Deck 15: The Respiratory System

Question 1

Figure 15-1 Components of the Respiratory System
Use Figure 15-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label E represents which structure(s)?

A) larynx
B) trachea
C) pharynx
D) bronchus
E) bronchioles

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx at the

A) internal nares.
B) external nares.
C) vestibules.
D) turbinates.
E) palates.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the nose is the

A) nasopharynx.
B) nasal vestibule.
C) internal chamber.
D) glottis.
E) nasal septum.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Figure 15-1 Components of the Respiratory System
Use Figure 15-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label F represents which structure(s)?

A) larynx
B) trachea
C) pharynx
D) bronchus
E) bronchioles

Question 5

The lamina propria of the respiratory mucosa consists of which of the following connective tissues?

A) reticular
B) adipose
C) dense fibrous
D) areolar
E) elastic

Question 6

Figure 15-1 Components of the Respiratory System
Use Figure 15-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label I represents which structure(s)?

A) trachea
B) smallest bronchioles
C) bronchus
D) alveoli
E) bronchioles

Question 7

The respiratory mucosa is made up of

A) dense irregular connective tissue.
B) squamous epithelium.
C) ciliated cuboidal epithelium.
D) ciliated columnar epithelium.
E) dense regular connective tissue.

Question 8

Figure 15-1 Components of the Respiratory System
Use Figure 15-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label D represents which structure(s)?

A) nose
B) nasal cavity
C) pharynx
D) sinuses
E) larynx

Question 9

Figure 15-1 Components of the Respiratory System
Use Figure 15-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label C represents which structure(s)?

A) nose
B) nasal cavity
C) pharynx
D) sinuses
E) larynx

Question 10

Functions of the respiratory system include

A) protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration and temperature changes.
B) producing leukocytes needed to defend against invading pathogens.
C) generating neurotransmitters essential to the neural control of respiration.
D) providing erythrocytes, especially during times of increased oxygen demand.
E) melanin synthesis and utilization to shield alveoli from environmental hazards.

Question 11

Figure 15-1 Components of the Respiratory System
Use Figure 15-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label G represents which structure(s)?

A) larynx
B) trachea
C) pharynx
D) bronchus
E) bronchioles

Question 12

Figure 15-1 Components of the Respiratory System
Use Figure 15-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label B represents which structure(s)?

A) nose
B) nasal cavity
C) pharynx
D) sinuses
E) larynx

Question 13

Figure 15-1 Components of the Respiratory System
Use Figure 15-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label A represents which structure(s)?

A) bronchus
B) larynx
C) esophagus
D) trachea
E) pharynx

Question 14

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the

A) upper (conducting) portion of the respiratory tract.
B) lower (respiratory) portion of the respiratory tract.
C) lungs.
D) alveoli.
E) bronchioles.

Question 15

Figure 15-1 Components of the Respiratory System
Use Figure 15-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label H represents which structure(s)?

A) bronchus
B) larynx
C) esophagus
D) trachea
E) pharynx

Question 16

The paranasal sinuses, together with other structures of the upper respiratory tract,

A) are where a small percentage of gas exchange occurs.
B) form part of the respiratory membrane.
C) are involved in filtering, warming, and humidifying incoming air.
D) provide a large area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood.
E) are lined by a delicate simple squamous epithelium.

Question 17

Figure 15-1 Components of the Respiratory System
Use Figure 15-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label K represents which structure(s)?

A) trachea
B) smallest bronchioles
C) bronchus
D) alveoli
E) bronchioles

Question 18

Glands within the lamina propria of the respiratory mucosa secrete

A) hormones.
B) saliva.
C) mucus.
D) sweat.
E) acids.

Question 19

Figure 15-1 Components of the Respiratory System
Use Figure 15-1 to identify the labeled part.
Label J represents which structure(s)?

A) trachea
B) smallest bronchioles
C) bronchus
D) alveoli
E) bronchioles

Question 20

Microorganisms removed from incoming air by the mucus of the respiratory tract are ultimately exposed to and destroyed by

A) toxins in the mucus.
B) the cilia.
C) stomach acids and enzymes.
D) a lack of nutrients.
E) alveolar macrophages.

Question 21

The pitch of a vocal sound is controlled by changing the

A) force of air.
B) diameter, length, and tension of the vocal cords.
C) size of the laryngeal cartilage.
D) shape of the laryngeal cartilage.
E) length and depth of the nasal cavity.

