adaptation
B)adjustment
C)personality
D)mental health

Question 20

The process of adjustment relates to

A)how people deal with stress.
B)behavior in groups.
C)friendship and love.
D)all of the above.

Question 21

The experimental and control groups should be the same in every respect except for the

A)number of subjects in each group.
B)variation created by the manipulation of the independent variable.
C)assumptions underlying the research question.
D)method of measuring the dependent variable.

Question 22

According to your text,the two main types of research methods in psychology are __________ research methods and __________ research methods.

A)biased;unbiased
B)experimental;control
C)dependent;independent
D)experimental;correlational

Question 23

The textbook author writes "...people who perform poorly in high school tend to perform poorly in college" as an example of a(n)

A)positive correlation.
B)negative correlation.
C)inverse correlation.
D)indirect correlation.

Question 24

Social psychologist Stanley Schachter hypothesized that increases in anxiety would cause increases in desire to be with others.In this study,the independent variable was

A)level of anxiety.
B)desire to be with others.
C)anxious subjects.
D)affiliation.

Question 25

A correlation coefficient indicates the __________ and the __________ of the relationship between two variables.

A)cause;effect
B)control;manipulation
C)strength;direction
D)positive;negative

Question 26

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?

A)-0.36
B)-0.97
C)+0.75
D)+0.15

Question 27

An experiment is a research method in which the investigator manipulates the _______ variable and observes whether any changes occur in a(n) ______ variable as a result.

A)control;experimental
B)experimental;control
C)independent;dependent
D)dependent;independent

Question 28

When temperatures rise during summer in the desert,the amount of outdoor activities declines.This relationship is an example of

A)a positive correlation.
B)a negative correlation.
C)cause and effect.
D)an experiment.

Question 29

A teacher takes notes while watching students on the playground to see if differences in play behavior are associated with discipline problems in class.The teacher is using which of the following research methods?

A)Survey
B)Case study
C)Experimentation
D)Naturalistic observation

Question 30

An experimental group consists of subjects who

A)are unaware of the purpose of the study.
B)merely act as if they are unaware of the purpose.
C)receive some special treatment in regard to the dependent variable.
D)receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable.

Question 31

Mario found a +0.80 correlation coefficient between height and diet.He was able to conclude that

A)a particular diet causes people to grow.
B)people who are taller eat more.
C)there is a strong relationship between height and diet.
D)people should be careful what they feed their children because it could stunt their growth.

Question 32

Dr.Prather randomly assigns 100 student volunteers who experience test anxiety to either a group that will receive training in relaxation exercises or a group that will sit in a waiting area for the same length of time as those learning relaxation.Based on her results,Dr.Prather will have evidence of

A)how well relaxation exercises works in the treatment of various mood disorders.
B)how students with test anxiety behave in a classroom setting.
C)how effective the waiting time is.
D)whether or not relaxation exercises may cause an alleviation of symptoms of test anxiety.

Question 33

Which of the following best describes correlational research?

A)Exerting experimental control
B)Manipulating an independent variable
C)Manipulating a dependent variable
D)Making systematic observations

Question 34

A positive correlation coefficient indicates the two variables covary in the ________, and a negative coefficient indicates that the variables covary .

A)same direction;in the opposite direction
B)opposite direction;directly
C)same direction;directly
D)opposite direction;in the same direction

Question 35

A condition or event that an experimenter varies to see its impact on another variable is called a(n) _________ variable.

A)control
B)dependent
C)independent
D)experimental

Question 36

A correlation exists when

A)two variables are related to each other.
B)two variables have the same underlying cause.
C)two variables are affected by a third variable.
D)a cause-and-effect relationship exists between two variables.

Question 37

A(n) _____________ is a numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables.

A)independent variable
B)correlation coefficient
C)survey coefficient
D)experimental coefficient

Question 38

A researcher wants to determine whether diet causes children to learn better in school.In this study,the independent variable is

A)the children.
B)the type of diet.
C)the age of the children.
D)a measure of learning.