Question 22

Sympathetic activation leads to

A) relaxation in skeletal muscle of bronchioles, causing bronchodilation.
B) contraction of smooth muscles of bronchioles, causing bronchoconstriction.
C) relaxation in smooth muscles of bronchioles, causing bronchodilation.
D) relaxation of smooth muscles of bronchioles, resulting in bronchoconstriction.
E) contraction of smooth muscles of bronchioles, causing bronchodilation.

Question 23

A chamber shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

A) larynx.
B) glottis.
C) vestibule.
D) pharynx.
E) trachea.

Question 24

The trachea

A) is lined by dense regular connective tissue.
B) is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages.
C) contains the vocal cords.
D) always maintains the same diameter.
E) ends distally at the level of the diaphragm.

Question 25

The function of the nasal conchae is to

A) divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side.
B) provide an opening into the pharynx.
C) provide a surface for gas exchange.
D) create turbulence in the air to trap small particles in mucus.
E) provide an opening to the outside of the body.

Question 26

The ends of each tracheal cartilage are connected by an elastic ligament and the

A) cuneiform cartilages.
B) diaphragm.
C) arytenoid cartilages.
D) pleura.
E) trachealis muscle.

Question 27

Airways that supply one lobe of a lung are called

A) secondary bronchi.
B) bronchioles.
C) tertiary bronchi.
D) primary bronchi.
E) alveoli.

Question 28

The structure that provides posterior support to the larynx is the

A) glottis.
B) cricoid cartilage.
C) epiglottis.
D) arytenoid cartilage.
E) cuneiform cartilage.

Question 29

The palatine tonsils lie in the lateral walls of the

A) oropharynx.
B) nasal vestibule.
C) larynx.
D) esophagus.
E) laryngopharynx.

Question 30

Identify the most common lethal inherited disease affecting Caucasians of Northern European descent that results from a defective gene located on chromosome 7.

A) asthma
B) emphysema
C) pneumothorax
D) pneumonia
E) cystic fibrosis

Question 31

Which structure extends posteriorly from the hard palate and is inferior to the nasopharynx?

A) larynx
B) vestibule
C) soft palate
D) external nares
E) internal nares

Question 32

The elastic structure that folds back over the glottis, preventing the entry of liquids or solid food into the respiratory tract during swallowing, is the

A) thyroid cartilage.
B) glottis.
C) corniculate cartilage.
D) cuneiform cartilage.
E) epiglottis.

Question 33

In this procedure, an incision is made through the anterior tracheal wall and a tube is inserted.

A) tracheostomy
B) Heimlich maneuver
C) bronchoscopy
D) laryngectomy
E) intubation

Question 34

Which of the following forms much of the anterior and lateral surfaces of the larynx, and often contains an "Adam's apple"?

A) arytenoid cartilage
B) thyroid cartilage
C) cuneiform cartilage
D) corniculate cartilage
E) cricoid cartilage

Question 35

The respiratory surfaces of the nasal cavity are cleared by mucus produced in part by which of the following?

A) external nares
B) paranasal sinuses
C) soft palate
D) nasal vestibule
E) nasopharynx

Question 36

How many tertiary bronchi are typically present in each lung?

A) 1-2
B) 3-4
C) 9-10
D) 15-20
E) 20-25

Question 37

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and frequently has periods where he can hardly breathe. The problem is most likely the result of

A) inflammation of the bronchi.
B) constriction of the trachea.
C) thick secretions that exceed the ability of the respiratory tract cilia to remove them.
D) laryngeal spasms that occur in response to a toxic substance produced by the epithelial cells.
E) collapse of one or both lungs.

Question 38

An inability to contract the trachealis muscle would

A) necessitate the Heimlich maneuver.
B) lead to immediate respiratory failure.
C) cause the lungs to collapse.
D) interfere with the passage of large volumes of food.
E) slacken both the false and true vocal cords.

Question 39

The glottis is

A) the inferior margin of the soft palate.
B) a flap of elastic cartilage.
C) the passage from the pharynx to the larynx.
D) the opening to the pharynx.
E) the cartilaginous part of the hard palate.

Question 40

The walls of bronchioles are dominated by ________, whose activity is regulated by the autonomic nervous system.

A) C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
B) elastic cartilage
C) skeletal muscle
D) a mix of cartilage plates and smooth muscle
E) smooth muscle

Question 41

The walls of the alveoli are lined by

A) stratified cuboidal epithelium.
B) pseudostratified epithelium.
C) simple squamous epithelium.
D) loose connective tissue.
E) hyaline cartilage.