Question 39

A correlation coefficient of -0.80 indicates a

A)mild,inverse correlation.
B)strong,inverse correlation.
C)strong,direct correlation.
D)nonexistent correlation.

Question 40

A control group consists of subjects who

A)are controlled by the experimenter.
B)are allowed to control the manipulation of the variables.
C)do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group.
D)receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable.

Question 41

All of the following appear to have a moderate impact on subjective feelings of well-being EXCEPT

A)health.
B)physical attractiveness.
C)religious belief.
D)social activity.

Question 42

The "third variable" problem is associated with the

A)experimental method.
B)correlational method.
C)multivariate model.
D)placebo effect.

Question 43

Empirical surveys consistently find that the vast majority of respondents characterize themselves as

A)fairly happy.
B)very unhappy.
C)moderately unhappy.
D)unconcerned about their personal happiness.

Question 44

Research indicates that

A)people with high IQs are happier than people with low IQs.
B)people with low IQs are happier than people with high IQs.
C)there is no association between IQ and happiness.
D)people with really high IQs and really low IQs are not as happy as people with average IQs.

Question 45

Research indicates that

A)married men are happier than married women.
B)married women are happier than married men.
C)both married men and women are happier than single or divorced men and women.
D)both single and divorced men and women are happier than married men and women.

Question 46

A researcher gives you a questionnaire to fill out about your attitudes on abortion,school prayer,and drug legalization.This researcher is using which of the following research methods?

A)Experimental
B)Case study
C)Survey
D)Naturalistic observation

Question 47

Research results suggest that which of the following is NOT very important in determining one's happiness?

A)Parenthood
B)Age
C)Money
D)None of the above is very important

Question 48

occurs when people shift their own mental scale for judging pleasantness and unpleasantness.

A)Codependency
B)Empiricism
C)Subjectivism
D)Hedonic adaptation

Question 49

A good place to study is one

A)where you can listen to music while studying.
B)that changes occasionally,to provide variety.
C)that is associated with pleasant activities,like eating.
D)that minimizes demands on your willpower to avoid distractions.

Question 50

Which of the following best characterizes the correlation between attractiveness and subjective feelings of happiness?

A)Negligible
B)Negative,but weak
C)Positive,but weak
D)Positive and strong

Question 51

Which of the following is very important to overall happiness?

A)Culture
B)Marriage
C)Income
D)Physical attractiveness

Question 52

The authors suggest that we should be careful about drawing conclusions about causes of happiness because they

A)would not be based on empirical evidence.
B)would be based on experimental data.
C)would be based on correlational data.
D)have been found to be invalid by some researchers.

Question 53

Which of the following is the best description of the relationship between health and happiness?

A)Good health may not,by itself,produce happiness,because people tend to take good health for granted.
B)Good health is one of the best predictors of happiness.
C)Individuals who develop serious health problems have difficulty adjusting and therefore are less happy than those who are healthy.
D)People born with serious health problems are happier than others because they do not take their health for granted.

Question 54

In order for your reading to be effective,it must be done

A)with a lot of highlighting.
B)by active processing.
C)by ignoring the chapter outline.
D)by skipping over the textbook learning aids.

Question 55

In setting up a schedule for studying,you should

A)allow time for study breaks.
B)develop a new set of priorities each day.
C)try to get the simple,routine tasks out of the way first.
D)avoid the temptation to break up major assignments into smaller parts.

Question 56

In a case study,

A)an individual participant is studied in depth.
B)systematic observation is used to see if a link exists between variables.
C)behavior is carefully observed without intervening directly with subjects.
D)a variable is manipulated while another variable is observed for changes.

Question 57

Research indicates that people who have heartfelt religious convictions are

A)more likely to be happy than people who are non-religious.
B)less happy than people who are non-religious.
C)neither more nor less happy than people who are non-religious.
D)less happy than people who are non-religious because they have less community support.