Question 42

The alveolar exchange surfaces of the lungs are approximately

A) 75 square kilometers.
B) 140 square meters.
C) 1400 square centimeters.
D) 7 square kilometers.
E) 14 square meters.

Question 43

When at rest, the amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs in a normal respiratory cycle is the

A) total lung capacity.
B) vital capacity.
C) tidal volume.
D) residual volume.
E) inspiratory volume.

Question 44

Surfactant

A) is produced by pneumocytes type I.
B) phagocytizes dust or debris.
C) replaces mucus in the alveoli.
D) plays a key role in keeping alveoli open.
E) is not found in healthy lung tissue.

Question 45

Pulmonary ventilation refers to

A) the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
B) the movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.
C) the movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space.
D) the movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells.
E) the utilization of oxygen.

Question 46

Damage to the septal cells of the lungs would most likely result in

A) a thickening of the respiratory membrane.
B) an increased rate of gas exchange.
C) alveolar rupture.
D) reduction in surfactant production.
E) decreased surface tension in the alveoli.

Question 47

The lungs are divided into ________ that are separated by deep fissures.

A) lobules
B) alveoli
C) bronchi
D) bronchioles
E) lobes

Question 48

Which of the following is defined as the maximum amount of air that can be moved into and out of the respiratory system in a single respiratory cycle?

A) vital capacity
B) inspiratory reserve volume
C) tidal volume
D) expiratory reserve volume
E) residual volume

Question 49

Forced breathing during exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and the

A) scalenes.
B) diaphragm.
C) abdominal muscles.
D) external intercostals.
E) serratus anterior.

Question 50

When a patient has low compliance, it is no reference to her adhering to hospital policy, rather

A) she may suffer from pneumonia.
B) she may have an overproduction of surfactant.
C) she may have alveolar damage.
D) she may have lower energy demands while breathing.
E) she may be diagnosed with chronic epistaxis.

Question 51

Contraction of which muscle normally accounts for around 75% of the air movement in normal quiet breathing?

A) diaphragm
B) rectus abdominis
C) internal intercostals
D) external intercostals
E) internal obliques

Question 52

The condition of low tissue oxygen levels is known as

A) cystic fibrosis.
B) hypoxia.
C) hyperventilation.
D) pneumothorax.
E) emphysema.

Question 53

The removal of pleural fluid for diagnostic purposes is called

A) pneumotachometry.
B) pneumothorax.
C) spirometry.
D) thoracentesis.
E) amniocentesis.

Question 54

Someone suffering from a lack of angiotensin-converting enzyme may have a problem with their

A) endothelial cells of the alveolar capillaries.
B) septal cells of the alveolar ducts.
C) squamous epithelial cells of the alveoli.
D) alveolar macrophages within the alveolar sacs.
E) type II pneumocytes lining the respiratory bronchioles.

Question 55

Fever, coughing, chest pain, fatigue, and weight loss are signs and symptoms of

A) pneumonia.
B) cystic fibrosis.
C) emphysema.
D) tuberculosis.
E) pleurisy.

Question 56

Which of the following is defined as the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by cells?

A) hypoxia
B) external respiration
C) anoxia
D) pulmonary ventilation
E) internal respiration

Question 57

The layer of serous membrane that covers the surface of the lungs is the

A) mediastinum.
B) visceral pleura.
C) surfactant.
D) parietal pleura.
E) pleural fluid.

Question 58

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs include

A) bronchioles.
B) alveolar ducts.
C) pleural spaces.
D) alveoli.
E) capillary beds.

Question 59

The following is a list of some of the structures of the respiratory tree: 1. secondary bronchi
2) tertiary bronchi
3) bronchioles
4) primary bronchi
The order in which air passes through these structures beginning at the trachea is

A) 4, 1, 2, 3.
B) 3, 2, 1, 4.
C) 2, 3, 1, 4.
D) 4, 1, 3, 2.
E) 1, 2, 3, 4.

Question 60

Which of the following is described as an inflammation of the pulmonary lobules that typically results from infection?

A) pneumonia
B) pneumothorax
C) cystic fibrosis
D) pleurisy
E) emphysema

Question 61

During exhalation,

A) pressure inside the lungs is less than the outside pressure.
B) pressure within the thoracic cavity decreases.
C) inside and outside pressures are equal.
D) the volume of the thoracic cavity increases.
E) the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.