Question 58

Case studies

A)provide strong bases for developing laws of behavior.
B)can provide general conclusions through consistencies between cases.
C)are of little use when treating and diagnosing psychological problems.
D)all of the above.

Question 59

An important insight that can be drawn from the research on happiness is that

A)money can buy happiness.
B)attractive people are generally happy people.
C)objective realities are not as important as subjective feelings.
D)collectivist cultures are happier than individualistic cultures.

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT involved in improving your reading?

A)Read the chapter straight through repeatedly.
B)Consult the chapter outline or summary.
C)Look over the topic headings in a chapter.
D)Highlight the main ideas and technical terms.

Question 61

One advantage of the scientific method is its relative intolerance of error.

Question 62

A useful study technique that helps to organize information is

A)outlining reading assignments.
B)studying with a group of students.
C)underlining important points in textbooks.
D)memorizing the order of chapter headings.

Question 63

People tend to overestimate their knowledge of a topic.

Question 64

Most students record less than of the crucial ideas in a lecture.

A)90%
B)70%
C)40%
D)10%

Question 65

The loci method is a mnemonic device that involves

A)making up a logical story.
B)inventing a useful acronym.
C)memorizing a simple poem.
D)taking a make-believe walk where you associate images of items you want to remember.

Question 66

Psychology confines itself to the study of human behavior.

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT one of the tips for getting more out of lectures?

A)Ask questions in class.
B)Listen actively to the lecture.
C)Pay attention to the instructor's nonverbal signals.
D)Try to use the instructor's words when taking notes in class.

Question 68

Using "Roy G Biv" to remember the order of colors in the light spectrum is an example of how can help us remember information.

A)acrostics
B)acronyms
C)overlearning
D)visual imagery

Question 69

Using "Every good boy does fine" to remember the order of musical notes is an example of how can help us remember information.

A)acrostics
B)acronyms
C)overlearning
D)visual imagery

Question 70

In general,women are less happy than men;this is evident in the statistics indicating that women are treated for depression about twice as often as men.

Question 71

A good reason for taking notes in your own words,rather than verbatim,is that

A)most lecturers ramble and are difficult to follow.
B)most lecturers use words you will not understand.
C)this reduces the likelihood that you will later engage in plagiarism.
D)this forces you to organize the information in a way that makes sense to you.

Question 72

When course material is especially difficult,it is a good idea to prepare for lectures by

A)reading ahead on the subject of the lecture.
B)asking fellow classmates to explain the material to you.
C)writing down questions that you can ask the instructor later.
D)writing down exact words the instructor says.

Question 73

Cramming before a test will most likely

A)be the only way to accomplish deep processing.
B)be less effective than distributed practice.
C)be more effective than taking practice tests.
D)increase the efficiency of your memory.

Question 74

Overlearning refers to continued practice of material after you have

A)completed your study plan.
B)already passed the relevant test.
C)apparently mastered the material.
D)become exhausted from studying.

Question 75

Which one of the following is NOT included in active listening?

A)Focusing attention on the speaker
B)Asking those around you for clarification
C)Anticipating what is coming next in the lecture
D)Paying attention to the speaker's nonverbal signals

Question 76

Mnemonic devices are techniques for

A)enhancing memory.
B)improving class attendance.
C)developing a study plan.
D)becoming an active listener.

Question 77

Which of the following is consistent with the information presented in the textbook regarding class attendance?

A)Among successful students (grade average B or better),class attendance did not seem to matter.
B)Among unsuccessful students (grade average C- or below),class attendance did not seem to matter.
C)Even when an instructor delivers hard-to-follow lectures,it is important for all students to go to class.
D)It is only important for all students to go to class when instructors provide well-organized lectures.

Question 78

According to research,many commonsense notions about happiness appear to be accurate.

Question 79

When a question occurs to you during a lecture,you should

A)ask it during class.
B)ask a classmate about it after class.
C)write it down and ask the instructor after class.
D)not ask it,since this would interrupt the lecturer.

Question 80

In taking lecture notes,you should take down everything exactly as said by your professor.