Question 62

Atmospheric pressure at sea level can be summarized as follows: PN₂ + PO₂ + PH₂O + PCO₂ =

A) 760 mm Hg
B) 14 mm Hg
C) 569 mm Hg
D) 380 mm Hg
E) 100 mm Hg

Question 63

In quiet breathing,

A) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions.
B) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions.
C) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
D) inspiration and expiration are both passive processes.
E) only the diaphragm is active during inhalation.

Question 64

When the chest cavity has been penetrated, as in a pneumothorax, the amount of air in the respiratory system is reduced to the

A) tidal volume.
B) vital capacity.
C) minimal volume.
D) residual volume.
E) inspiratory reserve volume.

Question 65

How does fluid accumulation in the lungs affect vital capacity?

A) Vital capacity increases in females but not in males.
B) Vital capacity decreases in females but not in males.
C) Vital capacity increases in both sexes equally.
D) Vital capacity decreases in both sexes equally.
E) Accumulating fluid has no effect on vital capacity.

Question 66

The amount of air that can be taken in over and above the tidal volume is the

A) vital capacity.
B) residual volume.
C) expiratory reserve volume.
D) inspiratory reserve volume.
E) minimal volume.

Question 67

Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood (approximately 70%) is

A) dissolved in plasma.
B) bound to hemoglobin.
C) transported as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.
D) bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide.
E) carried by white blood cells.

Question 68

Which is defined as the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum exhalation?

A) minimal volume
B) inspiratory reserve volume
C) vital capacity
D) expiratory reserve volume
E) residual volume

Question 69

Which of the following gases has the highest partial pressure in saturated alveolar air?

A) oxygen
B) nitrogen
C) water vapor
D) carbon dioxide
E) carbon monoxide

Question 70

Which of the following has the lowest partial pressure in inhaled dry air?

A) oxygen
B) nitrogen
C) water vapor
D) carbon dioxide
E) mercury

Question 71

Decompression sickness is a painful condition that results in ________ gas coming out of solution in the bloodstream.

A) oxygen
B) hydrogen
C) nitrogen
D) carbon dioxide
E) carbon monoxide

Question 72

Normal interstitial fluid has a PO₂ 40 mm Hg and PCO₂ of 45 mm Hg. As a result,

A) both oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into the capillaries.
B) both oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse out of the capillaries.
C) no diffusion occurs.
D) oxygen diffuses out of the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses in.
E) oxygen diffuses into the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

Question 73

The inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) of males averages

A) 500 ml.
B) 1200 ml.
C) 1900 ml.
D) 3300 ml.
E) 5500 ml.

Question 74

The respiratory rate is

A) higher in adults than in children.
B) roughly 20-30 breaths per minute for toddlers.
C) the movement of about 500 ml of air per breath at rest.
D) the number of breaths per hour.
E) needed to calculate residual volume.

Question 75

Which statement regarding respiration is true?

A) The sternocleidomastoid muscle elevates the rib cage.
B) Internal intercostal muscles elevate the rib cage.
C) The rectus abdominis muscle elevates the rib cage.
D) The external intercostal muscles lower the rib cage.
E) Elevation of the rib cage decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity.

Question 76

Which of the following is the most abundant gas in the air?

A) oxygen (O₂)
B) nitrogen (N₂)
C) water vapor (H₂O)
D) carbon dioxide (CO₂)
E) hydrogen (H₂)

Question 77

Active tissues receive approximately ________ as much O₂ as inactive tissues.

A) 2 times
B) 3 times
C) 5 times
D) 10 times
E) 100 times

Question 78

About how much of the oxygen content of arterial blood consists of oxygen molecules in solution?

A) 50%
B) 25%
C) 10%
D) 5%
E) 1.5%

Question 79

Diagnostic tests on a 50-year-old male show the following results: IRV = 3000 ml, ERV = 900 ml, tidal volume = 500 ml, residual volume = 1300 ml
What is this patient's vital capacity?

A) 5700 ml
B) 5200 ml
C) 4400 ml
D) 3900 ml
E) 3500 ml

Question 80

The volume of air that can be voluntarily exhaled at the end of a single resting respiratory cycle is known as

A) residual volume.
B) vital capacity.
C) tidal volume.
D) inspiratory reserve volume.
E) expiratory reserve volume.